The structure, context and possible functions of solos, duets and choruses in the subdesert mesite (Monias benschi)

Behaviour ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 139 (5) ◽  
pp. 645-676 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie Seddon
Keyword(s):  
Syllable Structure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Multiple Functions ◽  
Temporal Precision ◽  
Constant Rate ◽  
In Series ◽  
Sexual Assessment ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Female Behaviour

AbstractSubdesert mesites produced five distinct types of vocal element which they combined to produce two broad classes of song 'syllable'. One of these syllables was exclusive to males and the other was mainly given by females. Song syllables were either produced in series by single individuals to give solo songs, or 2-5 five birds vocalised simultaneously with varying degrees of temporal precision to give duets and choruses. Pair-duets were the most common and male solos the least common form of song recorded. Females initiated and terminated significantly more songs than males and male syllables followed female syllables more promptly than the converse. However, the syllable structure of male and female solos changed when synchronised to form pair-duets indicating that, in contrast to most previous studies of duetting species, these songs are a function of both male and female behaviour. Only a subset of each group contributed to duets and choruses and participation was positively correlated with mass for males and females both within and across groups. Song activity remained at a low but relatively constant rate throughout both the day and season. The wide variety of contexts in which songs were produced indicated that they serve multiple functions: some appear to be cooperative endeavours (e.g. to maintain contact in dense vegetation and to defend territories), others may be underpinned by conflicts and could function in matedefence or in inter- and intra-sexual assessment within groups.

Social experience influences preferences in black ducks and mallards

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 1434-1438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynn M. Brodsky ◽  
C. Davison Ankney ◽  
Darrell G. Dennis
Keyword(s):  
Social Preferences ◽  
Anas Platyrhynchos ◽  
Social Experience ◽  
The Other ◽  
Captive Population ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Potential Mate ◽  
The Social ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
Males And Females

The influence of social experience on the preferences for a potential mate in a captive population of black ducks, Anas rubripes, and mallards, Anas platyrhynchos, was examined. Birds were reared from hatching with conspecifics (i.e., female black ducks with male black ducks, female mallards with male mallards), or were cross-fostered with the other species (i.e., female black ducks with male mallards, female mallards with male black ducks). Preferences of individuals were tested in a chamber containing caged black ducks and mallards of the opposite sex. In over 90% (100/109) of the trials, males and females preferred the species that they were raised with since hatching, whether they were of the same species or not. These results demonstrate that social experience influences the social preferences of male and female black ducks and mallards.

scholarly journals Hyperostosis frontalis interna in Arctic groups according to craniology

2021 ◽  
pp. 102-120
Author(s):  
Alexandra P. Buzhilova ◽  
◽  
Anna S. Kolyasnikova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Elderly Women ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Extreme Conditions ◽  
Hormonal Changes ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Age Category

We have examined 942 skulls from the collections of the Anuchin Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology (13 craniological collections of the Arctic groups). We have analyzed the total frequency of HFI, used a comparative intergroup analysis, and evaluated the degree of HFI expression and the distribution of the trait according to sex and age. Univariate nonparametric statistics was applied. Results. It was found that the rate of HFI in the Arctic groups is much lower than in other groups of modern Eurasian and American populations. In the combined series, HFI was equally represented in both males and females. However, according to the age distribution, the male and female groups are different. HFI was more frequent in males in the Adultus and Maturus groups and in the Senilis group in females. Discussion. The significantly lower frequency of HFI in the Arctic series relative to the other modern groups show us a low level of metabolic disorders in the Arctic population and a good adaptation to the type of nutrition and living in extreme conditions. The obtained data show the predominance of the trait in the groups of mature and elderly women, and the appearance of HFI of different severity in men regardless of the age category. Probably, in the Arctic samples in women, HFI identifies metabolic disorders due to normal hormonal changes in women aging. HFI should be considered as an indicator of the presence of metabolic disorders in young and mature age in Arctic men group.

On the duration of larval and nymphal quiescence in male and female Ixodid ticks

1966 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-106
Author(s):  
B. Feldman-Muhsam ◽  
H. V. Muhsam
Keyword(s):  
Rhipicephalus Sanguineus ◽  
Ixodid Ticks ◽  
The Other ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Difference

Differences between sexes in the duration of larval and nymphal quiescence in Ixodid ticks were investigated in Israel in the laboratory. In H. dromedarii Koch the larval quiescence of the male was, on average about 4 hours longer than that of the female, but in Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latr.) no significant difference was found. In five species a statistically significant difference in the length of nymphal quiescence was found between males and females; in three of them, R. sanguineus, R. secundus Fel.-Muh. and H. dromedarii, that of the male exceeded that of the female by 1/2 to 1 1/2 days and in the other two, H. marginatum Koch and H. excavatum Koch, the opposite was found, the difference being 1·3 and 3·7 days, respectively.

Sexual Discrimination in the Siamese Fighting Fish (Betta Splendens Regan)

Behaviour ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 54 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 1-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter F. Sale ◽  
C.M. Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component ◽  
Betta Splendens ◽  
The Other ◽  
Single Linkage ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Sexual Discrimination ◽  
The Third ◽  
Live Fish ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Agonistic Display

AbstractI. We recorded the responses of male Betta splendens when presented with various stimuli behind a transparent partition. The stimuli comprised i) live male and female B. splendens; ii) lifelike (motionless) models of male and female B. splendens; and iii) six stylised model B. splendens. The stylised models consisted of three pairs, one member of which had long male-like fins and raised opercula, and the other with short female-like fins and lowered opercula. The first pair had "aggressive", the second, "submissive", and the third, "reproductive" colouration. 2. The use of two techniques for comparing responses to the different stimuli was compared. Principal component analysis of unscaled data produced more satisfactory results than did clustering by single linkage on the basis of taxonomic distances calculated on scaled data. 3. The response by a male to a stimulus consisted of two categories of behaviour: "agonistic" display and nest-oriented activities. 4. The responses towards live males and females differed only in the relative amounts of "agonistic" and nest-oriented behaviour performed to each. A greater amount of "agonistic" behaviour was performed towards males. 5. Three main influences were found affecting a male's response to a conspecific: i) a tendency to perform all components of "agonistic" display and to inhibit performance of nest-oriented behaviour; ii) and iii) tendencies to perform particular components of the "agonistic" display. Thus the "agonistic" display was found to be complex and governed by at least three separate motivations. 6. The first influence varied according to the (perceived) sex of the stimulus, being great when the stimulus was a male, and slight when it was a female. The other two influences were independent of the nature of the stimulus. 7. Responses to lifelike, motionless models were very similar to those to live fish. 8. All male models and the "aggressive" female model were treated similarly to the live male. The other models were treated similarly to the live female. 9. A mechanism for sexual discrimination was proposed, in which a male is characterised by long fins and/or raised opercula, or, an unpatterned body. A female is characterised by short fins and a patterned body. Discrimination can be accomplished solely by use of visual stimuli.

scholarly journals Karakteristik Karkas Bandikut (Echymipera kalubu) di Kabupaten Manokwari

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Frandz Rumbiak Pawere ◽  
John Arnold Palulungan
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Research Method ◽  
The Other ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Research Purpose ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
West Papua ◽  
Males And Females

The research purpose is to investigate the characteristics of bandicoot’s (Echymipera kalubu) carcass in the Manokwari Regency, West Papua Province. Thirty-two (32) bandicoots, with the age of ± 4-month-old, were used for this study, the subjects consisted of 16 males and 16 females. The research method used was the exploration method. The results showed that the bodyweight of males and females bandicoot was 1709.38 ± 506.31 g and 976.63 ± 296.11 g (P<0.05). Carcass weight of males and females bandicoot was 1339 ± 449.53 g and 738.22 ± 233.50 g (P<0.05) respectively. Carcass percentage of males and females bandicoot was 77.15 ± 6.24 % and 75.10 ± 4.32 % (P>0.05). The weight cut forequarter of males and females bandicoot was 614.85±221.87 g and 311.67±101.83 g (P<0,05). The weight cut of the hindquarter of males and females bandicoot was 768.76±377.66 g and 397.89±142.18 g (P<0,05). Fore carcass percentages of males and females bandicoot were 45.48±2.20 % and 42.39±3.50 % (P<0,05). Hind carcass percentage of males and females bandicoot was 56.22±12.22 % and 53.63±6.82% (P>0,05). In conclusion, there are differences in body weight, carcass weight, fore carcass weight, rear carcass weight, and the percentage of fore carcass weight between male and female Echymipera kalubu. On the other hand, there is no difference in the percentage of carcass and rear carcass percentage between male and female Echymipera kalubu.

scholarly journals The Most Common Taekwondo Kicks using the eShield at the 23rd Asian Taekwondo Championships, Vietnam 2018

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (27) ◽  
pp. 346
Author(s):  
Abed Aljawad Bashar ◽  
Abdul Fattah Osama
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Face ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Very High

This paper focuses on identifying the most common taekwondo hits and kicks used by players at the 23rd Asian taekwondo championships, Vietnam 2018. A lot of researchers attended the 23rd Asian taekwondo championships and they analyzed the quarterfinals, semifinals, and finals for all weights classes for both males and female players. 111 matches (55 for male and 56 for females) were analyzed in this study. A form was used to process and analyze the matches. The results of this study showed that the turn kick attack with the rear leg at the abdominal level was the most commonly used kick, with the highest rate among male and female players (41.4% males and 46.3% females). Also, the percentage of the offensive kicks and strategies among males and females was very high compared with the defensive kicks and strategies. In this regard, the percentage of the offensive kicks among the males was 91%, whereas the rate of the defensive kicks reached 9%. On the other hand, the rate of the offensive kicks among the females was 88%, whereas the rate of the defensive kicks reached 12%. It was concluded that the offensive kicks at the abdominal level was the most commonly used kick among the players. In addition, there was a significant increase in the rate of the face kicks after the regulations amendments.

Plasma concentrations of oestradiol and oestrone during perinatal development in male and female ferrets

1984 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Erskine ◽  
M. J. Baum
Keyword(s):  
Sex Difference ◽  
Prenatal Exposure ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Perinatal Period ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Perinatal Development ◽  
Peripheral Plasma ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Female Behaviour

ABSTRACT The concentrations of oestradiol and oestrone in peripheral plasma of male and female ferrets 5 days before and 7, 15 and 30 days after birth were measured. Both steroids were present in high concentrations prenatally. Much lower levels were found in samples collected on day 7 and later, when the concentrations were similar to those of adult gonadectomized animals. No significant sex difference was seen for the concentration of either steroid at any age studied. These results, and those previously reported showing the absence of a circulating binding protein and the presence of oestradiol receptors in the hypothalamus in the perinatal period in this species, suggest that brains of both males and females are exposed to significant amounts of oestrogen during development. These findings lend support to the possibility that prenatal exposure to oestrogen plays a role in organizing the potential for female behaviour in male and female ferrets. J. Endocr. (1984) 100, 161–166

scholarly journals Male meiotic behaviour and male and female litter size in mice with the T(2; 8)26H and T(1; 13)70H reciprocal translocations

1976 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. de Boer
Keyword(s):  
Litter Size ◽  
The Other ◽  
Meiotic Behaviour ◽  
Translocation Chromosome ◽  
Reciprocal Translocations ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Relative Fertility ◽  
Metaphase I

SUMMARYTwo reciprocal mouse translocations T(2; 8)26H and T(1; 13)70H, heterozygous in a Swiss random-bred background, show differences in the spectrum of multivalent configurations and in the segregational behaviour of these multivalent configurations. T26H/+ males mostly contained rings of four (R IV, 53·15%) and T70H/+ males chains of four, missing a chiasma in the shortest interstitial segment (C IV 11, 61·55%). The adjacent II frequency, estimated from metaphase II observations, was 8·47% in T26H/+ and 25·22% in T70H/+. Univalents of the shorter translocation chromosome of T70H are able to divide equationally at first anaphase. The hypothesis is advanced that time differences in chiasma terminalization during metaphase I-anaphase are important for explaining the difference in segregation observed between the two translocations. Translocation-caused non-disjunction is probably low in T26H/+ and 4–5% in T70H/+. Univalents involving T70H/+ are usually capable of co-orientation with the other chromosomes of the translocation complex. The summed percentages of adjacent II disjunction and non-disjunction caused by the translocations were estimated from the relative fertility scores of T/+ males and females versus +/+ males and females as 9·8% and 29·0% for T26H/+ and T70H/+ males, respectively, and 9·4% and 27·8% for T26H/+ females and T70H/+ females. For both translocations, the agreement between the various estimates is good. Chiasma frequencies are much higher in telomeric segments than in proximal segments containing centric heterochromatin.

scholarly journals Is Meat of Breeder Turkeys so Different from That of Standard Turkeys?

Foods ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pascal Chartrin ◽  
Thierry Bordeau ◽  
Estelle Godet ◽  
Karine Méteau ◽  
Jean-Christian Gicquel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Water Holding Capacity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Physiological Stage ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Sensorial Quality ◽  
Water Holding

The technological, nutritional, and sensorial quality of breasts and thighs with drumsticks of turkey male and female breeders was characterized by comparison with breasts and thighs with drumsticks of growing male and female turkeys from the Grademaker line (hybrid turkeys, n = 20 birds per sex and per physiological stage). The breeder turkeys were slaughtered at 397 and 410 days of age and 10.42 and 32.67 kg of body weight for the females and males, respectively. The standard turkeys were slaughtered at 75 and 103 days of age and 5.89 and 13.48 kg of body weight for the females and males, respectively. The differences observed between males and females on one hand and between standard and breeder turkeys on the other hand were mainly induced by differences in slaughter ages and sexual dimorphism on body weight. The meat of female breeders had characteristics close to those of female and male standard turkeys, whereas the meat of male breeders was clearly distinguishable, particularly by displaying lower tenderness and water holding capacity.

Metrics on Restaurant Ordering Behavior

2021 ◽  
pp. 193896552110202
Author(s):  
Guenter Schamel ◽  
Francisco Javier Santos-Arteaga
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
The Other ◽  
Considerable Influence ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
Observer Effects ◽  
Current Article ◽  
Males And Females

The academic literature analyzing the behavior and interactions among commensals at a table generally resorts to experimental settings with volunteer decision makers or focuses on receipts issued at actual restaurants. The experimental approach widens the potential scope of the phenomena that can be analyzed but is subject to observer effects, with decision makers being aware of the fact that their actions are being monitored. The approach using receipts is not subject to observer effects but limited in its scope by lacking interactions with the commensals and the data that can be collected. In the current article, we make extensive use of a data set collected by restaurant personnel following specific instructions. They gathered information on a number of decisions made at the table throughout the whole meal without the commensals being aware that they are being monitored. As a result, we are able to examine empirically the importance that the choices of the first-person ordering (the leader) may have for the decisions made by the other commensals at the table. In particular, we study the similarity of orders—in terms of dishes, drinks, and prices—between the table leader and the other commensals. Our results reveal that table leaders, both male and female, have a considerable influence on the choices made by other commensals under a variety of different scenarios. We also describe the differences arising when males and females act as table leaders, as well as the influence that specific payment arrangements have on the ordering behavior of the commensals.

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