Judicial Efficiency and Firm Productivity: Evidence from a World Database of Judicial Reforms

2020 ◽  
Vol 102 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthieu Chemin
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Foreign Aid ◽  
Contract Enforcement ◽  
Firm Productivity ◽  
Specific Investments ◽  
Judicial Efficiency ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Triple Difference ◽  
Enforcement Mechanisms

I assemble and classify a database of judicial reforms funded by foreign aid agencies as either comprehensive (targeting all characteristics of quality, speed, access) or limited reform. A triple difference is used to compare firms in countries with or without judicial reforms, before and after reforms, and in sectors more or less reliant on contract enforcement mechanisms, due to their need for relationship-specific investments. I find that externally financed comprehensive judicial reforms improve perceptions of judiciary efficiency (for all firms) and firm productivity (for sectors relying on relationship-specific investments) by 0.15 and 0.09 (22%) standard deviation, respectively.

Can foreign aid free the press?

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 603-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
NABAMITA DUTTA ◽  
CLAUDIA R. WILLIAMSON
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Foreign Aid ◽  
Financial Support ◽  
Press Freedom ◽  
Standard Deviation Increase ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
The Press ◽  
The Mean

AbstractCan foreign aid help free the press? Aid may boost press freedom by incentivizing government to reduce media regulations and provide financial support for infrastructure. Alternatively, foreign aid may prevent press freedom by expanding the role of the state and promoting government over private enterprises. We contend that the magnitude of foreign aid's influence is conditional on the existence of democratic checks. Using panel data from 1994 to 2010, we find evidence suggesting that aid significantly increases press freedom in democracies but insignificantly relates to press freedom in autocracies. Collectively, the results suggest that a standard deviation increase in aid to a country at the mean level of democracy increases press freedom by approximately a 1/20th standard deviation. Overall, the findings suggest that donors should be cautious as most aid recipients are not democratic and aid leads to only relatively small marginal improvements in press freedom.

Reputations, Relationships, and Contract Enforcement

2007 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 595-628 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Bentley MacLeod
Keyword(s):  
Contract Enforcement ◽  
Market Mechanisms ◽  
Efficient Level ◽  
Enforcement Mechanisms ◽  
Real Costs

When the quality of a good is at the discretion of the seller, how can buyers assure that the seller provides the mutually efficient level of quality? Contracts that provide a bonus to the seller if the quality is acceptable or impose a penalty on the seller if quality is unacceptable can, in theory, provide efficient incentives. But how are such contracts enforced? While the courts can be used, doing so involves high real costs. Informal enforcement, involving a loss of reputation and future access to the market for any party that defaults on a contract, may often be a better alternative. This paper explores the use of both formal and informal enforcement mechanisms, provides a rationale for a variety of observed market mechanisms, and then generates a number of testable hypotheses.

scholarly journals Organizational Development Towards Excellent Management

2018 ◽  
pp. 254-257
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Organizational Development ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Level Of Knowledge ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Percentage Standard Deviation

This study will use the Kirkpatrick Assessment Model to assess the School Excellence program through Organization Development (PrOD). This model involves evaluation of reactions, learning (knowledge, skills and attitude), behavior and outcomes, but this study only assesses knowledge and behavior . This study uses survey method by involving 120 respondents of the study chosen by group sampling. The instrument is a questionnaire that has Cronbach Alpha value between 0.930-0.984. The data were analyzed using mean score, percentage, standard deviation and regression. Analysis findings show that there is a significant difference between the level of knowledge and behavior before and after the PrOD. Overall, this study recommends PrOD to be continued, but it is necessary to improve in the formulation of PrOD syllabus so that school leaders can improve the behavior change in meaningful and meaningful implementation of the PrOD.

scholarly journals The Effect of Aroma Therapy Olive Oil Massage to Pain Dysmenorrhea on Midwifery Level I and II Students at Tri Mandiri Sakti Institute of Health Sciences

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 22-32
Author(s):  
Tria Nopi Herdiani ◽  
Mika Oktarina ◽  
Yeni Nuraeni
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Olive Oil ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Health Sciences ◽  
Pain Scale ◽  
Adolescent Women ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Average Pain ◽  
Level I

Reproductive health problems are dysmenorrhea is a problem related with menstruation. research show the highest prevalence of menstrual pain in adolescent women, adolescent who experience dysmenorrhea report pain that interferes with daily activities. Handling to reduce pain during menstruation, one of which is using the olive oil aroma therapy aroma method. This research to determine the effect of aroma therapy olive oil massage pain dysmenorrhea on midwifery student level I and II Stikes Tri Mandiri Sakti Bengkulu.This study used a pre experiment in one group (one group pre-post test design) the dependent variable of pain before and after treatment. Sampling was done by accidental sampling technique using the criteria totaling 41 student who experience dysmenorrhea. The study was conducted from May to June 2017. Retrievel of data using the observatioan sheet and analyzed using compared mean paired T-test. The Result of the research: (1) At 41 people in the first and second grade obstetric students who had dysmenorrhea before the massive olive oil odor therapy aroma got the average pain scale 5,73 with the standard deviation 1,450. (2) In 41 subjects who had dysmenorrhea after the massage of olive oil odor therapy, the average pain scale was 5,00 with a standard deviation of 1,414. (3) There is massive effect of olive oil odor therapy to dysmenorrhea pain in female students of Level I and II Prodi DIII Midwifery Tri Mandiri Sakti Institute of Health Sciences Bengkulu. Keywords : aroma therapy, dysmenorrhea, massage 

scholarly journals The Practical Effect of New Ethics Rules: Responding to Subpoenas and Document Requests About Client Information

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-168
Author(s):  
Steven L. Lovett
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
The Public ◽  
Fair Disclosure ◽  
Judicial Efficiency ◽  
Discovery Phase ◽  
Model Rule ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Malpractice Liability ◽  
Practical Effect

            This article is a comparative overview of the American Bar Association’s Model Rule 1.6(b) before and after the issuance of the ABA’s Formal Opinion 473, issued on February 17, 2016, which was an attempt to restate and revise the rule’s ethical expectations and to help settle several questions that had plagued the rule’s practical application. A lawyer’s duty of confidentiality to his or her client, and the public policy favoring judicial efficiency and fair disclosure during the discovery phase of litigation, often places lawyers in precarious ethical positions. This article attempts to provide guidance on this issue through an analysis of the rule and the context in which a lawyer’s overarching duty to keep his or her client’s information confidential can be precluded by the lawful compulsion to disclose such information without incurring malpractice liability.  

Absence of sustained hypertension in sinoaortic-denervated rabbits

1986 ◽  
Vol 251 (4) ◽  
pp. H742-H747 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Saito ◽  
N. Terui ◽  
Y. Numao ◽  
M. Kumada
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Baroreceptor Reflex ◽  
Sham Operation ◽  
Indwelling Catheter ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Cervical Sympathetic ◽  
Cervical Sympathetic Nerve

In 21 conscious unrestrained rabbits, arterial pressure was continuously recorded up to 11 wk by an indwelling catheter placed in the thoracic aorta. The average and standard deviation of the 24-h mean arterial pressure (MAP) were calculated and compared before and after sinoaortic denervation, sham operation, or cervical sympathectomy. At the time of sinoaortic denervation, the cervical sympathetic nerve was always disrupted bilaterally to remove possible arterial barosensory afferents contained in it. Subsequent to sinoaortic denervation performed on 12 rabbits, the average 24-h MAP was initially elevated but invariably returned to the predenervation level in 5-36 days (average 14 days). Meanwhile, the standard deviation remained elevated in all but one animal. In five sham-operated or four cervical-sympathectomized animals, neither the average 24-h MAP nor the standard deviation was significantly altered from that of controls. Our results are consistent with the view that the arterial baroreceptor reflex by itself does not play a critical role in determining the long-term level of arterial pressure.

Assessment and documentation of incontinence-associated dermatitis after implementation of a standardised instrument: a comparative study

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (Sup9) ◽  
pp. S4-S11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Montague ◽  
Matthew Karafa ◽  
Nancy M. Albert
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Weighted Kappa ◽  
Severity Index ◽  
Skin Condition ◽  
Assessment Instrument ◽  
Clinical Nurses ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Implementation Period ◽  
Improved Accuracy ◽  
Good Agreement

Objective: In this study, clinical nurses' documentation of incontinence-associated dermatitis (IAD) were compared with wound expert documentation before and after implementing a valid, reliable severity index (SI) instrument. Methods: A prospective, non-equivalent, two group comparative design within three hospital medical units. Pre- and post-implementation skin condition documentation were compared by clinician type, and post-implementation IADSI scores were assessed for agreement using standard and weighted Kappa. Results: Of 89 patients (pre-, n=48 and post-, n=38), mean (standard deviation) age was 72.4±13.7 years and 57.3% had IAD. Mean IADSI score was 13.2 (standard deviation: 10.5; range: 0–52), reflecting pink intact skin. Post-implementation, skin documentation between clinicians was more likely to match, from 35.4 to 84.2%, p<0.001. Post-implementation, after controlling for age, gender and race, the odds ration (OR) of matched documentation between clinicians was 5.80 ([95% confidence interval: 1.8, 18.6], p=0.003) compared with pre-implementation. In the post-implementation period, standard Kappas for agreement in clinical nurse-wound expert documentation in the lower back/buttocks/upper thigh areas ranged from 0.82 to 1.0, reflecting very good agreement. Weighted kappas ranged from 0.76 to 1.0, also reflecting good to very good agreement. Conclusion: Implementation of an IADSI assessment instrument improved accuracy of IAD documentation.

Names and Reputations: An Empirical Analysis

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan C McDevitt
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
Firm Reputation ◽  
Specific Investments ◽  
The Mean

This paper tests several predictions from the literature on firm reputation, and confirms a main result: poor performance leads a firm to conceal its reputation. A residential plumbing firm with a record of complaints one standard deviation above the mean is 133.2 percent more likely to change its name. In addition, firms with longer track records are less likely to change their names or exit, while firms with more firm-specific investments, such as advertising, are more likely to change their names than exit. In addition, firms in small markets value their reputations comparatively more than firms in large markets. (JEL L14, L25, L84)

scholarly journals Impediments to contract enforcement in day labour markets: a perspective from India

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 651-676 ◽  
Author(s):  
KARTHIKEYA NARAPARAJU
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Informal Economy ◽  
Labour Markets ◽  
Contract Enforcement ◽  
Informal Governance ◽  
Enforcement Mechanisms ◽  
Work Done ◽  
Formal Contract

AbstractIn developing countries, lack of formal contract enforcement mechanisms is compensated by informal governance enforced through trust, kinship, reputation, etc. This paper focuses on one such setting in India's urban informal economy: the ‘day labour’ market for casual labour. We survey seven such markets in Navi Mumbai (a city on the outskirts of Mumbai), and find considerable incidence of contract enforcement problems in the form of employers reneging on wage payments to labourers. We find that payments to labourers with access to social networks and a record of work done are less likely to be reneged. Further, consistent with the literature on the limits of informal enforcement, we find that labourers in large markets, with greater linguistic and caste-based diversity, are more likely to be reneged. We argue that interventions aimed at facilitating access to formal mechanisms might help overcome some of the limitations with informal enforcement.

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