scholarly journals Overturning and rolling avoidance by gecko when challenged with inclines

Behaviour ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 157 (6) ◽  
pp. 493-513
Author(s):  
Qiang Xing ◽  
Zhouyi Wang ◽  
Weijia Zong ◽  
Jun Gu
Keyword(s):  
Full Advantage ◽  
Duty Factor ◽  
Incline Angle ◽  
Centre Of Mass ◽  
Limb Function ◽  
Minimum Value ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Movement Stability ◽  
Inclined Surface

Abstract Understanding how animals avoid overturning and rolling in motion to maintain movement stability and to accommodate their habitat and the mechanisms of movement in these habitats is a matter of concern. Gecko climbs a more inclined substrate by lowering the speed; meanwhile, the duty factor is increased with the increase of the incline angle, indicating that the gecko switches the diagonal gait when climbing on the shallow inclines to the triangular gait when on the inverted surface. The overturning impulse moment is increased with an increase of the incline angle. On inclines larger than 90°, the positive and negative overturning impulse moments are increased significantly and show obvious differences. The maximum value of rolling impulse moment on the surface at 180° can reach 15 times that of the minimum value on the surface at 90°, and the positive and negative rolling impulse moments at the inclined surface of 120–180° have obvious differences. The above results show that on shallow inclines, the low centre of mass and the flat posture of the gecko can effectively improve locomotion stability; simultaneously, through the timely conversion of the limb function, the overturning/rolling impulse moments are low, which greatly reduces the probability of overturning/rolling during locomotion. However, on inverted inclines, the gecko takes full advantage of the flexibility of body and limbs to delay the occurrence of rolling and overturning, and actively cooperates with the adjustment of the gait, using the alternating change of gait to avoid overturning and rolling.

Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Sapota (Chikoo) Powder based Value Added Pasta Product using Semolina (Suji) and Maida

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (04) ◽  
Author(s):  
SATYA NARAYAN SINGH ◽  
RAJESH G BURBADE ◽  
HITESH SANCHAVAT ◽  
P S PANDIT
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Water Solubility ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Absorption Capacity ◽  
Oil Absorption ◽  
Minimum Value ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Specific Length

The cereals of today are more nutritious and healthful than ever before. Cereals processing is one of the oldest and the most essential part of all food technologies. Pasta products and noodles have been staple foods since ancient times in many countries all over the world. In this study pasta formulation was substituted with blending sapota powder in different proportions (4 levels i.e. 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%) into semolina and maida flour separately. Pasta products were prepared using eight different formulations and adding water (approximately 31% of total weight) in DOLLY pasta extruder machine. All the samples were evaluated for physical properties: specific length (mm/g), bulk density (kg/m3), specific density (kg/m3) and porosity (%); functional properties: water absorption index (%), water solubility index (%) and oil absorption capacity (ml/g) and nutritional compositions: moisture (%), crude protein (%), fat (%) and carbohydrate (%). Highest specific length 36.20 mm/g was observed for T5 treatment, low bulk density 368.10 kg/m3 was observed for T5 and highest porosity 9.24% was found for T1 treatment. The maximum WAI, WSI values 325.83%, 17.33% respectively was observed for T1 treatment and minimum value of oil absorption capacity 1.06 ml/g for T8 treatment. The moisture content of dried pasta products was found in the range of 6 to 7%. The maximum value of crude protein 13.07% was found for T5 and minimum value 8.81% for T4 treatments. The fat contents were varied from 1.02% to 1.28 %. The maximum value of carbohydrate was 76.20% for T1 and minimum value 65.41% for T8.

scholarly journals Characteristic Variation of Ground Heat Flux and Net Radiation at Tropical Station in Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 35-42
Author(s):  
A. Usman ◽  
B. B. Ibrahim ◽  
L. A. Sunmonu
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Soil Heat Flux ◽  
Entire Period ◽  
Net Radiation ◽  
Sampled Data ◽  
Minimum Value ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Characteristic Variation ◽  
Ground Heat Flux

Characteristic variation of ground heat flux and net radiation enhances the understanding of the significance of indicated trends of variability to everyday life and factors that might be responsible for such variations. This research work critically analyses some specific days with field data over grass-covered surface at Ile-Ife, Nigeria between ground heat flux and net radiation. For the field observations, an instrumented meteorological mast was set up at an experimental site (7°33’N, 4°35’E) located at Obafemi Awolowo University campus, Ile-Ife, Nigeria for a period of two weeks (31st May-14th June, 2013). The soil heat flux, net radiation and soil temperature from the soil heat flux plate; an all-wave net radiometer, and soil thermometer were recorded every 10 seconds and averaged over 2 minutes interval. The sampled data was stored in the data logger (Campbell Scientific, Model CR10X) storage module. After the removal of spurious measurement values (Quality Assurance and Quality Control), the data stored was further reduced to 30 minutes averages using the Microcal Origin (version 7.0) data analysis software. The results showed that the measured ground heat flux, HGM during the daytime increases until 1400 hrs with maximum value of about 136.86 Wm-2 and minimum value of about -72.87 Wm-2 at 0830 hrs (DOY 156). The measured net radiation, Rn value of 649.65 Wm-2 observed at 1400 hrs (DOY 156), represented the maximum value for the entire period of the study. -10.75 Wm-2 value observed at1800 hrs (DOY 154), represented the minimum value for the entire period of the study due to the cloudy condition of the sky which reduces the amount of incoming solar radiation reaching the earth surface.

scholarly journals COMPARING THE FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF CONCRETE MADE WITH RIVER SAND WITH THAT MADE WITH QUARRY DUST AS FINE AGGREGATE

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 453-460
Author(s):  
Chijioke C ◽  
Nwaiwu ◽  
Aginam ◽  
Anyadiegwu
Keyword(s):  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Concrete Beams ◽  
Target Strength ◽  
Fine Aggregate ◽  
River Sand ◽  
Minimum Value ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Quarry Dust ◽  
Good Substitute

This work focuses on the 100% replacement of river sand with quarry dust in the production of concrete. Two types of concrete were produced (concrete made with river sand and that made with quarry dust as fine aggregate), the concretes produces were cast into beams and cured for 28 days. The flexural strengths of the concrete beams cast was determine at 28 day strength. At 28 days target strength the maximum flexural strength of concrete made with river sand as fine aggregate is 5.375111N/mm2 and minimum flexural strength is 2.2155N/mm2, for the concrete made with quarry dust as fine aggregate the maximum flexural strength is 2.567 N/mm2. The maximum value of 2.567 N/mm2 for concrete made with quarry dust as fine aggregate is higher than the minimum value of 2.2155N/mm2 for concrete made with river sand as fine aggregate. With this result it shows that quarry dust is a good substitute to river sand in the production of concrete.

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF RECOMBINANT VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR 121 ON NITRIDE OXIDE LEVEL IN MICE (Mus musculus) MODEL OF PREECLAMPSIA

2017 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 191
Author(s):  
Soetrisno Soetrisno ◽  
Isharyadi Isharyadi ◽  
Sri Sulistyowati
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Mus Musculus ◽  
P Value ◽  
Vascular Endothelial ◽  
The Third ◽  
Minimum Value ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Pregnant Mice ◽  
Endothelial Growth Factor ◽  
K2 Group

Preeclampsia is a multifactorial syndrome in pregnancy whose cause is still unknown. Several proangiogenic and antiangiogenic mediators such as Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and Nitrite Oxide (NO) play important roles in preventing preeclampsia. VEGF can increase NO level that lowers maternal blood pressure, improves endothelial function and reduces placental hypoxia in preeclampsia. Recombinant VEGF 121 is expected to be an option in the prevention and treatment of preeclampsia. This experimental study used mice (Mus musculus) as the model. The objective of this study was to observe the effect of recombinant VEGF 121 in increasing the level of nitric oxide in mice (Mus musculus) model of preeclampsia. This was an experimental analytical study with Randomized Control Trial (RCT) design. The study enrolled 27 pregnant mice (Mus musculus) which met the restriction criteria divided into 3 groups. The first group (K1) were 9 normal pregnant mice. The second group (K2) were 9 pregnant mice of preeclampsia model without treatment. The third group (K3) were 9 pregnant mice of preeclampsia model receiving recombinant VEGF 121 therapy. The independent variable was the administration of recombinant VEGF 121 and the dependent variable was the serum NO level. Statistical analysis was performed by using anova statistics. NO level in the first group (K1) was 1.746±0.347, with minimum value of 1.00 µM, and maximum value of 2.28 µM, CI (1.479-2.013).  NO level in second group (K2) was 1.167±0.380, with minimum value of 0.64 µM, and maximum value of 1.94 µM, CI (0.875-1.460). NO level in the third group (K3) was 2.164±0.556, with minimum value of 1.56 µM, and maximum value of 5.96 µM, CI (1.842-2.486). With anova statistical test, there were significant differences between K1 group and K2 group (p value=0.004<0.05), K1 group and K3 group (p value=0.000<0.05) as well as K2 group and K3 group (p value=0.029<0.05). In conclusion, Recombinant VEGF 121 increased the level of nitric oxide in mice (Mus musculus) model of preeclampsia significantly.

Evolutionary Structural Optimization Using the Minor Value of Material Efficiency

2014 ◽  
Vol 945-949 ◽  
pp. 1223-1226
Author(s):  
Xing Guo Hu ◽  
He Ming Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Structural Optimization ◽  
Rejection Rate ◽  
Minimum Value ◽  
Optimization Result ◽  
Material Efficiency ◽  
Evolutionary Structural Optimization ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Two Factors

In the tradition Evolutionary Structural Optimization (ESO), the maximum value of inefficient material efficiency equates to the product of the rejection rate and the maximum value of all material efficiency. However, the rejection rate cannot be adjusted flexibly according to the trend of optimization, and the maximum value of all material efficiency may mutate abruptly (become larger or smaller). These two factors may cause that material may sometimes be removed less, sometimes too much. In view of the defect of the traditional evolutionary structural optimization, the Evolutionary Structural Optimization Using the Minor Value of Material Efficiency (ESO-MVME) is proposed in this paper. The maximum value of the inefficient material is close to the minimum value of material efficiency, and has nothing to do with the reject rate and the maximum value of material efficiency. The study finds that the ESO-MVME method has a better applicability than the traditional ESO, and can obtain a better optimization result.

ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AT OVERLAPPING LASER SHOCK PEENING

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (03) ◽  
pp. 1650012 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Z. DAI ◽  
Z. D. ZHANG ◽  
J. Z. ZHOU ◽  
J. Z. LU ◽  
Y. K. ZHANG
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Equilateral Triangle ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Laser Shock Peening ◽  
Laser Shock ◽  
Minimum Value ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Shock Peening ◽  
Iso 25178

The overlapping effects on surface roughness are studied when samples are treated by laser shock peening (LSP). Surface roughness of overlapped circular laser spot is calculated by ISO 25178 height parameters. The usually used overlapping styles namely isosceles-right-triangle-style (AAP) and equilateral-triangle-style (AAA) are carefully investigated when the overlapping degree in x-axis ([Formula: see text]) is below 50%. Surface roughness of isosceles-right-triangle-style attains its minimum value at [Formula: see text] of 29.3%, and attains its maximum value at [Formula: see text] of 43.6%. Surface roughness of equilateral-triangle-style attains its minimum value at [Formula: see text] of 42.3%, and attains its maximum value at [Formula: see text] of 32%. Experimental results are well consistent with theoretical analysis.

scholarly journals A vector loci method of treating coupled circuits

1928 ◽  
Vol 117 (777) ◽  
pp. 331-350 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Electromotive Force ◽  
Complex Impedance ◽  
Variable Frequency ◽  
Constant Amplitude ◽  
Minimum Value ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Family Of Curves ◽  
Coupled Circuits ◽  
Zero Coupling

If in the first of two coupled circuits an electromotive force of constant amplitude and variable frequency is introduced, the currents in the primary and secondary respectively may be written i 1 = e /Z' and i 2 = e /Z" where Z' and Z" are complex impedance operators. The loci of these impedances ω as to is varied have definite geometrical forms. Z" is a parabola and Z' a cissoid family. If a parabola if y 2 = (— x ) p where p depends only on the inductances and resistances of the two circuits is drawn, and a pole O is taken a certain distance to the left of the vertex a , then OP represents the impedance Z" to a certain scale. The greater the coupling between the two circuits the longer is O a . As ω increases from a small value, P, starting on the lower arm of the parabola far to the left, moves counter clockwise round the parabola. If O is near a there will be a single minimum value of OP, and a single maximum value of the current i 2 . But if the coupling and therefore O a is larger, there will be two minimum values separated by a maximum value, corresponding to the well-known double hump i 2 /ω curve. The locus of Z' is the cissoid family of curves. The straight line of zero coupling bulges at the axis as the coupling is increased, and develops a loop as the coupling is still further increased. Here again a double minimum impedance appears, corresponding to the double hump resonance curves.

Thermo-Economic Analysis of an Intercooled, Reheat and Recuperated Gas Turbine for Cogeneration Applications: Part I — Base Load Operation

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Bhargava ◽  
M. Bianchi ◽  
G. Negri di Montenegro ◽  
A. Peretto
Keyword(s):  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Pressure Ratio ◽  
Gas Temperature ◽  
Minimum Value ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Cogeneration System

This paper presents a thermo-economic analysis of an intercooled, reheat (ICRH) gas turbine, with and without recuperation, for cogeneration applications. The optimization analyses of thermodynamic parameters have permitted to calculate variables, such as low-pressure compressor pressure ratio, high-pressure turbine pressure ratio and gas temperature at the waste heat recovery unit inlet while maximizing electric efficiency and “Energy Saving Index”. Subsequently, the economic analyses have allowed to evaluate return on the investment, and the minimum value of gross payout period, for the cycle configurations of highest thermodynamic performance. In the present study three sizes (100 MW, 20 MW and 5 MW) of gas turbines have been examined. The performed investigation reveals that the maximum value of electric efficiency and “Energy Saving Index” is achieved for a large size (100 MW) recuperated ICRH gas turbine based cogeneration system. However, a non-recuperated ICRH gas turbine (of 100 MW) based cogeneration system provides maximum value of return on the investment and the minimum value of gross payout period compared to the other gas turbine cycles, of the same size and with same power to heat ratio, investigated in the present study. A comprehensive thermo-economic analysis methodology, presented in this paper, should provide useful guidelines for preliminary sizing and selection of gas turbine cycle for cogeneration applications.

scholarly journals Air Pollution Tolerance Index for Selected Species of Plants in Roadside Highways at Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India

2020 ◽  
pp. 247-254
Author(s):  
Rahul Nishad ◽  
Harsh Bodh Paliwal ◽  
Makhan Singh Karada ◽  
Dheer Agnihotri
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Azadirachta Indica ◽  
Tolerance Index ◽  
Saraca Asoca ◽  
Pollution Tolerance ◽  
Minimum Value ◽  
Ficus Benghalensis ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Air Pollution Tolerance Index

In recent years air pollution is one of the biggest problems in the world. Owing to the transboundary dispersion of contaminants around the world, air pollution has its own peculiarities. In a much planned urban setup industrial pollution takes a backseat and cooler admission takes the president's as the major cause of urban air pollution in the present investigation your pollution torrents index was calculated for various plant species growing around the Allahabad Highway. Five plants available commonly in all locations were selected for the present research namely Azadirachta indica (Neem), Delonix regia (Gulmohar), Saraca asoca (Ashok), Ficus benghalensis (Bargad), Ficus religiosa (Pepal). Using normal procedures, ascorbic acid, leaf extract pH, overall chlorophyll, relative water content and air quality tolerance index were analysed. Both plants tested in both areas have been shown to be pollution-sensitive, varying from 02.29 to 12.53. No pollution tolerant organisms studied were found. The maximum value of pH was 7.8 found in Neem tree spp. (Azadirachta indica) in Rewa Road (NH-35) and the minimum value of pH was 5.9 found in Gulmohar tree spp. (Delonix regia) in Varanasi Road (NH-19), The maximum value of RWC (89.99 %) found in Ashok tree spp. (Saraca asoca) and the minimum value of RWC (58.64 %) found in Neem tree spp. (Azadirachta indica) in Mirzapur Road site (NH-76). The maximum value of Total Chlorophyll Content was 1.55 mg/g found in Ashok tree spp. (Saraca asoca) in Mirzapur Road (NH-76) and the minimum value of Total Chlorophyll Content was 0.71 mg/g found in Bargad tree spp. (Ficus benghalensis) in Control Site and Rewa Road (NH-35). The maximum value of Ascorbic Acid (1.07 mg/g) found in Ashok tree spp. (Saraca asoca) in Rewa Road site (NH-35) and the minimum value of Ascorbic Acid (0.39 mg/g) found in Pepal tree spp. (Ficus religiosa) in Mirzapur Road site (NH-76) The variance may be due to alternative biochemical parameters being reflected. Plant can filter the air through aerial elements especially through their twigs stem leaves air pollution management is the better manage by the afforestation program. Air pollution tolerance index (APTI) is an intrinsic quality of tree to control air pollution problem which is currently of major concern of local urban locality. The trees having higher tolerance index rate or tolerant towards air pollution and can be used as a major component to reduce air pollution whereas the tree having less tolerance index can be an indicator to know the rate of air pollution. Hence, it is essential to protect the plants.

scholarly journals SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SURFACE SLOPE WITHIN THE LANDSCAPES OF THE CRIMEAN PENINSULA

2021 ◽  
pp. 135-145
Author(s):  
V. A. Tabunshchik
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Surface Slope ◽  
Crimean Peninsula ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Minimum Value ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Crimean Peninsula

The paper presents new data on the slope of the surface of the territory of the Crimean Peninsula in the context of landscape taxonomic units according to the landscape-typological map of the Crimean polostrov by G. E. Grishankov. For the first time, for the Crimean Peninsula as a whole and landscape taxonomic units – landscape levels, landscape zones, landscape belts and tiers, as well as groups of localities (okoems), elements of descriptive statistics (minimum value, maximum value, average value, median value, as well as the value of the amplitude of values (factor amplitude)) that characterize the slope of the surface within the specified territories are quantitatively calculated

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