scholarly journals Assessing whether disinfectants against the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis have negative effects on tadpoles and zooplankton

2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirjam von Rütte ◽  
Niklaus Peyer ◽  
Benedikt Schmidt ◽  
Nina Keller ◽  
Céline Geiser
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Batrachochytrium Dendrobatidis ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Zooplankton Abundance ◽  
Population Declines ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Negative Side ◽  
Negative Side Effects ◽  
Global Population

AbstractChytridiomycosis is an emerging disease of amphibians that has led to global population declines and possible extinctions. Vectoring of the pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) by anthropogenic means is thought to be important in its spread. To limit further increase in the distribution of Bd, field biologists and amateur naturalists ought to disinfect their boots and materials. However, imprudent use of potentially harmful disinfectants may have unwanted negative side effects on amphibians. We used a factorial experiment to test whether commonly used disinfectants (bleach and Virkon S) affect tadpole performance and zooplankton abundance. At the high dose of bleach, all tadpoles and zooplankton died. Tadpole performance and zooplankton abundance in the low dose of bleach and Virkon S treatments were undistinguishable from the control. Therefore, when bleach is used as a disinfectant, it must not get in contact with amphibians. Virkon S appears to be a disinfectant that can be used against Bd with no detectable negative effects on tadpoles and zooplankton.

scholarly journals Judging accidental harm: Due care and foreseeability of side effects

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Margoni ◽  
Luca Surian
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Psychology ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Moral Judgment ◽  
Negative Outcomes ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Negative Side ◽  
Knowing That ◽  
Information Agents ◽  
Negative Side Effects ◽  
Moral Wrongness

AbstractBoth in philosophy and in cognitive psychology, models of moral judgment posit that individuals take into account both agents’ intentions and actions’ outcomes. The present research focused on a third crucial piece of information, agents’ negligence. In Study 1, participants judged the moral wrongness and punishability of agents’ actions that resulted in negative side effects. In the scenarios, we orthogonally manipulated whether the agent acted with or without due care and whether she had or did not have information to foresee the negative side effects of her actions. Participants judged careless agents more condemnable than careful agents, especially when negative side effects could have been easily foreseen. In Study 2, we manipulated due care in acting in cases where the agent’s primary intention was to bring about a certain outcome without knowing that such outcome would actually be harmful. Here information about the foreseeability of negative outcomes was not provided, and participants judged actions performed with care more wrong and punishable than actions performed without care. This suggests that sometimes acting carefully and nevertheless causing harm may constitute evidence of the presence of negative intentions in the agents or evidence of the fact that agents indeed could have foreseen the negative effects of their actions. Together, these findings indicate that carefulness in acting and foreseeability are highly intertwined in moral judgment, and highlight the need to improve existing processing models of moral judgment to account for people’s evaluation of agents and actions whenever negligence can be attributed.

Problems and Keyhole Solutions

Free to Move ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 121-150
Author(s):  
Ilya Somin
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Welfare State ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
International Migration ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Negative Side ◽  
Negative Side Effects ◽  
The Welfare State

This chapter addresses claims that expanded foot voting—particularly through international migration—must be prevented because it would have various negative side effects. These include negative effects on public policy, the spread of harmful cultural values, displacement of workers, burdens on the welfare state, increased crime and terrorism, and damage to the environment. The chapter outlines a three-part framework for dealing with such objections: (1) determine how severe the problem really is, (2) use “keyhole” solutions (fixes that do not require migration restrictions) to mitigate it, if necessary and (3) tap the vast wealth created by migration to mitigate negative side effects that are not susceptible to keyhole solutions.

Modeling the performance of a PCM cooling vest considering its side effects

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 573-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Motahareh Mokhtari Yazdi ◽  
Mohammad Sheikhzadeh ◽  
Seyed Ehsan Chavoshi
Keyword(s):  
Heat Exchange ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cooling Power ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Negative Side ◽  
Real Performance ◽  
Negative Side Effects ◽  
Cooling Garments

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to identify and evaluate the potential cooling contribution provided by a phase change material cooling vest as part of the total heat exchange mechanism of the body and take in to account the negative side effects of wearing the cooling garments. Design/methodology/approach – In this study, the three-part system of body-garment-environment has been simulated through the finite element method and the problem of heat exchange between these three parts has been solved with the help of computer modeling. Findings – The results of this modeling showed that a large percentage of the cooling efficiency of cooling vest was neutralized by the negative effects of the vest that are weight, lack of breathability, and the effects on the thermal conductivity of the skin. Therefore, the net efficiency of the cooling vests resulted in a lower decrease in skin temperature compared to the state that the negative side effects were not included in the model. Originality/value – Cooling power obtained with the help of cooling garments have been studied in previous studies using either human tests or manikins. But, what has been addressed less in previous studies relates to the negative effects of such equipment on the comfort of body, along with their cooling effect. So it is the first time witch the effect of side effects of such equipments are studied. Also modeling the real performance of cooling garments have not been done yet.

scholarly journals Negative effects of malachite green and possibilities of its replacement in the treatment of fish eggs and fish: a review

2008 ◽  
Vol 52 (No. 12) ◽  
pp. 527-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Sudova ◽  
J. Machova ◽  
Z. Svobodova ◽  
T. Vesely
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Malachite Green ◽  
Veterinary Drug ◽  
Fish Eggs ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Negative Side ◽  
Protozoan Infections ◽  
Food Fish ◽  
Negative Side Effects ◽  
Effective Compound

Malachite green has been used as an effective compound to control external fungal and protozoan infections of fish since 1933 but it has never been registered as a veterinary drug for use in food fish because of its potential carcinogenicity, mutagenicity and teratogenicity in mammals. The present paper reviews negative side-effects of malachite green including its accumulation and persistence in fish that have been treated and describes other alternative substances for the treatment of fish and fish eggs.

scholarly journals The Effect of Long-Term Low-Dose Atropine on Refractive Progression in Myopic Australian School Children

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1444
Author(s):  
William Myles ◽  
Catherine Dunlop ◽  
Sally A. McFadden
Keyword(s):  
Low Dose ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Eye Drops ◽  
Myopia Progression ◽  
At Risk Children ◽  
Slow Group ◽  
Blue Eyes ◽  
Global Population ◽  
Axial Growth

Myopia will affect half the global population by 2050 and is a leading cause of vision impairment. High-dose atropine slows myopia progression but with undesirable side-effects. Low-dose atropine is an alternative. We report the effects of 0.01% or 0.005% atropine eye drops on myopia progression in 13 Australian children aged between 2 and 18 years and observed for 2 years without and up to 5 years (mean 2.8 years) with treatment. Prior to treatment, myopia progression was either ‘slow’ (more positive than −0.5D/year; mean −0.19D/year) or ‘fast’ (more negative than −0.5D/year; mean −1.01D/year). Atropine reduced myopic progression rates (slow: −0.07D/year, fast: −0.25D/year, combined: before: −0.74, during: −0.18D/year, p = 0.03). Rebound occurred in 3/4 eyes that ceased atropine. Atropine halved axial growth in the ‘Slow’ group relative to an age-matched model of untreated myopes (0.098 vs. 0.196mm/year, p < 0.001) but was double that in emmetropes (0.051mm/year, p < 0.01). Atropine did not slow axial growth in ‘fast’ progressors compared to the age-matched untreated myope model (0.265 vs. 0.245mm/year, p = 0.754, Power = 0.8). Adverse effects (69% of patients) included dilated pupils (6/13) more common in children with blue eyes (5/7, p = 0.04). Low-dose atropine could not remove initial myopia offsets suggesting treatment should commence in at-risk children as young as possible.

scholarly journals Acceptance and Intake of COVID-19 Vaccines among Older Germans

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1388
Author(s):  
Marta Malesza ◽  
Erich Wittmann
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Negative Side ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Vaccination Acceptance ◽  
Negative Side Effects

The main aim of this study was to investigate the various factors influencing COVID-19 vaccination acceptance and actual intake among older Germans aged over 75 years old (n = 1037). We found that the intention to get vaccinated or intake of the COVID-19 vaccine were positively related to the perceptions of becoming infected, perceptions of the severity of the potential long-term effects, the vaccine’s efficacy, and the benefits of vaccination. Meanwhile, the intention to get the vaccine or vaccine intake were decreased by perceptions of the negative side-effects and the general impediments to vaccination.

Scam Alert 2022 !! Best Health Keto UK Reviews – Negative Side Effects or Safe Diet Pills? Is £39.76 Worthy for “Best Health Keto United Kingdom” Customers? Read This Before Buy v1

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
health not provided
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Fat Cells ◽  
Promote Weight Loss ◽  
Negative Side ◽  
Negative Side Effects ◽  
Official Site ◽  
Diet Pills ◽  
Loss Formula

Best Health Keto UK Reviews is an all-natural weight loss formula and it works in an efficient way to promote weight loss and burn off stubborn fat cells. Best Health Keto works by allowing your body to enter into the ketosis process. Must See: Visit the Official Site of Best Health Keto [Up to 70% Discount Available Here]

Essential CBD Extract Gummies [Australia] AU Reviews – Hidden Negative Side Effects Or Real Benefits? v1

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
hengstla not provided
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Negative Side ◽  
Negative Side Effects ◽  
Money Back Guarantee

(LIMITED SUPPLIES) Click here to Buy Essential CBD Extract Gummies Australia with a 100% Money-Back Guarantee Now

scholarly journals A Multi-Objective Approach to Mitigate Negative Side Effects

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandhya Saisubramanian ◽  
Ece Kamar ◽  
Shlomo Zilberstein
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Empirical Evaluation ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Maximum Deviation ◽  
Negative Side ◽  
Multi Objective ◽  
Markov Decision ◽  
Secondary Objective ◽  
Negative Side Effects ◽  
The Impact

Agents operating in unstructured environments often create negative side effects (NSE) that may not be easy to identify at design time. We examine how various forms of human feedback or autonomous exploration can be used to learn a penalty function associated with NSE during system deployment. We formulate the problem of mitigating the impact of NSE as a multi-objective Markov decision process with lexicographic reward preferences and slack. The slack denotes the maximum deviation from an optimal policy with respect to the agent's primary objective allowed in order to mitigate NSE as a secondary objective. Empirical evaluation of our approach shows that the proposed framework can successfully mitigate NSE and that different feedback mechanisms introduce different biases, which influence the identification of NSE.

Metaphor and (Dis)belief

2019 ◽  
pp. 117-136
Author(s):  
Jeanne Gaakeer
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Practical Wisdom ◽  
Legal Rule ◽  
Negative Side ◽  
Psychological Phenomenon ◽  
Professional Needs ◽  
Belief Perseverance ◽  
Negative Side Effects ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Insight Into

In chapter 7 the importance of insight into how metaphor works in law (“seeing resemblance” according to Ricoeur) is elaborated upon in relation to the legal professional’s development of practical wisdom. The chapter discusses how metaphoric insight is both cognitive and perceptual. It argues that the professional needs to develop his or her legal imagination to be able to perceive similarity in what is initially thought of as dissimilarity to bridge the gap between the generality of the legal rule and the particularity of the individual situation in the case at hand. The chapter also connects the topic of metaphor to an understanding the psychological phenomenon of cognitive dissonance and its negative side-effects such as the confirmation bias and belief perseverance as the obverse phenomena of what Coleridge called poetic faith, i.e. the ability to comprehend contraries and to deal with uncertainties before jumping to conclusions.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document