scholarly journals THE FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OF DIANA MONKEY 'CLEAR' CALLS

Behaviour ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 138 (6) ◽  
pp. 741-756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Zuberbühler ◽  
Dana Uster
Keyword(s):  
Essential Element ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Social Competition ◽  
Vocal Responses ◽  
Close Range ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Socially Relevant ◽  
Diana Monkey ◽  
Gain Access

AbstractIn their natural West African rainforest habitat, Diana monkeys continuously produce high rates of a close-range clear-sounding call, but the function of this behaviour is unknown. In other primate species, close-range calls are typically given in socially relevant situations, for example, to gain access to grooming partners or food. Quite contrarily, we tested a number of hypotheses and found that Diana monkey 'clear' calls primarily function to avoid predation. Call rates were significantly elevated when predation threat was high, for instance when the visibility was poor, when the group spread was large, when the group was not associated with other monkey species, or after alarm calls. Call rates were not significantly elevated, however, in circumstances of high social competition, for instance when the group spread was small, during resting phases, while feeding on clumped food sources, or when foraging in the periphery where inter-group encounters were more likely to occur. Calling was contagious in that calls typically elicited vocal responses from out-of-sight group members within a few seconds. Because of this, callers can effectively monitor a much larger area than is visually accessible to single individuals, suggesting that Diana monkey clear calls act as an essential element in a mutualistic system of co-ordinated vigilance.

scholarly journals Primate populations in continuous forest and forest fragments in Central Amazonia

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 291-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony B. Rylands ◽  
Alexine Keuroghlian
Keyword(s):  
Food Sources ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Forest Fragments ◽  
The Past ◽  
Pithecia Pithecia ◽  
Ateles Paniscus ◽  
Continuous Forest ◽  
Second Growth ◽  
Central Amazonia ◽  
One Year

Population densities of six primate species (Saguinus midas, Pithecia pithecia, Cebus apella, Chiropotes satanas, Alouatta seniculus and Ateles paniscus) were estimated in continuous forest and in isolated reserves (one of 100 ha and four of 10 ha). Saguinusdensities in the continuous forest were found to be low, probably due to the lack of edge habitat and second growth favoured by them; Pithecia, Cebus and Ateles populations are also low, possibly because of more widely distributed and/or less abundant food sources than is true for other Amazonian regions, although hunting in the past, particularly of Ateles may also be a contributing factor; and Chiropotes and Alouatta densities were found to be similar to those observed in other areas of Amazonas forests. Ateles and Chiropotes, which occupy ranges on the order of three km2 were excluded from the 100-ka reserve at the time of its isolation. Unfortunately populations were not known prior to isolation of this reserve but during isolation there remained four groups of Saguinus, two Pitheciagroups, one Cebus groups and five Alouatta groups. One Saguinus group disappeared two months later, and one year post-isolation the Cebus group also left the reserve. Single Alouatta groups survive in the isolated 10-ha reserves. Saguinus, present in the four 10-ha reserves following isolation, have disappeared from two of them. One 10-ha reserve retains a group of Pithecia.

scholarly journals Dietary silicon intake in post-menopausal women

2005 ◽  
Vol 94 (5) ◽  
pp. 813-817 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. McNaughton ◽  
C. Bolton-Smith ◽  
G. D. Mishra ◽  
R. Jugdaohsingh ◽  
J. J. Powell
Keyword(s):  
Food Frequency Questionnaire ◽  
Elderly Women ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Food Composition ◽  
Alcoholic Beverages ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Food Frequency ◽  
Si Content ◽  
Post Menopausal

Si has been suggested as an essential element, and may be important in optimal bone, skin and cardiovascular health. However, there are few estimates of dietary Si intakes in man, especially in a UK population. Following the development of a UK food composition database for Si, the aim of the present study was to investigate dietary intakes of Si amongst healthy women aged over 60 years and to identify important food sources of Si in their diet. Healthy, post-menopausal female subjects (>60 years of age; n 209) were recruited from the general population around Dundee, Scotland as part of an unrelated randomised controlled intervention study where dietary intake was assessed using a self-administered, semi-quantitative food-frequency questionnaire at five time-points over a 2-year period. Food composition data on the Si content of UK foods was used to determine the Si content of food items on the food-frequency questionnaire. Mean Si intake was 18·6 (sd 4·6) mg and did not vary significantly across the 2 years of investigation. Cereals provided the greatest amount of Si in the diet (about 30%), followed by fruit, beverages (hot, cold and alcoholic beverages combined) and vegetables; together these foods provided over 75% about Si intake. Si intakes in the UK appear consistent with those reported previously for elderly women in Western populations, but lower than those reported for younger women or for men.

Behavioural Indicators of Anxiety: an Empirical Test in Chimpanzees

Behaviour ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 134 (13-14) ◽  
pp. 1031-1050 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate C. Baker ◽  
Filippo Aureli
Keyword(s):  
Pan Troglodytes ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Reliable Indicator ◽  
Stressful Situation ◽  
Agonistic Behaviour ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Physiological Evidence ◽  
Group Members

AbstractBehavioural, pharmacological, and physiological evidence supports an association between displacement activities and anxiety in macaques. Information is scarce in other primate and non-primate species. This study contributes to the understanding of the relation between displacement activities and emotional states by investigating the correspondence between self-directed behaviour and an inherently stressful situation in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Data were collected on 81 captive chimpanzees housed in conditions varying from indoor single caging to indoor/outdoor enclosures containing up to 14 individuals. Observation of gentle and rough scratching, self-grooming, and yawning were used to test predictions concerning the response of individuals to neighbour vocalisation (i.e. the calls and noisy displays produced by neighbouring groups of chimpanzees), which has been previously demonstrated to increase the likelihood of intragroup agonistic behaviour. In socially-housed chimpanzees rough and gentle scratching and yawning were significantly more common after neighbouring individuals vocalised or displayed than before, but the effect lasted longer for rough-scratching. In addition, during periods characterised by higher levels of neighbour vocalisation, socially-housed chimpanzees performed rough scratching at higher rates. Self-grooming was not affected by the level of neighbour vocalisation. Single-caged chimpanzees, for whom neighbour vocalisation carries no risk of aggression by group members, showed no increase in self-directed behaviour when neighbour vocalisation level was high, suggesting that the risk of intra-group aggression, rather than neighbour vocalisation itself, elicits anxiety. While our study suggests that rough scratching is the most reliable indicator of anxiety in chimpanzees in the context of neighbour vocalisation, it also provides evidence that gentle scratching and yawning can be considered displacement activities in this species.

scholarly journals Rank reversal in females hierarchy in semi-free ranging capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiago Falótico ◽  
Michele P Verderane ◽  
Briseida D. Resende ◽  
Eduardo B. Ottoni ◽  
Patrícia Izar
Keyword(s):  
Transition To Adulthood ◽  
Agonistic Behavior ◽  
Spanning Trees ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Capuchin Monkeys ◽  
Alpha Male ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Privileged Access ◽  
Dominant Female ◽  
Group Members

Benefits and costs of group living may not be equally distributed among all group members when they are organized in dominance hierarchies. In capuchin monkeys, higher-ranking individuals often have privileged access to food sources and reproductive partners. Other group members, particularly females, can benefit from proximity with the alpha male, gaining privileged access to the resources and also protection in the case of conflicts. In this study, a group with 17 individuals was observed for seven months and during this time data on activities and interindividual distances up to 10 meters were collected using animal-focal sampling method. Data were analysed through minimum spanning trees of interindividual distances and shortest directed trees of grooming and agonistic behavior. Dominance hierarchy in capuchins is generally considered stable, without reversions. However, during this study we observed a hierarchy reversal. It involved a period of increase in frequencies of agonistic behavior, caused mainly by conflict among females, and during this time the dominant female was threatened and sometimes attacked by a coalition of three other females. After this period the dominant female moved away from the group centre and the former beta female clearly took over the alpha position. The reversal was probably caused by transition to adulthood by one female and low grooming rates directed to the alpha male and adult females by the former alpha female.

scholarly journals Card3DFace—An Application to Enhance 3D Visual Validation in ID Cards and Travel Documents

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (19) ◽  
pp. 8821
Author(s):  
Leandro Dihl ◽  
Leandro Cruz ◽  
Nuno Gonçalves
Keyword(s):  
Visual Recognition ◽  
3D Model ◽  
3D Visualization ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Security Level ◽  
Single Shot ◽  
3D Camera ◽  
The Face ◽  
Gain Access ◽  
Natural Way

The identification of a person is a natural way to gain access to information or places. A face image is an essential element of visual validation. In this paper, we present the Card3DFace application, which captures a single-shot image of a person’s face. After reconstructing the 3D model of the head, the application generates several images from different perspectives, which, when printed on a card with a layer of lenticular lenses, produce a 3D visualization effect of the face. The image acquisition is achieved with a regular consumer 3D camera, either using plenoptic, stereo or time-of-flight technologies. This procedure aims to assist and improve the human visual recognition of ID cards and travel documents through an affordable and fast process while simultaneously increasing their security level. The whole system pipeline is analyzed and detailed in this paper. The results of the experiments performed with polycarbonate ID cards show that this end-to-end system is able to produce cards with realistic 3D visualization effects for humans.

scholarly journals Relationships of maternal zinc intake from animal foods with fetal growth

2011 ◽  
Vol 106 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yo A. Lee ◽  
Ji-Yun Hwang ◽  
Hyesook Kim ◽  
Eun-Hee Ha ◽  
Hyesook Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Essential Element ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Plant Food ◽  
Animal Food ◽  
Negatively Associated

Zn is an essential element for human growth. The nutritional adequacy of dietary Zn depends not only on the total Zn intake, but also on the type of food source (i.e. of plant or animal origin). We investigated the association between maternal dietary Zn intake from animal and plant food sources and fetal growth. A total of 918 pregnant women at 12–28 weeks of gestation were selected from the Mothers and Children's Environmental Health study in Korea. Dietary intakes in mid-pregnancy were estimated by a 24 h recall method, and subsequent birth weight and height were obtained from medical records. Multiple regression analysis showed that maternal Zn intake from animal food sources and their proportions relative to total Zn intake were positively associated with birth weight (P = 0·034 and 0·045, respectively) and height (P = 0·020 and 0·032, respectively). Conversely, the percentage of Zn intake from plant food sources relative to total Zn intake was negatively associated with birth height (P = 0·026) after adjustment for covariates that may affect fetal growth. The molar ratio of phytate:Zn was negatively associated with birth weight (P = 0·037). In conclusion, we found that the absolute amounts of Zn from different food sources (e.g. animal or plant) and their proportions relative to total Zn intake were significantly associated with birth weight and height. A sufficient amount of Zn intake from animal food sources of a relatively higher Zn bioavailability is thus encouraged for women during pregnancy.

Social factors modulating attention patterns in carrion crows

Behaviour ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 151 (5) ◽  
pp. 555-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia A.F. Wascher ◽  
Jose W. Valdez ◽  
Cristina Núñez Cebrián ◽  
Vittorio Baglione ◽  
Daniela Canestrari
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Group Living ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Time Constraints ◽  
Experimental Session ◽  
Complex Societies ◽  
Mate Quality ◽  
Corvus Corone ◽  
Group Members

A benefit of group living is the opportunity for individuals to gain valuable information from others, for example about predators, food sources or mate quality. However paying attention to conspecifics also induces costs such as time constraints. In order to optimize information-gaining processes individuals are expected to be selective with regards to whom and what they pay attention to. This selectivity may depend on factors like context, sex, age and social status of both the observing individual and the model. In the present study, we investigated the attention patterns in carrion crows (Corvus corone corone). Since carrion crows live in complex societies where the use of social information is likely to be highly beneficial, we expect attention patterns to be strongly affected by social factors. Nineteen captive crows were presented with either familiar or unfamiliar and kin or non-kin model individuals. We quantified the duration and frequency each observer watched the model in each experimental session. Familiarity with the model did neither affect watching duration nor frequency. However, there was an effect of kinship on individual attention, with male crows observing non-kin at higher frequency than kin, whereas female observers showed no preference. We also found an effect of the percentage of group members watching within a session and attentiveness of each observer. Overall, our study shows that social factors affect attention patterns in crows.

scholarly journals Do Members of Disadvantaged Groups Possess a Motivation of Favouritism towards Advantaged Groups?

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 61
Author(s):  
Nuri Akdoğan ◽  
Kenan Alparslan ◽  
Kenan Alparslan
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Social Identity Theory ◽  
Identity Management ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Social Competition ◽  
Disadvantaged Groups ◽  
Individual Mobility ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Group Members ◽  
The Individual

There are several studies suggesting that disadvantaged groups display positive attitudes towards advantaged groups. System Justification Theorists have conceptualised that attitudes as out-group favouritism, whereas Social Identity Theorists have described it as the attitude of members identifying with the advantaged group, reflecting in-group favouritism. As the level of participants’ identification with both groups is not measured in those studies, it is not clear enough which theory they support. This study, conducted with 145 people living in Turkey and define themselves as Kurdish, aims to examine the attitudes of the participants towards the disadvantaged Kurdish in-group and the advantaged Turkish out-group in terms of the participant’s level of identification with both groups and the identity management strategies (individual mobility, social competition, superordinate re-categorisation) followed by the participants. For this purpose, the participants dividing into three clusters depending on their level of identification with both groups were compared in terms of their intergroup attitudes and the strategies they followed. The results indicated that the participants who identified with the Turkish group on a higher level had favouritism towards Turks and followed the individual mobility and superordinate re-categorisation strategies. On the other hand, the participants who identified with the Kurdish group on a higher level had favouritism towards Kurds and followed the social competition strategy. These results support Social Identity Theory, suggesting that disadvantaged group members’ positive attitudes towards advantaged groups reflect in-group favouritism, not out-group favouritism. This is because they identify themselves through advantaged groups as a result of certain strategies.

scholarly journals Social learning in otters

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (8) ◽  
pp. 170489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zosia Ladds ◽  
William Hoppitt ◽  
Neeltje J. Boogert
Keyword(s):  
Social Learning ◽  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Social Transmission ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Diffusion Analysis ◽  
The Social ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Association Data ◽  
Social Learning Strategies

The use of information provided by others to tackle life's challenges is widespread, but should not be employed indiscriminately if it is to be adaptive. Evidence is accumulating that animals are indeed selective and adopt ‘social learning strategies’. However, studies have generally focused on fish, bird and primate species. Here we extend research on social learning strategies to a taxonomic group that has been neglected until now: otters (subfamily Lutrinae). We collected social association data on captive groups of two gregarious species: smooth-coated otters ( Lutrogale perspicillata ), known to hunt fish cooperatively in the wild, and Asian short-clawed otters ( Aonyx cinereus ), which feed individually on prey requiring extractive foraging behaviours. We then presented otter groups with a series of novel foraging tasks, and inferred social transmission of task solutions with network-based diffusion analysis. We show that smooth-coated otters can socially learn how to exploit novel food sources and may adopt a ‘copy when young’ strategy. We found no evidence for social learning in the Asian short-clawed otters. Otters are thus a promising model system for comparative research into social learning strategies, while conservation reintroduction programmes may benefit from facilitating the social transmission of survival skills in these vulnerable species.

scholarly journals Dung Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeinae) Attracted toLagothrix lagotricha(Humboldt) andAlouatta seniculus(Linnaeus) (Primates: Atelidae) Dung in a Colombian Amazon Forest

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Ari Noriega
Keyword(s):  
Niche Overlap ◽  
Dung Beetles ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Amazon Forest ◽  
Lagothrix Lagotricha ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Colombian Amazon ◽  
Degree Of Differentiation ◽  
High Degree

Dung beetles are among the most important insects in the Neotropics. Some species use a wide range of food sources, whereas other species are highly specialized. This study compares the use of two-primate excrement by an assemblage of dung beetles in a tropical forest in Colombia. Dung ofLagothrix lagotrichaandAlouatta seniculuswas used to attract beetles. A total of 32 species (47.7% of the species recorded for the area) were found on the two types of excrement studied, demonstrating that primate excrement is an important resource. The niche overlap between both feces is 27.03%, which indicates a high degree of resource specialization. Although these two primate species are found in the same areas, their diets vary greatly to permit a high degree of differentiation in beetle species. A study that includes dung of others primates would create a more complete panorama of resource overlap in the assemblage.

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