A Missionary Discourse on Conversion: Norwegian Missionaries in Adamawa, Northern Cameroon 1934–1960 Un discours missionnaire sur la conversion. Les missionnaires norvégiens à Adamawa, Nord Cameroun, 1934–1960. Eine missionarische Erklärung der Bekehrung. Norwegische Missionare in Adamawa, Nordkamerun 1934–1960 Un discurso misionero sobre la conversión. Misioneros noruegos en Ada mawa, norte del Camerún 1934–1960

2007 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-126
Author(s):  
Tomas Sundnes Drønen

AbstractThis article seeks to shed light on a much-debated question in the history of mission and anthropology: What is the nature of religious conversion? rough archive studies of the literature produced by the Norwegian missionaries in northern Cameroon from 1943 to 1960 the author shows how the missionaries interpreted religious conversion. The missionary discourse on conversion was biased in a specific theological and cultural environment, yet it was open for negotiations with the encountered population. The missionaries used biblical images to describe conversion to Christianity that were coherent with the cultural practices of both the missionaries and the groups that accepted the message of the missionaries in order to describe conversion to Christianity. Biblical images that corresponded with the cultural practice of groups that did not accept the missionaries are, however, absent from the material. A Western Protestant discourse presented spiritual and social oppression, ignorance, sickness, and lack of moral behaviour as obstacles the Africans had to be liberated from in order to be converted to Christianity. The missionaries, lacking knowledge about the social and religious organisation of traditional society, interpreted the "spiritual oppression" as "heathendom," and interpreted it according to their own theological paradigm. The reactions of the local population to this civilising mission made the missionaries modify their approach in order for their project to fit the agency of the new Christians in northern Cameroon. Cet article cherche à éclairer une question très débattue en histoire de la mission et en anthropologie : quelle est la nature de la conversion religieuse ? Étudiant les archives de la littérature produite par les missionnaires norvégiens au Nord Cameroun, de 1943 à 1960, l'auteur montre comment les missionnaires ont interprété la conversion religieuse. Le discours missionnaire sur la conversion a été biaisé par un environnement théologique et culturel spécifique, tout en étant ouvert à la négociation avec les populations rencontrées. Pour décrire la conversion au christianisme, les missionnaires ont utilisé des images bibliques cohérentes avec les pratiques culturelles et des missionnaires et des groupes qui acceptèrent leur message. Les images correspondant à la pratique culturelle des groupes n'ayant pas accepté les missionnaires sont cependant absentes du matériel étudié. Un discours occidental protestant présentait l'oppression spirituelle et sociale, l'ignorance, la maladie et le manque de comportement moral comme des obstacles dont les Africains devaient être libérés pour se convertir au christianisme. Manquant de connaissance sur l'organisation sociale et religieuse de la société traditionnelle, les missionnaires interprétèrent l'oppression spirituelle comme « paganisme » et lui donnèrent le sens du paradigme théologique qu'ils comprenaient, celui du christianisme occidental. Les réactions de la population locale à cette mission civilisatrice ont poussé les missionnaires à modifier leur approche de façon à ce que leur projet rentre dans les schémas des nouveaux chrétiens du Nord Cameroun. Dieser Artikel versucht, eine vieldiskutierte Frage in der Geschichte von Mission und Anthropologie zu beleuchten: Welcher Natur ist die religiöse Bekehrung? Durch Archivstudien der Literatur, die norwegische Missionare in Nordkamerun zwischen 1934 und 1960 produzierten, sucht der Autor zu zeigen, wie die Missionare die religiöse Bekehrung interpretierten. Die missionarische Erklärung wurde durch eine spezifische theologische und kulturelle Umgebung beeinflusst, war aber auch offen für Verhandlungen mit der Bevölkerung vor Ort. Die Missionare verwendeten für die Bekehrung zum Christentum biblische Bilder, die mit den kulturellen Praktiken sowohl der Missionare wie auch der Gruppen übereinstimmten, die die Botschaft der Missionare annahmen. Biblische Bilder solcher Gruppen, die die Missionare nicht annahmen, finden sich allerdings im untersuchten Material nicht. Ein westlich protestantischer Diskurs stellte die spirituelle und soziale Unterdrückung, Unwissenheit, Krankheit und das Fehlen moralischen Handelns als Hindernisse dar, von denen die Afrikaner befreit werden mussten, damit sie zum Christentum bekehrt werden konnten. Die Missionare, denen die Kenntnis der sozialen und religiösen Struktur der traditionellen Gesellschaft fehlte, interpretierten die ,,spirituelle Unterdrückung" als ,,Heidentum", in Übereinstimmung mit einem theologischen Paradigma, das sie kannten, nämlich das westliche Christentum. Die Reaktionen der Bevölkerung vor Ort auf diese Zivilisierungsmission führten dazu, dass die Missionare ihren Zugang veränderten, damit sich ihr Vorhaben in das Handlungsmuster der jungen Christen in Nordkamerun einfügen konnte. Este artículo intenta aclarar un tema muy discutido en la historia de la misión y antropología: ¿Cuál es la naturaleza de la conversión religiosa? A través de estudios de archivos de la literatura producida por misioneros noruegos en el norte de Camerún entre 1934 hasta 1960 el autor muestra cómo los misioneros interpretaron la conversión religiosa. El discurso misionero de la conversión fue influenciado por un ambiente teológico y cultural específico, aunque fue abierto a negociaciones con la población que se encontró. Los misioneros usaron imágenes bíblicas para describir la conversión al cristianismo que eran coherentes con las prácticas culturales tanto de los misioneros como de los grupos que aceptaron el mensaje de los misioneros. Por el contrario, no entraron en el material las imágenes bíblicas que correspondieron con la práctica cultural de grupos que no aceptaron a los misioneros. El discurso protestante occidental presentó la opresión espiritual y social, la ignorancia, la enfermedad y la falta de comportamiento moral como los obstáculos de los que se debía liberar a los africanos para que se los pudiera convertir al cristianismo. Los misioneros, en su desconocimiento de la organización social y religiosa de la sociedad tradicional, interpretaron la "opresión espiritual" como "paganismo" y lo interpretaron de acuerdo con un paradigma que ellos sí comprendieron: el cristianismo occidental. Las reacciones de la población local a esta misión civilizadora llevaron a los misioneros a modificar su acercamiento para que su proyecto pudiera integrarse mejor en la actuación de los nuevos cristianos del norte de Camerún.

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (27) ◽  
pp. 56-69
Author(s):  
Tho Ngoc Nguyen

Cultural practice is a kind of expression and reflection of real livelihood into human mind and experience, is a set of knowledge, values, faiths and social standards constructed by the whole community; therefore, it contains the rhythm and breath of life and can be changed to meet the demands. Regarding socialenvironment, the communities always keep going on the processes of developing and diversifying their culture through acculturation, exchange and localization, which finally constructs the social norms, goals and driving forces for their advancement. Among various approaches and methodologies, the change in  empowerment in cultural practices actively offers the optimized values in functional standardization and implementation. The final value is undoubtedly the social capital. This research is to investigate the introduction, development, change and empowerment of the Chinese-rooted Guan Gong belief in Vietnam, through which emphasizes the process and nature of the cult during the deep absorption in Vietnamese history of anti-foreign invasions throughout the last two centuries, and enriches local values of a characteristic belief and a symbolic icon of multicultural exchanges in Vietnam, especially in the Southern region. Thispaper applies the theories of deconstruction and empowerment under cultural studies perspective in order to analyze and explain the processes of  deconstruction, restructuring and empowerment in the cult of Guan Gong in Southern Vietnam as well as extract the regular principle of cultural exchanges locally.


2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Χρήστος Παπακώστας

The present dissertation aims at studying dancing and music and the relationship between these two forms of culture in the construction of the cultural identity of the Roma in Heracleia of the Prefecture of Serres. Nowadays, Heracleia is a town with 4,000 residents. Its population has a mixed ethnological composition: Vlachs, natives (Greek speakers, and Slavic speakers), refugees, Sarakachans, Roma and Gypsies. In the past Heracleia was known as Tzumaya and was flourishing both financially and culturally thanks to its geographical position in the times of the Ottoman Empire and thanks to its famous bazaar. Thus, for a more complete understanding of the changes and transitions that took place it is significant to embody history as a new fundamental framework of interpretation. An important research tool for the accentuation of the principal arguments of thedissertation is the space. In this specific experiential paradigm the construction of identities and the distinction between the ethnic groups is also reflected on the organization of space. The neighborhood, the space of the Roma(sedentary gypsies), is juxtaposed to the respective neighborhood of the Vlachs, the market. Thus, the space is not only examined a “geography” but as a historical and dynamic category connected and interacting with culture. The dynamic quality of dancing and music, the ethnic mosaic and the history of Heracleia and the neighboring area as well as the continuous mobility of the Roma musicians invites us to investigate if there is actually a total isomorphism of space and culture. Music and dancing are not seen as static and fixed cultural phenomena but as historical, dynamic and fluid categories that are the object of negotiation of collective identities and variants. Dancing and music are simultaneously products and processes and do not merely reflect the social structures but are closely related to the cultural identity of a group. For the transgression of the dichotomy structure/action we adopt the theory of practice (Bourdieu 1977). In this way, dancing and music become cultural practices, by which the Roma of Heracleia handle their cultural identity in any historical conditions. Especially in the case of the Roma, this approach is even more helpful, because, as a social group with a low social status, within music and dancing they are given the chance to re-determine their identity in relation to the others. That is to say that by applying various practices of resistance, acquiescence, conflict and acceptance, they attempt to give a positive perspective to their cultural identity. In the framework of this dissertation the dancing phenomenon in the neighbourhood of the Roma and the music, as a prominent form of their professional activity, are examined.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taylor MacLean

Land claim cases within Canada have yielded mostly small wins for Indigenous nations. While certain cases represent success in reinstating rights to cultural practices, granting certain levels of autonomy, and acknowledging rights to land use for culturally relevant activities, overriding sovereignty rests with Canada. Even land claim cases deemed successful are still adjudicated within the Canadian court system, and it is the nation-state of Canada that determines the validity of Indigenous claims to traditional territories. In this paper, I explore the discursive and narrative devices utilized within judicial rulings that uphold Crown sovereignty and deny Indigenous sovereignty. I argue that Indigenous sovereignty is undermined in legal discourse through the use of concealed narrative acts, which serve to sterilize racialized legal doctrines and distort the social and political history of relations between Indigenous nations and the Crown.


1989 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 308-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Yearley

This paper draws on recent studies of colonial science and of the social function of science in the underdeveloped world to analyse the social development of science in Ireland and, subsequently, the Irish Republic. It is suggested that after the Act of Union scientific activity in Ireland became prized as a cultural practice, largely isolated from its local context and potential local applications. Because of governmenta priorities in the new state and because of the Anglo-Irish character of much of the scientific culture, this isolation persisted after Partition. The recent history of science in the Irish Republic is interpreted in terms of this isolation or marginality.


2007 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 1113-1143 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANDREW McWILLIAM

Drawing on the literature of networks and marginality, this paper explores the social history of the small trading port of Com on the northeast coast of Timor. Com's marginality, as I define it, is constituted as a remote outpost of inter-island and trans-local trade networks of the Indonesian archipelago, and reproduced in its contemporary isolation from centres of economic power and processes of the global market. The paper draws on narrative traditions and documentary evidence to chart Com's fluctuating historical fortunes and contemporary cultural practices. In the fragile post-independence environment of Timor Leste, the resident population of Com is once again looking towards a creative engagement with external others in the hope of renewed prosperity.


2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Guillermo Enrique Delgado ◽  
Susana Frisancho

This paper focuses on the moral reasoning of Ashaninka leaders about the burning of witches, a cultural practice that has received scant attention from intercultural scholars. We first contextualize burning witches as a cultural practice of the Ashaninka people. Then, based on qualitative interviews, we present the experience of six Ashaninka leaders with witchcraft and witchcraft accusations, as well as their moral reasoning about the social mechanisms that the Ashaninka people have traditionally used to control evil sorcery. The participants are three men and three women from the Ucayali and Junín regions in Peru’s Amazon basin. Finally, we discuss intercultural moral education and the need to analyze the reasons behind cultural practices in order to understand the rationality and reasonableness of others.


Author(s):  
Mina Karavanta

If creolization was represented as the property of the postcolonial world, the sign of hyphenated cultures emerging from the slave plantation economy and the slave trade, it has become a concept that names the transformation of the dominant cultures from within the other “minor” cultures and histories with which they have been living. Creolization emerges as the urgency to develop new concepts and disseminate “contrapuntal” and “affiliated” histories (Said) in order not only to narrate the Caribbean diaspora but also the social, political, and historical development of a wider British culture. In this light, this essay examines Imoinda: Or She Who Will Lose Her Name as a text that mediates between cultures represented as oppositional and operates as a site where their discrepant histories are translated, written anew, and rethought. The text as a site of translation and affiliation of different aesthetics, genres and traditions represents a new poetics of the human whose history is now narrated by the formerly dispossessed and expropriated other. The history of imperialism and slavery narrated of imperialism and slavery is an old narration but its telling is new for it generates new ways of understanding this history in the present where constituencies and communities of different cultural practices, often speaking different languages while sharing the language(s) of the dominant culture, are called forth to live together and live well.


2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 491-507
Author(s):  
Aleksandar Krel ◽  
◽  
Jadranka Đorđević Crnobrnja ◽  

The paper presents the results of our research on the social and cultural practices of celebrating children’s birthdays in Belgrade, the capital of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Children’s birthday parties are examined as a social construct with functions which are developed and modified according to their social and cultural significance. The research on this cultural and social phenomenon is based on the analysis and interpretation of the narratives (empirical material) of our interlocutors. The chronological frame extends from 1945 until 1991, i.e. over the period of the socialist social system. Since the majority of our interlocutors spoke about the way birthday parties were celebrated in the 70s and the 80s, i.e. at the time of their childhood, the research is focused on that period of time. In Yugoslav and Serbian socialist society this was a social and cultural practice with multiple functions: it served as a substitute for the religious customs related to childbirth and the baptizing of children; it homogenized the family and kinship structure; it was a channel for exteriorizing parental affection towards the children; side by side with the transformation into the consumerist society it became the instrument for creating and consolidating the complex net of social relationships which informed the broader social environment about the level of financial and social power of the organizers.


Author(s):  
Rosana Carvalho Dias Valtão

Este artigo é um recorte dos resultados produzidos por meio da pesquisa de mestrado “Práticas e representações de leitura literária no Ifes/Campus de Alegre: uma história com rosto e voz”. A pesquisa investigou como a leitura literária acontece nessa escola de ensino técnico, mapeando em qual contexto leitor o grupo social dos alunos dessa instituição está inserido, quais são suas práticas e representações de leitura. Para isso, a investigação dialogou com o trabalho do historiador francês Roger Chartier e os princípios epistemológicos da História Cultural, no que se refere à história do livro, da leitura e da literatura. No desenvolvimento do trabalho, foram realizadas pesquisas bibliográfico-documental e de campo, em perspectiva qualitativa, utilizando o método dedutivo. Considerando o princípio de que toda realidade cultural é construída nas relações existentes entre os grupos sociais, constatou-se a existência de uma prática de leitura que se desvencilha do trabalho com leitura de literatura em sala de aula. Foram identificadas, ainda, as modalidades partilhadas de ler das comunidades de leitores presentes no contexto estudado: percebemos que as principais vias de acesso e as formas de aquisição do objeto cultural (livro de literatura) acontecem por meio de empréstimos e trocas entre os próprios alunos e constatamos que seus pares são os principais mediadores da leitura literária existente nesse espaço. Os resultados presentes neste trabalham nos oportunizam pensar em como intervir no contexto de formação do leitor de literatura em uma escola de ensino médio.Palavras-chave: Leitura Literária. Ensino Médio.  Práticas e Representações.Clandestine literary readings in the context of a capixaba technical schoolABSTRACTThis article is a summary of the results produced through the masters research "Practices and representations of literary reading in Ifes / Campus de Alegre: a history with face and voice". The research investigated how the literary reading happens in this technical school, mapping in which reader context the social group of the students of this institution is inserted, what are their practices and representations of reading. To this end, the research was a dialogue with the work of the French historian Roger Chartier and the epistemological principles of Cultural History in the history of books, reading and literature. In the development of the work, bibliographical-documental and field research were carried out, in a qualitative perspective, using the deductive method. Considering the principle that all cultural reality is built in the existing relations between social groups, it was verified the existence of a practice of reading that gets rid of work with reading literature in the classroom. We also identified the shared modalities of reading from the communities of readers present in the context studied: we perceive that the main access routes and the forms of acquisition of the cultural object (literature book) happen through loans and exchanges between the students themselves And we find that their peers are the main mediators of literary reading in this space. The results present in this work allow us to think about how to intervene in the context of the formation of the literary reader in a high school.Keywords: Literary Reading. High school. Practices and Representations.Lecturas literarias clandestinas en el contexto de una escuela técnica capixabaRESUMENEste artículo es un recorte de los resultados producidos por medio de la investigación de maestría "Prácticas y representaciones de lectura literaria en el Ifes / Campus de Alegre: una historia con rostro y voz". La investigación investigó cómo la lectura literaria ocurre en esa escuela de enseñanza técnica, mapeando en qué contexto lector el grupo social de los alumnos de esa institución está inserto, cuáles son sus prácticas y representaciones de lectura. Para ello, la investigación dialogó con el trabajo del historiador francés Roger Chartier y los principios epistemológicos de la Historia Cultural, en lo que se refiere a la historia del libro, de la lectura y de la literatura. En el desarrollo del trabajo, se realizaron investigaciones bibliográficas-documental y de campo, en perspectiva cualitativa, utilizando el método deductivo. Considerando el principio de que toda realidad cultural se construye en las relaciones existentes entre los grupos sociales, se constató la existencia de una práctica de lectura que se desprende del trabajo con lectura de literatura en el aula. Se identificaron, además, las modalidades compartidas de lectura de las comunidades de lectores presentes en el contexto estudiado: percibimos que las principales vías de acceso y las formas de adquisición del objeto cultural (libro de literatura) ocurren por medio de préstamos e intercambios entre los propios alumnos y constatamos que sus pares son los principales mediadores de la lectura literaria existente en ese espacio. Los resultados presentes en este trabajo nos permiten pensar en cómo intervenir en el contexto de formación del lector de literatura en una escuela secundaria.Palabras clave: Lectura Literaria. Enseñanza Media. Prácticas y Representaciones.


2020 ◽  
pp. 165-177
Author(s):  
Valentyna Sudakova

The article presents the analytical research of the specifics of cultural practices as phenomena of the cultural space of the globalized social world, their role in the processes of the social modernization of everyday communications and the self-organized human initiative practices, the importance of which increase under conditions of the contemporary social transformations. It determines the content of the concepts “cultural space,” “cultural practice” and “everyday life” as the cognitive instruments. It argues that these concepts as the cognitive instruments reflect the system of the different everyday reproductive processes by the activities of social actors who use the accumulated social experience. The author analyzes the conditions for the formation of associations, groups and communities in the cultural space that based own activity by the principle of self-organization. Such communities actually produce the democratic influence to the institutions of political power and to the moral “climate” in society. They are considered as relatively free and independent from the states’ institutions. These public communities are able to demonstrate in society the interests, intentions and actions of social actors who support common ideas significant for this society. The author determines and characterizes essential features and functions of self-organizing groups and practices of their initiative activities. It is proved that the study of such groups, communities and the cultural forms of their activity is of the theoretical and practical significance.


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