Music, Cosmos, and the Development of Psychology in Early China

T oung Pao ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica Brindley
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Relationship ◽  
Early China ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Cosmic Order ◽  
Good Music ◽  
Triangular Relationship

AbstractMusic plays an important role in the development of discourses on the body, and, in particular, on psychology. From the received and excavated textual record dating to the 4th and 3rd centuries B.C. we gain insights into the emergence of an elaborate logos of the psyche, or "psychology," as such a psychology relates to the cosmos. The article explores two orientations on the role of music in psychology. The first and earlier orientation outlines what the author terms a "psychology of influence," which provides a rationale for the beneficial effects of good music in self-cultivation and social order. The second and later orientation outlines what the author calls a "psychology of cosmic attunement," which identifies music with the harmony of the cosmos and speaks of sages who attune themselves to it. Through a close examination of these two perspectives on music, the article delineates how a triangular relationship among music, cosmos, and psyche develops in early China, essentially forming a new paradigm within which human relationship to music and cosmic order is understood. La musique joue un rôle important dans le développement des discours sur le corps, en particulier sur la psychologie. Grâce aux textes reçus ou exhumés datant des 3e et 4e siècles avant notre ère, il est possible d'obtenir des aperçus sur l'émergence d'un logos élaboré sur la psyché, soit une "psychologie", dans la mesure où cette psychologie est en relation avec le cosmos. L'article explore deux orientations dans le rôle de la musique en psychologie. La première, plus ancienne, décrit ce que l'auteur appelle une "psychologie de l'influence", qui fournit une explication aux effets bénéfiques de la "bonne" musique sur la culture de soi et sur l'ordre social. La seconde orientation, plus récente, décrit ce que l'auteur appelle une "psychologie de l'harmonisation cosmique", qui identifie la musique avec l'harmonie du cosmos et évoque les sages qui s'accordent sur elle. En examinant de près ces deux perspectives sur la musique, l'article suggère la façon dont une relation triangulaire entre la musique, le cosmos et la psyché s'est développée dans la Chine ancienne, formant essentiellement un nouveau paradigme à l'intérieur duquel comprendre la relation de l'homme à la musique et à l'ordre cosmique.

scholarly journals Approaches to the World

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gesa Lindemann
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
Temporal Order ◽  
The Body ◽  
Spatial Turn ◽  
Linguistic Turn ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
The Social ◽  
Material Turn ◽  
Spatio Temporal

Responding to the critique of methodological ethnocentrism, Lindemann develops a new general social theory that is also highly sensitive to socio-cultural differences. Drawing on Helmuth Plessner’s theory of excentric positionality, social order is understood as a symbolically and technically mediated spatio-temporal order that is integrated by an order of violence. Lindemann hereby brings together three significant aspects of recent debates: the debates on the necessity of a theoretical turn (such as the linguistic turn, the material turn, the body turn, the pictorial turn and the spatial turn); second, the debates on the actor status of non-humans and the borders of the social world, and third, the discussions about the role of violence in structuring social processes.

scholarly journals Non-Musculoskeletal Benefits of Vitamin D beyond the Musculoskeletal System

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 2128
Author(s):  
Sicheng Zhang ◽  
Duane D. Miller ◽  
Wei Li
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
Vitamin D Deficiency ◽  
Musculoskeletal System ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
The Body ◽  
Health Maintenance ◽  
Vitamin D Receptors ◽  
Beneficial Effects

Vitamin D, a fat-soluble prohormone, is endogenously synthesized in response to sunlight or taken from dietary supplements. Since vitamin D receptors are present in most tissues and cells in the body, the mounting understanding of the role of vitamin D in humans indicates that it does not only play an important role in the musculoskeletal system, but has beneficial effects elsewhere as well. This review summarizes the metabolism of vitamin D, the research regarding the possible risk factors leading to vitamin D deficiency, and the relationships between vitamin D deficiency and numerous illnesses, including rickets, osteoporosis and osteomalacia, muscle weakness and falls, autoimmune disorders, infectious diseases, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), cancers, and neurological disorders. The system-wide effects of vitamin D and the mechanisms of the diseases are also discussed. Although accumulating evidence supports associations of vitamin D deficiency with physical and mental disorders and beneficial effects of vitamin D with health maintenance and disease prevention, there continue to be controversies over the beneficial effects of vitamin D. Thus, more well-designed and statistically powered trials are required to enable the assessment of vitamin D’s role in optimizing health and preventing disease.

scholarly journals Rituals in Conflict Resolution

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 15-23
Author(s):  
Anna Bilous
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
Social Order ◽  
World Politics ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ritual Studies ◽  
Ritual Theory ◽  
Deep Conviction ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
The Impact

While the essay will be mostly concentrated on the role of rituals in resolution of conflicts and promoting negotiations and the impact ritual theory can have on conflict resolution as a discipline, it will also try to address these general questions on substantial issues of conflict resolution development. The essay defends that the study of rituals can substantially deepen the understanding of conflict and conflict resolution in world politics. Therefore, the paper argues that the body of ritual helps to uncover practical ways of tackling the contradiction between universalism and relativism in conflict settlement/transformation. As a unique tool of social order restoration, ritual studies open a new perspective on conflict resolution and, in accordance with a deep conviction of an author? Which one?, give an opportunity to address the critic posed towards conflict resolution as a discipline.

scholarly journals Free Radicals as a Double-Edged Sword: The Cancer Preventive and Therapeutic Roles of Curcumin

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (22) ◽  
pp. 5390
Author(s):  
Nehal Gupta ◽  
Kshitij Verma ◽  
Sarath Nalla ◽  
Alok Kulshreshtha ◽  
Rajiv Lall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Free Radicals ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Drugs ◽  
Protein Markers ◽  
Dual Nature ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Cancer Cell Death ◽  
Anticancer Effects

Free radicals, generally composed of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), are generated in the body by various endogenous and exogenous systems. The overproduction of free radicals is known to cause several chronic diseases including cancer. However, increased production of free radicals by chemotherapeutic drugs is also associated with apoptosis in cancer cells, indicating the dual nature of free radicals. Among various natural compounds, curcumin manifests as an antioxidant in normal cells that helps in the prevention of carcinogenesis. It also acts as a prooxidant in cancer cells and is associated with inducing apoptosis. Curcumin quenches free radicals, induces antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase), and upregulates antioxidative protein markers–Nrf2 and HO-1 that lead to the suppression of cellular oxidative stress. In cancer cells, curcumin aggressively increases ROS that results in DNA damage and subsequently cancer cell death. It also sensitizes drug-resistant cancer cells and increases the anticancer effects of chemotherapeutic drugs. Thus, curcumin shows beneficial effects in prevention, treatment and chemosensitization of cancer cells. In this review, we will discuss the dual role of free radicals as well as the chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic effects of curcumin and its analogues against cancer.

Effect of Methylprednisolone and Reduced Glutathione on Survival in Mice and Hepatic Energy Metabolism in Rats with Endotoxin Shock

1985 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-251
Author(s):  
I. Kosugi ◽  
K. Tajimi ◽  
K. Okada
Keyword(s):  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Sodium Succinate ◽  
Endotoxin Shock ◽  
Free Radical Scavenger ◽  
The Body ◽  
Radical Scavenger ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Methylprednisolone Sodium Succinate ◽  
Hepatic Energy Metabolism

Reduced glytathione (GSH) is the tripeptide of glycine, cysteine and glutamic acid and is widely distributed in the body. FSH has been reported to comprise at least 90% of the nonprotein sulfhydryl (NPSH). Although the role of GSH in the tissue has not been clearly established, it is known to be a cofactor for enzymes, a substrate in detoxifications, and a free radical scavenger.Several investigators have reported that the level of NPSH, mainly GSH, in the tissue was decreased in several types of shock and that exogenous administration of GSH has beneficial effects on shock (1,2). This study was designed to evaluate the effects of GSH on the survival rate in mice and the hepatic energy metabolism in rats after administration of endotoxin. These results were compared with those of methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MP), since many investigators have reported that the large doses of glucocorticoid have beneficial effects in several types of shock in experimental animals and in man (3,4).

Impact of prebiotics and probiotics on skin health

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.H. Al-Ghazzewi ◽  
R.F. Tester
Keyword(s):  
Normal Skin ◽  
The Body ◽  
Skin Microbiota ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Therapeutic Benefits ◽  
Cosmetic Formulations ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Potential Use ◽  
Topical Applications

This review discusses the role of pre- and probiotics with respect to improving skin health by modulating the cutaneous microbiota. The skin ecosystem is a complex environment covered with a diverse microbiota community. These are classified as either transient or resident, where some are considered as beneficial, some essentially neutral and others pathogenic or at least have the capacity to be pathogenic. Colonisation varies between different parts of the body due to different environmental factors. Pre- and probiotic beneficial effects can be delivered topically or systemically (by ingestion). The pre- and probiotics have the capacity to optimise, maintain and restore the microbiota of the skin in different ways. Topical applications of probiotic bacteria have a direct effect at the site of application by enhancing the skin natural defence barriers. Probiotics as well as resident bacteria can produce antimicrobial peptides that benefit cutaneous immune responses and eliminate pathogens. In cosmetic formulations, prebiotics can be applied to the skin microbiota directly and increase selectively the activity and growth of beneficial ‘normal’ skin microbiota. Little is known about the efficacy of topically applied prebiotics. Nutritional products containing prebiotics and/or probiotics have a positive effect on skin by modulating the immune system and by providing therapeutic benefits for atopic diseases. This review underlines the potential use of pre- and probiotics for skin health.

scholarly journals The role of ozone therapy in maintaining the articular function and in relieving the pain for patients with knee osteoarthritis

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ciobotaru Camelia ◽  
Iliescu Madalina ◽  
Mandru Tatiana ◽  
Panait Marilena ◽  
Arghir Oana
Keyword(s):  
Blood Stream ◽  
Pharmacological Therapy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Ozone Therapy ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
System Functioning ◽  
Immunomodulatory Action ◽  
Stimulation Of

ABSTRACT Ozone Therapy is thought to be a non-pharmacological therapy, which makes use of oxygen and ozone, It is based on the ozone characteristics, such as the antibacterial and antimycotic, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory, of systemic modulation of homeostasy and of the optimization of the way the organs and systems function, but also of tissue bionourishing. Some of the beneficial effects of the ozone are: the enhancement of the oxygen supply in the tissues affected by inflammation and pain, the increase of the blood stream and the removal of the metabolic waste in the joints affected, the obstruction of the substances which maintain the inflammation and pain, an immunomodulatory action upon the whole body, the stimulation of the health improving mechanisms in the body, a mio-relaxing action and thus, a better joint mobility and a better body system functioning

scholarly journals Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Activity in Hypothermia and Rewarming: Can RONS Modulate the Beneficial Effects of Therapeutic Hypothermia?

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norma Alva ◽  
Jesús Palomeque ◽  
Teresa Carbonell
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Therapeutic Hypothermia ◽  
Oxygen Supply ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
The Body ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Intestinal Function ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Physiological Systems

Hypothermia is a condition in which core temperature drops below the level necessary to maintain bodily functions. The decrease in temperature may disrupt some physiological systems of the body, including alterations in microcirculation and reduction of oxygen supply to tissues. The lack of oxygen can induce the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen free radicals (RONS), followed by oxidative stress, and finally, apoptosis and/or necrosis. Furthermore, since the hypothermia is inevitably followed by a rewarming process, we should also consider its effects. Despite hypothermia and rewarming inducing injury, many benefits of hypothermia have been demonstrated when used to preserve brain, cardiac, hepatic, and intestinal function against ischemic injury. This review gives an overview of the effects of hypothermia and rewarming on the oxidant/antioxidant balance and provides hypothesis for the role of reactive oxygen species in therapeutic hypothermia.

Mitochondrial Aldehyde Dehydrogenase, A Potential Drug Target for Protection of Heart and Brain from Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. 948-955 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiu-Ju Luo ◽  
Bin Liu ◽  
Qi-Lin Ma ◽  
Jun Peng
Keyword(s):  
Aldehyde Dehydrogenase ◽  
Drug Target ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion Injury ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
The Body ◽  
Potential Drug Target ◽  
Potential Drug ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Therapeutic Value

Mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) is an isoenzyme of aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDH), a group of enzymes that are responsible for clearance of aldehydes in the body. In animal myocardial or cerebral ischemia/ reperfusion (I/R) models, accumulation of toxic aldehydes, such as 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal and malondialdehyde, is thought to be an important mechanism for myocardial and cerebral I/R injury. Among the isoenzymes of ALDH, ALDH2 is believed to play a major role in clearance of toxic aldehydes. Thus, ALDH2 might be a potential drug target for protection of the heart or brain from I/R injury. Indeed, some of the newly identified ALDH2 activators (such as Alda-1) have demonstrated beneficial effects on heart and brain I/R injury. In addition, ALDH activity is present at high levels in some stem or progenitor cells, known as ALDH bright (ALDHbr) cells, which possess potential value in treating patients with myocardial ischemia. The main purpose of this review is 1) to summarize recent findings regarding the role of ALDH2 in protection of heart or brain from I/R injury, 2) to list the available ALDH2 activators with their potency, selectivity and clinical potentials, and 3) to provide a rationale for ALDHbr cells in clinical therapeutic value.

Medical Discourse in Religious Controversy: The Case of the Critique of “Enthusiasm” on the Eve of the Enlightenment

1995 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Heyd
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
Medical Discourse ◽  
The Body ◽  
Divine Inspiration ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
The Social ◽  
Religious Controversy ◽  
Medical Professions ◽  
The Mind

The ArgumentMedicine is only a cultural system of its own. It also performs specific roles in the broader culture of society at large. This article examines the role of medical arguments in the critique of“enthusiasm” on the eve of the Enlightenment. The enthusiasts, who claimed to prophesy and to have direct divine inspiration, were increasingly see in the seventeenth century as melancholics. With the decline of humoral medicine, however, the account of melancholic disturbances – including enthusiasm – that was offered tended to be chemical, mechanistic, and clearly corpuscular. Protestant ministers, in adopting such an account of enthusiasm, also adopted a strict distinction between the realm of the mind (to which true prophecy belonged) and that of the body (in which they located the phenomena of enthusiasm). Such a distinctions served in turn to demarcate more specifically the limits between the clerical and medical professions. Yet in relegating the treatment of enthusiasts to the physicians, rather than seeing the enthusiasts as heretics, the ministers stood in danger of relying too much on a secular profession and secular arguments, thus paving the way to a more general secularization of the ideological basis of the social order.

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