Royal Hospitality and Geopolitical Constitution of the Western Zhou Polity

T oung Pao ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Khayutina
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Political Communication ◽  
Entire Period ◽  
Political Capital ◽  
Direct Control ◽  
The Status ◽  
Western Zhou ◽  
Bronze Inscriptions ◽  
Administrative Institution

AbstractThe present article examines how political communication and administration were effected in the Western Zhou polity (1046/5-771 BC) and investigates the significance of the royal residences as political and administrative centers. Bronze inscriptions referring to royal receptions that were offered to Zhou regional rulers, rulers of non-Zhou polities, royal officers and other subjects provide the basis for this study. It is argued that the form of "royal hospitality" described in these inscriptions was a political and, partially, administrative institution of the Zhou kings, and that its territorial localization both reflected and defined the geopolitical constitution of the polity. The article concludes by arguing that in the "larger Zhou polity" embracing the regional states of the zhuhou, political communication was decentralized, and that none of the royal residences held the status as political "capital" throughout the entire period. It is further found that a process of territorial centralization was underway in the territories under the direct control of the king, and that the oldest royal residence Zhou-under-Qi was gradually established as political and administrative capital.

“Offices” in Bronze Inscriptions and Western Zhou Government Administration

Early China ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 1-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Feng
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Closed System ◽  
Administrative Process ◽  
Government Administration ◽  
Administrative Procedure ◽  
Western Zhou ◽  
Bronze Inscriptions ◽  
Administrative Tasks ◽  
Royal Household

The present article focuses on the administrative process of the Western Zhou government and addresses the origin of bureaucratic government in China. The article first examinesgong宮 in bronze inscriptions that bore names of individuals or officials, suggesting that suchgonghad probably functioned as administrative “offices” of the Western Zhou government. Then, it focuses on inscriptions which record appointment ceremonies (ceming冊命) that took place in the same “offices.” These inscriptions show that there was a certain degree of specialization in the arrangement of appointments and in the use of “offices” for particular administrative tasks. In the appointment ceremonies, Western Zhou officials were normally accompanied by superior officials from the same government units, showing that there were three functional divisions in Western Zhou government administration: royal household, civil administration, and military. Each division operated as a relatively closed system andcemingwas a routine administrative procedure within the system. Finally, the article studies the role of the Zhou king in administration, showing that while engaging in the operation of government through his “ritual” role in the appointment ceremony, his visits to various gong seem to have followed a certain routine. The evidence in bronze inscriptions strongly suggests that the Western Zhou government was the earliest bureaucratic government in China.

Scribes, Cooks, and Artisans: Breaking Zhou Tradition

Early China ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 241-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Constance A. Cook
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Political Control ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Bronze Vessels ◽  
Western Zhou ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Bronze Inscriptions ◽  
Eastern Zhou

Bronze Inscriptions of the Western Zhou period show how ritualists were once dedicated to maintaining the ritual apparatus supporting the divine authority of the royal Zhou lineage. Bronze and bamboo texts of the Eastern Zhou period reveal, on the other hand, that ritualists able to manipulate local rulers reliant on their knowledge subsequently subverted power into their own hands. Ritualists such as scribes, cooks, and artisans were involved in the transmission of Zhou “power” through the creation and use of inscribed bronze vessels during feasts. The expansion and bureaucratization of their roles in the Chu state provided economic and ultimately political control of the state. This was particularly the case as the Chu, like the Zhou before them, fled east to escape western invaders.

scholarly journals ʿIlm al-kalām in Mauretanien anhand maurischer Kommentare zur Iḍāʾat ad-duǧunna fī iʿtiqād ahl as-sunna von al-Maqqarī (st. 1041/1632)

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 751-794
Author(s):  
Gunhild Graf
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Education Curriculum ◽  
Western Sahara ◽  
Islamic Studies ◽  
The Status ◽  
Islamic Science ◽  
Characteristic Features

Abstract The present article intends to contribute to the research on the kalām (“theology”) in Mauritania. So far, this particular Islamic science has received little attention of Islamic studies outside Mauritania. Around a dozen Mauritanian and non-Mauritanian commentaries on the highly popular didactic poem Iḍāʾat ad-duǧunna of al-Maqqarī – until today part of the education curriculum in the cultural area of the Western Sahara – provide the basis of the present paper which is divided in two parts: Part one presents some characteristic features of Mauritanian literature and the status of ʿilm al-kalām in Mauritania. Part two deals with the Iḍāʾa and its (Mauritanian) commentaries. Some selected key verses of the Iḍāʾa and their interpretation by various commentators are discussed here. Particular attention is paid to autobiographical notes and the elaboration on some special terms (for example tauḥīd, ʿilm, auwal wāǧib). Further topics addressed include the dialogue between al-Ǧubbāʾī and al-Ašʿarī and the report on Ibn Barraǧān’s prediction of the conquest of Jerusalem from the crusaders by the Muslims in the year 583 H. Since many Mauritanian manuscripts about kalām have not been edited to the present day, even an approximate overview on the Mauritanian kalām literature is still out of sight. However, the investigation of the Mauritanian ʿilm al-kalām as a subbranch of studies on later kalām since the seventeenth century promises to provide highly relevant and intriguing insights.

scholarly journals 從中國廣西東興京族語言環境的角度窺察京語的傳承方式：喃字

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (33) ◽  
pp. 171-190
Author(s):  
阮蘇蘭 阮蘇蘭 ◽  
阮大瞿越 阮大瞿越
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Comparative Perspective ◽  
National Minority ◽  
Chinese Characters ◽  
The Status ◽  
City District ◽  
First Time ◽  
Language Transmission

<p>京族分布於廣西東興市江平鎮，是中國的少數民族之一，其民族語言「京語」是越南語的一種方言。承受著來自漢語普通話、漢語白話方言以及通用越南語的巨大壓力，京語正處於消亡的邊緣。保護及傳承該民族語言的需求變得極為迫切，一群老一輩的京族知識份子選擇了以喃字作為傳承京語的手段。本文以2015年兩次在京族三島進行的社會語言學田野調查的考察成果為基礎，初步探索京族人之所以選擇傳承喃字作為傳承語言方式的原因，及喃字傳承方式。相比之下，漢字系統的「喃字」無法如現代越南語(或稱「國語字」)一般，能呈現京語的語音面貌，在記錄和傳承京語語言方面上並無優勢。本文認為，選擇「喃字」作為京語傳承載體是出於民族生命的考慮，強調「喃字」是和漢字一脈、京族和漢族是部分與整體的關係。</p> <p>&nbsp;</p><p>Jing people inhabit Jiangping town of Dongxing city district in Guangxi and constitute a national minority in China. Their language &ndash; the so-called Jing language -- is a dialect of the Vietnamese. Now the Jing language faces extinction because of the pressure from standard Mandarin, spoken dialects of Chinese, and standard Vietnamese. In order to protect and promulgate the Jing language, a group of local old intellectuals have decided to use N&ocirc;m characters as a tool of transmission of the Jing language. The present article, based on materials collected during two fieldwork trips to the &ldquo;three islands area of the Jing nationality&rdquo; in 2015, for the first time discusses the reasons why the N&ocirc;m characters have been chosen as the tool of language transmission as well as the ways of transmission of the N&ocirc;m characters themselves. In comparative perspective, the N&ocirc;m characters belonging to the Chinese characters system, unlike Romanization of modern Vietnamese (the so-called quốc ngữ) cannot represent the exact pronunciation of the Jing language, and therefore cannot offer advantage in the task of transmission of this language. The author argues that the choice of the N&ocirc;m characters as the tool of the Jing language transmission is caused by considerations of the survival of this ethnicity; it emphasizes original connections between N&ocirc;m and Chinese characters, as well as the status of the Jing as a part of the big Han nation. </p> <p>&nbsp;</p>

scholarly journals Pedagogical theories and the process of internalization of moral values

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. e49921
Author(s):  
Juliana Santos Monteiro Vieira ◽  
Dinamara Garcia Feldens
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Friedrich Nietzsche ◽  
Moral Values ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
State Culture ◽  
The Status ◽  
Pedagogical Discourses

The present article proposes to reflect on the process of internalization of moral values as the primary objective of Education, through historical and philosophical sources, analyzing, for this, theoretical frameworks of Pedagogy, such as: Comenius, Pestalozzi, Herbart and Durkheim. Our methodology was based on the bibliographic and authorial writings of these theorists and we try to question the logic established in pedagogical discourses, starting from the critic of moral values formulated by Friedrich Nietzsche, emphasizing aspects present in the referred theories and their reverberations in singularities and collectivities. The process of internalizing moral values had as its priority making education an instrument for the ordering of subjects, making it useful to the interests of state culture. It is understood that subjectivities are constituted inside and outside for the moral field and that the same is not alien or should be non-existent in school. However, it has been attempted to demonstrate in this article, how the moral field has been reduced to a process of disciplining and ordering, according to pre-determined models, virtues and values, which shows the limited pedagogical perspective in the vision of the moral field, which from its conception responds to interests and prioritizes the maintenance of the status quo.

Patterns of Politics in Ancient Greek Athletics

2021 ◽  
pp. 108-123
Author(s):  
Panos Valavanis
Keyword(s):  
State Formation ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
Political Capital ◽  
Alexander The Great ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Philip Ii ◽  
Elite Status ◽  
The Status ◽  
Group A ◽  
Chariot Racing

Greek athletics were of high political significance in view of their place in religion and communal festivals. This is reviewed in terms of votive offerings; the status of a group, a ruler, or an individual within a community; interstate rivalries, colonization and state formation; elite status, kudos, and political capital, especially in chariot-racing. The examples of Cleisthenes of Sikyon and the Alcmaeonids of Athens, among others, are discussed. The rivalry of Athens and Sparta in athletics and chariot events is also examined, e.g. the cases of the Spartans Lichas, Cynisca, and Agesilaus, and the Athenian Alcibiades. The participation of ‘peripheral’ Greek cities (Italy, Sicily, Cyrene) in Panhellenic games bolstered their Greek identity and served their rulers too. Macedonian rulers, e.g. Alexander I, Philip II and Alexander the Great, notably took part in Greek games for the fifth century on, and so asserted their Greek identity and their domain. The Panathenaic Games served political aims not only for Athenian elite, but also for Ptolemies and Macedonians.

Sociocultural Landmarks of Cognition and Problems of Scientific Creativity in the Media World

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-50
Author(s):  
Valery V. Savchuk ◽  
Konstantin A. Ocheretyany ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Political Communication ◽  
Computer Games ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Scientific Creativity ◽  
Technical Science ◽  
The Status ◽  
Intellectual Revolution ◽  
The Media ◽  
Main Thing ◽  
Serving Society

In the article the thoughts about science as a creative process are presented in the context of the historical-cultural epistemology, specificity of which is presented in the material by B.I. Pruzhinin and T.G. Shchedrina. Tendencies in the modern world’s development – social, economic, political, communication – do not give rise to doubts about the presence of a paradox: the more globalized the world becomes, the more science gravitates towards the status of applied – this determines its effectiveness. Nonetheless, what is lost when emphasizing efficiency? To answer this question is worth remembering that the intellectual revolution in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries was based not only on the works of Bacon, Descartes, and Newton but also on the radical position expressed in Machiavelli’s “Sovereign” who placed utility above virtue. As soon as science becomes a pragmatic business, prestige, fame, safety, and comfort begin to depend on its success. Knowledge is power, but in the new political and social realities, the main thing is practical, utilitarian, and effective. By becoming disciplinary, technical, science gains power – but is this power not limited to its own constructions? Paradoxically, science, performing a service function, begins to lose the status of an instance of meaning. Serving society, it, nevertheless, is not a connecting force in society – they resort to it for recipes and solutions, but they do not consider it as a common cause, and as a platform for social interaction, they expect a product from science, but not meanings and values, benefit, but not virtues. However, what is a product of science? How is its performance measured? And who determines the effectiveness? This article attempts to partially illuminate these issues, including in the field of their consideration existentially loaded aspects of the scientific community’s creativity – aesthetic, technical-digital, including computer games. Collective intuition as the acquisition of new experience, as the creation of previously nonexistent contexts in which new objects, events, and phenomena are placed – all these are key conditions for a world of uncertainty in which science is already required not only objective results but also involvement in the joint comprehension of existential projects. Truth there is not always the result, but rather a beginning, which requires, among other things, the derivation of all scientific consequences for which other forms of habitation of experience are open – aesthetic, playful, performative.

The Moral Status of Combatants during Military Humanitarian Intervention

Utilitas ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALEX LEVERINGHAUS
Keyword(s):  
Present Article ◽  
Moral Status ◽  
Just War ◽  
Humanitarian Intervention ◽  
Just War Theory ◽  
Target State ◽  
The Status

Recent debates in just war theory have been concerned with the status of combatants during war. Unfortunately, however, the debate has, up to now, focused on self-defensive wars. The present article changes the focus slightly by exploring the status of combatants during military humanitarian intervention (MHI). It begins by arguing that MHI poses a number of challenges to our thinking about the status of combatants. To solve these it draws on Jeff McMahan's theory of combatant liability. On this basis, the article contends that, first, combatants engaged in atrocities lack the same set of rights and liberties held by intervening combatants. Second, and more controversially, drawing on McMahan's theory as well as the notion of complicity, it suggests that the same applies to those combatants who do not perpetrate atrocities but are merely ordered to defend the target state against the intervening state.

The Eastern Zhou cemetery at Wenfengta, Suizhou City

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Complete Restoration ◽  
History Of ◽  
Western Zhou ◽  
Bronze Inscriptions ◽  
Eastern Zhou ◽  
Important Site

AbstractFrom August 2012 through January 2013, the Wenfengta Cemetery of the Eastern Zhou Period, located in the southeast portion of the present-day Yidigang Cemetery in Dongcheng District, Suizhou City, was excavated. 54 burials and three chariot-and-horse pits of the Eastern Zhou Period were found, from which 582 bronzes, including ritual vessels, weapons, chariot-and-horse fittings, tools, and other types, were unearthed. Many of these bronzes were relics of the Zeng State, and inscriptions including the terms “Zeng”, “Zeng Zi”, “Zeng Sun”, “Zeng Da sima” and so on were seen on some of them. Moreover, a bronze ge-dagger ax with an inscription containing the character “Sui” was unearthed from a tomb of the Zeng State. These bronze inscriptions show that the Wenfengta Cemetery was used by aristocrats of the Zeng State during the Eastern Zhou Period. The coexistence of inscriptions concerning the Zeng and Sui States has provided more evidence to support the suggestion that the Zeng and Sui States were one and the same. Following upon the discovery of the Western Zhou-era Zeng State cemetery at Yejiashan, the Wenfengta Cemetery is another important site of great significance for the complete restoration of the history of the Zeng State.

MARITAL ALLIANCES AND AFFINAL RELATIVES (SHENG甥 ANDHUNGOU婚購) IN THE SOCIETY AND POLITICS OF ZHOU CHINA IN THE LIGHT OF BRONZE INSCRIPTIONS

Early China ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 39-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Khayutina
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Society ◽  
New Members ◽  
Weak Center ◽  
Western Zhou ◽  
Bronze Inscriptions ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The One ◽  
Eastern Zhou ◽  
Radial Network

AbstractSeveral hundred inscribed bronze objects dating from Western and Eastern Zhou periods were commissioned for or by married women. Several dozen inscriptions are known whose commissioners called themselvessheng生 (甥) of a number of lineages. In pre-Qin Chinese, the termsheng甥 designated several categories of affinal relatives: paternal aunts’ sons, maternal uncles’ sons, wives’ brothers, sisters’ husbands, and sons of sisters or daughters. The wide geographical and chronological spread of female- orsheng-related vessels, as well as dedications to “many affinal relatives” (hungou婚購) in bronze inscriptions point to the importance of marital ties in early Chinese society and politics.Focusing on the inscriptions commissioned bysheng, the present article suggests that even when concluded at a considerable distance, marriages produced long-term mutual obligations for male members of the participating lineages or principalities. Affinal relationships represented social and political capital that could be converted in terms of individuals’ careers and prestige or benefits for their whole lineages/states. In sum, starting from the early Western Zhou period, marital alliances represented a substantial integrative factor in early Chinese politics. On the one hand, marital alliances helped to consolidate the radial network of Zhou states centered on the Zhou king. On the other hand, they facilitated the construction of decentralized regional and interregional inter-state networks. The latter guaranteed the stability of the Zhou political system even when it had a weak center. As a result, the Zhou networks did not fall apart following crises in the Zhou royal house, but continued to expand by the inclusion of new members.

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