Risk Assessment vs. Right to Privacy: The Access to Health Information on the Insurance Candidate through Questionnaires and the Right to Privacy

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-78
Author(s):  
Maria Inês de Oliveira Martins
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Health Information ◽  
Personal Information ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Right To Privacy ◽  
The Right To Privacy ◽  
Access To Health ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Principle Of Proportionality ◽  
The Right

Abstract The need of private insurers for information on the candidate’s health risks is recognized by the law, which places pre-contractual duties of disclosure upon the candidates. When the risks are influenced by health factors, e.g. in the case of life- and health insurances, it implies the provision of health information by the candidates, who thus voluntarily limit their right to privacy. This consent, however, often happens in a context of factual coercion to contract. Next to this, from a legal standpoint, the collection of personal information must respond to the principle of proportionality. Against this background, this article assesses the compatibility of questionnaire techniques that rely on open-ended health related questions with the right to privacy, as protected by Portuguese and international law. It then analyses the extent of pre-contractual duties of disclosure as defined by the Portuguese Insurance Act, which requires the candidate to volunteer all the relevant information independently of being asked for it. In doing so, the article also refers to some other European countries. It concludes that the relevant Portuguese legislation is incompatible both with Portuguese constitutional law and with international law.

scholarly journals IS CYBER SEARCH AND SEIZURE UNDER THE CYBERCRIMES AND CYBERSECURITY BILL CONSISTENT WITH THE PROTECTION OF PERSONAL INFORMATION ACT?

Obiter ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Melody Musoni
Keyword(s):  
Personal Information ◽  
The State ◽  
Search And Seizure ◽  
Right To Privacy ◽  
The Right To Privacy ◽  
Constitutional Right ◽  
The Right

The focus of this note is to analyze whether the Cybercrimes and Cybersecurity Bill provides a harmonization between search and seizure and the constitutional right to privacy. This will be achieved by discussing the State powers of search and seizure in cyberspace vis-à-vis the right to privacy as envisaged in the Protection of Personal Information Act. Further, this note investigates whether the Cybercrimes and Cybersecurity Bill achieves the purpose of combatting cybercrimes without the infringement of the right to privacy. Subsequently, the article provides plausible recommendations on how the State should lawfully conduct searches and seizures of articles related to cybercrimes.

La protección constitucional de los derechos a la intimidad y a la propia imagen en las relaciones laborales: una visión desde la jurisprudencia constitucional

2014 ◽  
pp. 2121-2143
Author(s):  
Luis Javier MIERES MIERES
Keyword(s):  
Protected Area ◽  
Private Life ◽  
Right To Privacy ◽  
Work Relations ◽  
The Right To Privacy ◽  
Free Development ◽  
Principle Of Proportionality ◽  
The Right ◽  
And Control ◽  
Constitutional Jurisprudence

LABURPENA: Lan-harremanen arloan funtsezkoa den intimitatearen eskubidea babesteak jurisprudentzia konstituzional zabala eta aberatsa eragin du. Intimitate-eskubideak babesten duen eremuaren baitan, intimitatearen zentzu sendoa (edo gizarteak onartzen duena) eta zentzu ahula dago (intimitate subjektiboa). Biak ala biak proiektatzen dira lan-prestazioan, enpresen zaintza-eta kontrol-ahalmenak mugatuz, eta proportzionaltasunaren printzipioa betearaziz. EKaren 18.1 artikuluak ez du babesten bizitza pribatuaren askatasuna esan ahal zaiona, baina jurisprudentzia konstituzionalak hainbat teknikaren bidez babesten ditu langileen nortasunaren garapen librearen zenbait alderdi, zuzenean bizitza pribatuarekin lotuak. RESUMEN: La protección del derecho fundamental a la intimidad en el ámbito de las relaciones laborales ha dado lugar a una amplia y rica jurisprudencia constitucional. Dentro del ámbito protegido por el derecho a la intimidad cabe distinguir entre intimidad en sentido fuerte (o intimidad socialmente reconocida) y en sentido débil (intimidad subjetivamente reservada). Ambas manifestaciones del derecho se proyectan sobre el desarrollo de la prestación laboral imponiendo límites a los poderes empresariales de vigilancia y control, cuyo ejercicio debe ajustarse al principio de proporcional. Aunque el artículo 18.1 CE no protege lo que puede denominarse la libertad de la vida privada, la jurisprudencia constitucional ha articulado distintas técnicas a fin de amparar ciertas manifestaciones del libre desarrollo de la personalidad de los trabajadores directamente vinculadas con la vida privada. ABSTRACT: The protection of the fundamental right to privacy in the area of the work relations has caused a rich and wide-ranging constitutional jurisprudence. In the protected area for the right to privacy, it can be distinguished among a hard privacy (or socially recognized privacy) and a weak privacy (privacy subjectively reserved). Both manifestations of the right to privacy are projected on the workplace and they limit the entrepreneurial powers of surveillance and control, the exercise of which it has to fit the principle of proportionality. Although article 18.1 CE does not protect what can be denominated the freedom of the private life, the constitutional jurisprudence has articulated different techniques in order to protect certain manifestations of the free development of the personality of theworkers directly linked to the private life.

The Right to Privacy and the Protection of Personal Data in a Digital Era and the Age of Information

2012 ◽  
pp. 34-45
Author(s):  
William Bülow ◽  
Misse Wester
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Personal Information ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Right To Privacy ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Right To Privacy ◽  
Digital Era ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right

As information technology is becoming an integral part of modern society, there is a growing concern that too much data containing personal information is stored by different actors in society and that this could potentially be harmful for the individual. The aim of this contribution is to show how the extended use of ICT can affect the individual’s right to privacy and how the public perceives risks to privacy. Three points are raised in this chapter: first, if privacy is important from a philosophical perspective, how is this demonstrated by empirical evidence? Do individuals trust the different actors that control their personal information, and is there a consensus that privacy can and should be compromised in order to reach another value? Second, if compromises in privacy are warranted by increased safety, is this increased security supported by empirical evidence? Third, the authors will argue that privacy can indeed be a means to increase the safety of citizens and that the moral burden of ensuring and protecting privacy is a matter for policy makers, not individuals. In conclusion, the authors suggest that more nuanced discussion on the concepts of privacy and safety should be acknowledged and the importance of privacy must be seen as an important objective in the development and structure of ICT uses.

The Right to Privacy v National Security in Africa: Towards a Legislative Framework Which Guarantees Proportionality in Communications Surveillance

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 360-390
Author(s):  
Justice Alfred Mavedzenge
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
International Law ◽  
Right To Privacy ◽  
African Countries ◽  
The Right To Privacy ◽  
Ideal Approach ◽  
Legislative Framework ◽  
The Right ◽  
Security Communication ◽  
The Ideal

Abstract Governments often resort to communications surveillance in order to combat threats against national security. Communication surveillance infringes upon the right to privacy. In order to protect privacy, international law requires communication surveillance to be proportionate. However, very little has been written to justify why this right deserves such protection in Africa, given counter-arguments suggesting that where national security is threatened, the state must be permitted to do everything possible to avert the threat, and the protection of privacy is an inconvenience. This article addresses these counter-arguments by demonstrating that the right to privacy deserves protection because it is as important as defending national security. It analyses approaches taken by selected African countries to regulate authorisation of communication surveillance. This article questions the assumption that prior judicial authorisation is the ideal approach to regulating communication surveillance in order to guarantee proportionality, and it suggests a need to consider other alternatives.

scholarly journals El derecho a la privacidad en los Estados Unidos : aproximación diacrónica a los intereses constitucionales en juego

2011 ◽  
pp. 279
Author(s):  
María Nieves Saldaña
Keyword(s):  
Personal Development ◽  
Personal Information ◽  
The United States ◽  
Right To Privacy ◽  
The Right To Privacy ◽  
Federal Constitution ◽  
Broad Concept ◽  
El Sistema ◽  
Constitutional System ◽  
The Right

Although the federal Constitution of the United States does not expressly recognize a «right to privacy», however, the Supreme Court, over a long and gradual case law, has considered it implicit in the guarantees of the First, Fourth, Fifth, Ninth and Fourteenth Amendments. Therefore, in the American constitutional system the right to privacy is a broad concept, which is set along more than a century to progressively delimit those areas of the private sphere which tend to preserve those interests of solitude, sanctuary, autonomy, individuality, personal development, freedom of choice in personal matters, control of personal information, as well as the essential substrate of the inviolable human dignity. These essential individual interests contribute to the formation of an active and participatory citizenship, constituting thus the right to privacy a fundamental legal interest for the very existence of the democratic system.Aunque la Constitución federal de los Estados Unidos no reconoce expresamente un «derecho a la privacidad », sin embargo, el Tribunal Supremo, a lo largo de una extensa y gradual jurisprudencia, lo ha considerado implícito en las garantías de la Primera, Cuarta, Quinta, Novena y Decimocuarta Enmiendas. Por tanto, en el sistema constitucional norteamericano el derecho a la privacidad es un concepto amplio, que se ha configurado a lo largo de más de un siglo al delimitarse progresivamente aquellos ámbitos de la esfera privada que tienden a preservar esos intereses de soledad, secreto, autonomía, individualidad, desarrollo de la personalidad, libertad de elección en asuntos personales, control de la información personal, así como del sustrato esencial de la inviolable dignidad humana. Intereses individuales de carácter esencial que coadyuvan a la formación de una ciudadanía activa y participativa, constituyendo así el derecho a la privacidad un bien jurídico fundamental para la existencia misma del sistema democrático.

scholarly journals Criminal Protection of Privacy in the Jordanian Cybercrime Law No. 27 of 2015

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. 64
Author(s):  
Wejdan Suleiman Irtaimeh
Keyword(s):  
Personal Information ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Right To Privacy ◽  
The Right To Privacy ◽  
Computer Technologies ◽  
Precision And Accuracy ◽  
Use Of The Internet ◽  
Criminal Protection ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Right

This study deals with the issue of criminal protection of privacy in the Jordanian Cybercrime Law No. 27 of 2015, as the great developments in computer technologies and the widespread use of the Internet have led to the emergence of new forms of electronic crimes related to the protection of the privacy of individuals. The study indicated that the Jordanian legislator did not include in the Jordanian Constitution or in the Cybercrime Law any definition of the right to privacy that delineates its boundaries and clarifies its features. The study concluded that the Cybercrime Law was ambiguous in some of its articles, especially those related to the protection of the right to privacy. The Jordanian legislator did not include special provisions that explicitly criminalize assault on privacy, as it included provisions for other crimes that include assault on this right, which made it lose clarity, precision and accuracy of wording. Moreover, such provisions omitted other forms of electronic crimes related to the right to privacy, which constituted a legislative deficiency. The study concludes that there is a need to amend the Cybercrime Law No. 27 of 2017 and to have explicit provisions that stipulate the criminalization of assault on privacy, as well as the need to issue a special law to protect the personal information of individuals.

scholarly journals A PROTEÇÃO DOS DADOS GENÉTICOS E O DIREITO CONSTITUCIONALÁ PRIVACIDADE

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
IDELTRUDES MENEZES BARRETO ◽  
DIMAS PEREIRA DUARTE JUNIOR ◽  
GIDELMO DOS SANTOS FONSECA
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Information ◽  
Personal Information ◽  
Genetic Data ◽  
Information Protection ◽  
Right To Privacy ◽  
The Right To Privacy ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right ◽  
Positive Character ◽  
Made In

RESUMO                                                                    Este artigo objetiva analisar como o acesso as informações genéticas pode afetar diretamente o direito à privacidade, através de análise em leis e documentos que proíbem o acesso a tais informações. Tal informação deve ser feita de forma cautelosa e sigilosa, o seu uso demasiado poderá acarretar danos irreparáveis a pessoas avaliadas, e como consequência surgir à discriminação.O direito à privacidade abarcado no art. 5º do nosso texto Constitucional possui um caráter positivo dando ao indivíduo o controle de suas informações pessoais, podendo não somente impedir a sua utilização, como também definir quais as informações poderão ser utilizadas.Palavras-chave: Dados Genéticos; Direito à Privacidade; Discriminação; Informações Genéticas; Proteção.ACCESS TO WORKER'S GENETIC INFORMATION AND CONSTITUTIONAL LAW PRIVACY ABSTRACTThis article aims to analyze how access to genetic information can directly affect the right to privacy, through analysis of laws and documents that prohibit access to such information. Such information must be made in a cautious and confidential manner, its use too much may cause irreparable damage to people evaluated, and as a consequence, discrimination may arise.The right to privacy covered in art. 5 of our Constitutional text, it has a positive character giving the individual control of his personal information, which can not only prevent its use, but also define which information can be used.Keywords: Genetic data. Right to Privacy; Discrimination; Genetic Information; Protection

Protection of Personal Information Act 2013 and data protection for health research in South Africa

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-179
Author(s):  
Ciara Staunton ◽  
Rachel Adams ◽  
Dominique Anderson ◽  
Talishiea Croxton ◽  
Dorcas Kamuya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Data Protection ◽  
Health Research ◽  
Personal Information ◽  
Right To Privacy ◽  
Informational Privacy ◽  
The Right To Privacy ◽  
Constitutional Right ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The Protection of Personal Information Act (POPIA) [No.4 of 2013] is the first comprehensive data protection regulation to be passed in South Africa and it gives effect to the right to informational privacy derived from the constitutional right to privacy It is due to come into force in 2020, and seeks to regulate the processing of personal information in South Africa, regulate the flow of personal information across South Africa’s borders, and ensure that any limitations on the right to privacy are justified and aimed at protecting other important rights and interests. Although it was not drafted with health research in mind, POPIA will have an impact on the sharing of health data for research, in particular biorepositories. It is now timely to consider the impact of POPIA on biorepositories, and the necessary changes to their access and sharing arrangements prior to POPIA coming into force.

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