Fugitives and Factotums: Slaves in Early Sixteenth-Century Istanbul

AbstractAs one of the most immediate sources for the study of community life, the shariah court records of Istanbul capture one of the underlying characteristics of Ottoman society at the beginning of the sixteenth century, that of social and spatial mobility. This characteristic is clearly illustrated in the case of slaves. Records concerning fugitive slaves and slaves who resided in the region, either as freedmen or in servitude, clearly indicate that slavery helped fuel the economy of empire and, upon manumission, slaves were readily absorbed into local communities. The institution of slavery was an integral part of both Ottoman society and local community life and was used not only by the palace but by a wide variety of residents, across a range of socio-economic levels.

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A Court in Decline? Examining the Regality Court Records of Melrose, Roxburghshire, 1657–84

Journal of Scottish Historical Studies ◽

10.3366/jshs.2020.0284 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 40 (1) ◽

pp. 1-16

Author(s):

Vivienne Dunstan

Keyword(s):

Seventeenth Century ◽

Local Community ◽

Local Population ◽

Local Area ◽

Vital Role ◽

Local Communities ◽

Court Records ◽

Seminal Work

McIntyre, in his seminal work on Scottish franchise courts, argues that these courts were in decline in this period, and of little relevance to their local population. 1 But was that really the case? This paper explores that question, using a particularly rich set of local court records. By analysing the functions and significance of one particular court it assesses the role of this one court within its local area, and considers whether it really was in decline at this time, or if it continued to perform a vital role in its local community. The period studied is the mid to late seventeenth century, a period of considerable upheaval in Scottish life, that has attracted considerable attention from scholars, though often less on the experiences of local communities and people.

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An Analysis on the Operations and Functions of a Sharīʿah Court: the Case of Ottoman Üsküdar (1547-1551)

Ilahiyat Studies ◽

10.12730/13091719.2020.112.208 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 189-219

Author(s):

Faika Çelik

Keyword(s):

Sixteenth Century ◽

Ottoman Empire ◽

Dispute Resolution ◽

Local Community ◽

Recent Literature ◽

Close Reading ◽

Administrative Services ◽

Court Records ◽

Administration Of Justice ◽

Court Record

Through a close reading of a single register found in the sixteenth-century court record series of Üsküdar, this article introduces the reader to the operations of the Sharīʿah court of Üsküdar and its records from 1547 to 1551. By approaching the court records as both “text” and “document,” it explores the functions of the court, identifies the court officials, defines their roles, and delineates the role played by the qāḍī, his court and the local community in the administration of justice. This article can be read as a contribution to the newly emerging literature on variations in the Sharīʿah courts in the Ottoman Empire in terms of their operations. As the recent literature including this present study demonstrates, the duties of the local Sharīʿah court in the Ottoman Empire are neither singular nor monolithic. While some of the courts provided notarial and administrative services primarily, others acted as significant sites for dispute resolution. Hence their operations were primarily judicial. What emerges from this study is that the court of Üsküdar in the very middle of the sixteenth century primarily functioned as a “public registry.”

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Integration and Cooperation in the Context of Social Capital of Ethnically Diverse Local Communities in a Migration Situation

Studia Migracyjne – Przegląd Polonijny ◽

10.4467/25444972smpp.21.002.13314 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 47 (1 (179)) ◽

pp. 33-55

Author(s):

Justyn Łukaszewska-Bezulska

Keyword(s):

Social Capital ◽

Local Community ◽

Ethnically Diverse ◽

Local Communities ◽

Expert Interviews ◽

Spatial Mobility ◽

Economic Migration ◽

Place Of Origin ◽

The Impact ◽

Depth Interviews

The aim of the article is to analyse the level, forms and manifestations of cooperation and integration between the members of two ethnically diverse local communities in which there are intense international migrations. Based on individual in-depth interviews, expert interviews and observations, an attempt was made to determine to what extent international labour migrations and ethnic and cultural diversity affect the level of integration in cooperation between the actual and declarative dimensions. The aim of the article is also to determine what is the nature of the local bond, in particular the neighbourhood bond. It has been demonstrated that economic migration is an important factor influencing the level of integration and cooperation in local communities: it results in removing the migrant from his or her community of origin, thus weakening the same level of integration and cooperation between its members, but also provides an opportunity to make new, lasting and significant acquaintances, including between people from the same locality of different ethnic and cultural origin. Spatial mobility can also cause divisions between its subjects and the rest of the community. The impact of international migrations on social capital depends on the time the migrant spends outside the local community. It is not the length of stay abroad that matters, but above all the frequency of visits to the place of origin.

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Approaching the Optimal Solution of the Maximal α-quasi-clique Local Community Problem

Electronics ◽

10.3390/electronics9091438 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. 1438

Author(s):

Patricia Conde-Cespedes

Keyword(s):

Graph Theory ◽

Community Detection ◽

Local Community ◽

Optimal Solution ◽

Local Communities ◽

Optimal Value ◽

Interesting Task ◽

Local Community Detection ◽

Networks Analysis ◽

Node Problem

Complex networks analysis (CNA) has attracted so much attention in the last few years. An interesting task in CNA complex network analysis is community detection. In this paper, we focus on Local Community Detection, which is the problem of detecting the community of a given node of interest in the whole network. Moreover, we study the problem of finding local communities of high density, known as α-quasi-cliques in graph theory (for high values of α in the interval ]0,1[). Unfortunately, the higher α is, the smaller the communities become. This led to the maximal α-quasi-clique community of a given node problem, which is, the problem of finding local communities that are α-quasi-cliques of maximal size. This problem is NP-hard, then, to approach the optimal solution, some heuristics exist. When α is high (>0.5) the diameter of a maximal α-quasi-clique is at most 2. Based on this property, we propose an algorithm to calculate an upper bound to approach the optimal solution. We evaluate our method in real networks and conclude that, in most cases, the bound is very accurate. Furthermore, for a real small network, the optimal value is exactly achieved in more than 80% of cases.

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Local Candidates, Place-Based Identities, and Electoral Success

Political Behavior ◽

10.1007/s11109-021-09712-y ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Julia Schulte-Cloos ◽

Paul C. Bauer

Keyword(s):

Social Identity ◽

Local Community ◽

Unique Feature ◽

Causal Effect ◽

Large Body ◽

Electoral System ◽

Local Communities ◽

The Political ◽

Electoral Success ◽

Matching Strategy

AbstractWhile a large body of literature empirically documents an electoral advantage for local candidates, the exact mechanisms accounting for this effect remain less clear. We integrate theories on the political geography of candidate-voter relations with socio-psychological accounts of citizens’ local attachment, arguing that citizens vote for candidates from their own local communities as an expression of their place-based identity. To test our argument, we exploit a unique feature of the German mixed-member electoral system. We identify the causal effect of candidates’ localness by relying on within-electoral-district variation coupled with a geo-matching strategy on the level of municipalities ($$\hbox {N}=11175$$ N = 11175 ). The results show that voters exhibit a strong bias in favor of local candidates even when they are not competitive. More than only expecting particularistic benefits from representatives, citizens appear to vote for candidates from their own local community to express their place-based social identity.

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Quantitative Ethnomedicinal Status and Phytochemical Analysis of Berberis lyceum Royle

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11010130 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 130

Author(s):

Nausheen Nazir ◽

Abdur Rahman ◽

Faheem Uddin ◽

Atif Ali Khan Khalil ◽

Muhammad Zahoor ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Chlorogenic Acid ◽

Local Community ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Local Communities ◽

Antioxidant Potential ◽

Phytochemical Analysis ◽

Therapeutic Effects ◽

Use Value ◽

Phytochemical Composition

Berberis lyceum Royle has such pronounced medicinal values that it is used as cure of many diseases and has exhibited great therapeutic effects among the local communities throughout the world. The present research was carried out to evaluate the quantitative ethnobotanical status and phytochemical analysis of B. lyceum. Regular field trips were arranged to the study area (Shangla District) in August 2017 to October 2019 and interviews with 100 residents (age range: 30 to 50 years) were conducted. The approach adopted for ethnobotanical data was semi-scientific as the inhabitants were not aware about the modern names of some diseases and therefore physician prescriptions were also consulted. Ethnobotanical data were examined using relative frequency of citation and % use value. The % use value of B. lyceum indicates that the people of District Shangla mostly used it for curing of different diseases. In spite of tremendous uses the plant still survived in this area mainly due to the non-accessibility for humans of the mountain tops; otherwise, increase in anthropogenic activities even in these hilly areas poses a threat of the eradication of this plant. To correlate the folkloric uses with its phytochemical composition, HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) analysis was performed and a total of six phenolic compounds (quercetin, chlorogenic acid, berberine, rutin, mandellic acid, and hydroxy benzoic acid) were identified in its root. As most of the health complications are correlated to oxidative stress therefore in vitro antioxidant activity were also performed using DPPH (2, 2- diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2, 2′-azinobis-3-ethyl benzo thiazoline -6- sulfonic acid) assays. The observed antioxidant potential may most probably be due to berberine and chlorogenic acid that were present in highest concentration in the analyzed extract. The effectiveness of the selected plant as remedy for a number of diseases (that were pointed out by the local community) may be due to its phytochemical composition especially berberine and chlorogenic acid as oxidative stress is the root cause of many diseases. The plant extract exhibited high antioxidant potential (DPPH IC50 = 165µg/mL; ABTSIC50 = 110µg/mL) in relation to the detected concentration of berberine and chlorogenic acid. It can be inferred from experimental results that the ethnopharmacological efficacy of this endangered species may be due to its phytochemical composition and antioxidant activities. This case study helps to revive the importance of B. lyceum in local communities and emphasizes the need for its conservation.

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Impacts of electronic monitoring on the community life: blessing or disguise?

Journal of Criminological Research Policy and Practice ◽

10.1108/jcrpp-09-2020-0061 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Katarína Vitálišová ◽

Kamila Borseková ◽

Anna Vanˇová ◽

Samuel Koróny

Keyword(s):

Local Community ◽

Electronic Monitoring ◽

Slovak Republic ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Primary Data ◽

Original Research ◽

Community Life ◽

Content Type ◽

Depth Analysis ◽

The Usa

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify and evaluate critically the impacts associated with the implementation of electronic monitoring (EM) of accused and convicted persons on society based on the foreign experience and compare these findings with the original research results on EM in the Slovak Republic. Design/methodology/approach This paper elaborates the secondary data of previous researches in Scotland, Sweden and Florida in the USA. Secondary research is based on in-depth analysis of articles, reports and studies searched via database of Google, Scopus and Science Direct. Based on the studies processed by a causal and qualitative analysis, the authors identify the benefits and risks of EM influencing community life in Europe and the USA. The additional sources of secondary data are the Statistical Yearbook of Ministry of Justice of Slovak Republic, the content of the original law (including relevant amendments) that introduced EM into the Slovak criminal justice system and data on the application of EM in Slovakia provided by the Ministry of Justice. Subsequently, this paper presents the original research findings about the EM implementation in the Slovak Republic. The primary data were conducted via interviews with the representatives of Ministry of Justice, and through the national survey of opinions of judges, probation and mediation officers. The authors used the descriptive statistics and the statistical deduction methods. Findings The key finding of the paper is that there is a very narrow border between EM as blessing and disguise for community involved. Setting proper measures to protect the community, targeted communication and support with attendance of professionals (e.g. mediator and psychologist) for community members might help to avoid possible risks and support the benefits related with EM implementation, namely, social and economic inclusion of offenders, maintaining family and community tights, reducing recidivism or protection of sensitive sites. Practical implications To support the acceptation of EM by local community, the authors recommend to perceive sensitively community involvement and consider potential risks related with EM implementation; to suggest the proper measures to protect the community; and to develop better or targeted communication oriented towards increasing awareness or establishment supporting groups with attendance of professionals (e.g. mediator and psychologist) that might help to avoid possible risks and support the benefits related with EM implementation. Originality/value This paper compares experience with EM based on the secondary data of previous researches in Scotland, Sweden and Florida in the USA. Subsequently, it presents the unique data about the implementation of EM in the Slovak Republic. The topic of EM is still vastly underrated in the literature, and there is a lack of empirical data, so this paper as a combination of case studies and original research could be very helpful in the efficient implementation of EM and setting the proper measures.

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Therapeutic communities and the local community: isolation or integration?

Therapeutic Communities The International Journal of Therapeutic Communities ◽

10.1108/tc-07-2014-0024 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 35 (4) ◽

pp. 150-158 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

David William Best ◽

Gerard Byrne ◽

David Pullen ◽

Jacqui Kelly ◽

Karen Elliot ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Community Development ◽

Community Engagement ◽

Local Community ◽

Local Communities ◽

Salvation Army ◽

Research Centre ◽

Mutual Aid ◽

Action Research Project ◽

Content Type ◽

Wide Range

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to test the feasibility of utilising an Asset-Based Community Development (ABCD) model in the context of an Alcohol and Other Drug Therapeutic Community, and to use this as a way of assessing how TCs can contribute to the local communities in which they are sited. Design/methodology/approach – This is a qualitative action research project, based on an evolving model in which key stakeholders from participating sites were instrumental in shaping processes and activities, that is a partnership between a research centre, Turning Point in Melbourne, Australia and two Recovery Services operated by the Salvation Army Australia Eastern Territory (TSA). One of these is the Dooralong Transformation Centre on the Central Coast of New South Wales and the other, Fairhaven, is in the Gold Coast hinterland of Queensland, Australia. The project was designed to create “rehabilitation without walls” by building bridges between the treatment centres and the communities they are based in, and improving participation in local community life. This was done through a series of structured workshops that mapped community asset networks and planned further community engagement activities. Findings – Both of the TCs already had strong connections in their local areas including but not restricted to involvement with the mutual aid fellowships. Staff, residents and ex-residents still in contact with the service were strongly committed to community engagement and were able to identify a wide range of connections in the community and to build these around existing Salvation Army connections and networks. Research limitations/implications – This is a pilot study with limited research findings and no assessment of the generalisability of this method to other settings or TCs. Practical implications – Both TCs are able to act as “community resources” through which residents and ex-residents are able to give back to their local communities and develop the social and community capital that can prepare them for reintegration and can positively contribute to the experience of living in the local community. Social implications – This paper has significant ramifications for how TCs engage with their local communities both as a mechanism for supporting resident re-entry and also to challenge stigma and discrimination. Originality/value – The paper and project extend the idea of ABCD to a Reciprocal Community Development model in which TCs can act as active participants in their lived communities and by doing so can create a “therapeutic landscape for recovery”.

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EKSISTENSI MASYARAKAT HUKUM ADAT DAN LEMBAGA-LEMBAGA ADAT DI ACEH DALAM PENYELENGGARAAN KEISTIMEWAAN DAN OTONOMI KHUSUS DI ACEH

Yustisia Jurnal Hukum ◽

10.20961/yustisia.v1i3.10084 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 1 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Kurniawan

Keyword(s):

Indigenous People ◽

Local Community ◽

Community Life ◽

Literature Study ◽

Legal Research ◽

Technical Approach ◽

Applicable Law ◽

Traditional Institution ◽

Traditional Institutions ◽

The Government

AbstractThis study aims to explain the existence of indigenous people and traditional institutions in Aceh in the administration the Aceh’s special autonomy. In addition, it explains the duties, functions and authority of traditional institutions in Aceh nowadays. This study is normative legal research. This study examines library materials that acquired through literature study. The technical/ approach used is the statute ap- proach, by using deductive analysis. The results of the study indicate that the existence indigenous people and traditional institutions in Aceh have shown their role in local community life in Aceh. This is caused by the community in Aceh has fulfilled the requirements of indigenous people as stated by the applicable law. The existence of traditional institutions in Aceh essentially has the function and role as a vehicle for public participation in the administration of the Government of Aceh provincial level and the Regency/municipality level in the area of security, peace, harmony, and public order. In addition, those traditional institutions also have some number of authorities as mandated by Article 4 Qanun Aceh No. 10 of 2008 concerning traditional Institution.Keywords: Indigenous People, Traditional Institution, Aceh’s Special AutonomyAbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan menjelaskan eksistensi (kedudukan) masyarakat hukum adat dan lembaga-lembaga adat di Aceh dalam penyelenggaraan Keistimewaan dan Otonomi Khusus Aceh. Selain itu, menjelaskan tugas, fungsi, dan wewenang lembaga-lembaga adat yang ada di Aceh saat ini. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif (legal research). Kajian ini menelaah bahan pustaka yang diperoleh melalui studi pustaka. pendekatan yang digunakan ialah pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan (statute approach), dengan menggunakan penalaran deduktif. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa keberadaan (eksistensi) masyarakat hukum adat dan kelembagaan adat di Aceh telah menunjukkan kiprahnya dalam tata kehidupan masyarakat di Aceh. Hal tersebut disebabkan oleh karena masyarakat hukum di Aceh telah memenuhi syarat-syarat masyarakat hukum adat sebagaimana yang disebutkan dalam peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku. Keberadaan lembaga-lembaga adat di Aceh hakikatnya memiliki fungsi dan peran sebagai wahana partisipasi masyarakat dalam penyelenggaraan Pemerintahan Aceh dan Pemerintahan Kabupaten/Kota di bidang keamanan, ketenteraman, kerukunan, dan ketertiban masyarakat. Selain itu, lembaga-lembaga adat tersebut juga memiliki sejumlah kewenangan sebagaimana yang diamanatkan Pasal 4 Qanun Aceh Nomor 10 Tahun 2008 tentang Lembaga Adat.Kata kunci: Masyarakat Hukum Adat, Lembaga Adat, Otonomi Khusus Aceh.

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Community expectations and motivations in entomological research activities for the development of innovative malaria vector control tools: Target Malaria as a case study in Bana, Western Burkina Faso

10.21203/rs.2.19777/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Nourou Barry ◽

Patrice Toé ◽

Lea Pare/Toe ◽

Javier Lezaun ◽

Mouhamed Drabo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Burkina Faso ◽

Local Community ◽

Local Communities ◽

Motivational Factors ◽

Community Members ◽

Research Activities ◽

Mosquito Collection ◽

Entomological Research ◽

The Village ◽

Western Burkina Faso

Abstract BackgroundMany field entomology research projects involve local communities in mosquito-collection activities. Since 2012, Target Malaria, a not-for-profit research consortium, has been working with community members in various studies of mosquito collection, release and recapture in the village of Bana, in Western Burkina Faso. Target Malaria’s long-term goal is to develop innovative solutions to combat malaria in Africa with the help of mosquito modification technologies. Since the start of the project, members of local communities have shown interest in playing an active role in the implementation of the project’s research activities, but their actual motivations for such an interest remain under-investigated. This study therefore aimed to examine the factors that motivate the local community to contribute to the implementation of Target Malaria’s activities in the village of Bana. MethodsA qualitative approach was used to examine the factors motivating the local community to assist in the implementation of Target Malaria’s entomological research activities in Bana. 85 individual in-depth and semi-structured interviews were conducted, followed by interviews with three focus groups, one with youths who had participated in mosquito collections and two with men and women from the village. All data collected were fully transcribed, processed, and submitted for thematic content analysis. ResultsData showed that the willingness of local community members to participate in the entomological research activities of Target Malaria was informed by a wide range of motivational factors. Although the actors interviewed expressed their motivations under different semantic registers, the data showed a degree of consistency between different motivations advanced. These similarities enabled us to classify all of the motivational factors under 5 distinct categories: (a) assist in field research, (b) contribute to a better future, (c) acquire knowledge, (d) earn financial compensation, and (e) gain social prestige.ConclusionThese varying motivations reflected fundamentally different personal and collective perceptions about the participation process. In addition, this study shows that the interest of research on participation is a useful part of understanding public perceptions.

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