scholarly journals Vestibular–Somatosensory Interactions: A Mechanism in Search of a Function?

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 559-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Raffaella Ferrè ◽  
Patrick Haggard
Keyword(s):  
Multimodal Interaction ◽  
The Body ◽  
Multimodal Integration ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Vestibular Cortex ◽  
Sensory Modalities ◽  
Multisensory Interactions ◽  
Psychophysical Studies ◽  
By Products ◽  
Individual Body

No unimodal vestibular cortex has been identified in the human brain. Rather, vestibular inputs are strongly integrated with signals from other sensory modalities, such as vision, touch and proprioception. This convergence could reflect an important mechanism for maintaining a perception of the body, including individual body parts, relative to the rest of the environment. Neuroimaging, electrophysiological and psychophysical studies showed evidence for multisensory interactions between vestibular and somatosensory signals. However, no convincing overall theoretical framework has been proposed for vestibular–somatosensory interactions, and it remains unclear whether such percepts are by-products of neural convergence, or a functional multimodal integration. Here we review the current literature on vestibular–multisensory interactions in order to develop a framework for understanding the functions of such multimodal interaction. We propose that the target of vestibular–somatosensory interactions is a form of self-representation.

A Multimodal Account of Bodily Experience

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frédérique de Vignemont
Keyword(s):  
Essential Role ◽  
External World ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Veridical Perception ◽  
Bodily Experience ◽  
Bodily Awareness ◽  
Bodily Experiences ◽  
Multisensory Interactions ◽  
The Way

What are the implications of pervasive presence of multisensory interactions for bodily awareness? It has been assumed that bodily experiences exclusively result from bodily senses, with no influence from external senses, but vision is actually required to maximize the veridical perception of the body. Consequently, bodily experiences in those who have never seen are of a different kind to the way one normally experiences one’s body. Whether or not one is currently seeing one’s body, vision plays an essential role in delineating the boundaries of the body, in locating our body parts in space and in bridging the gap between what happens on the skin and what happens in the external world. In this sense, the bodily experiences of the sighted (or those who were once sighted) can be said to be constitutively multimodal.

Prototype Human Model for the Evaluation of a Crew Transportation Module

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Evans ◽  
U. Jayaram ◽  
S. Jayaram ◽  
S. Angster ◽  
R. Pettit
Keyword(s):  
Body Part ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Model ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Dynamic Switching ◽  
Reusable Launch Vehicle ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Launch Vehicle Design ◽  
Tracking Devices ◽  
Individual Body

Abstract This paper details the design and implementation of a prototype human model for use in evaluation of a Crew Transportation Module for a Reusable Launch Vehicle design. This human model allows the user to use a combination of immersive and non-immersive techniques for ergonomic evaluations. The human model presented in this paper has the following functionalities: free floating (each body part is uninfluenced by other body parts), scalable (the parametric nature allows for scaling of each individual body part), calibration of body parts (to account for error in the mounting of the tracking devices to the body parts), gripping methods, multiple body part tracking configurations, predefined sitting and standing postures, mouse-based manipulation of human model, and dynamic switching between first and third person views. The overall goal was to create a scaleable human model software system which could be easily included in any immersive or non-immersive graphics application. This human model was inserted into a MuSE™-based environment. The methods used to create this human model and its salient features as well as its shortcomings are discussed in this paper.

scholarly journals Representation of the body in the lateral striatum of the freely moving rat: Fast Spiking Interneurons respond to stimulation of individual body parts

2017 ◽  
Vol 1657 ◽  
pp. 101-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julianna M. Kulik ◽  
Anthony P. Pawlak ◽  
Manraj Kalkat ◽  
Kevin R. Coffey ◽  
Mark O. West
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Fast Spiking ◽  
Freely Moving ◽  
Individual Body ◽  
Stimulation Of

scholarly journals Organization of the Mouse Motor Cortex Studied by Retrograde Tracing and Intracortical Microstimulation (ICMS) Mapping

1991 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng-Xiang Li ◽  
Robert S. Waters
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Pyramidal Tract ◽  
Pyramidal Cells ◽  
Retrograde Tracing ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Motor Representation ◽  
Cortical Organization ◽  
Adult Mice ◽  
Individual Body

ABSTRACT:The motor representation of the body musculature was studied in 11 adult mice by using ICMS. The motor responses elicited from both granular and agranular cortical fields showed that the mouse motor cortex is topographically organized; however, within the representation of individual body-parts the movements are multiply represented. In addition, several sites were encountered where more than one movement was elicited at the same stimulus threshold. The locations of pyramidal cells contributing axons to the pyramidal tract were examined by means of retrograde tracing with HRP injected into the cervical enlargement. This procedure labeled neurons only in lamina V in granular and agranular cortical fields. The similarities between the organization of motor cortex demonstrated in this study and the organization in the rat suggest that the rat and mouse share a common plan of rodent motor cortical organization.

scholarly journals CRITICAL UNDERSTANDING OF MUTRA UTPATHI ACCORDING TO AYURVEDA

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 2062-2065
Author(s):  
Madona Baby ◽  
Prathibha Kulkarni
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Bladder ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Critical Understanding ◽  
Urine Formation ◽  
By Products

Ayurveda is mainly based on dosha, dhatu and mala. Mala are the substances or waste matters That are excreted out of the body. They are by-products formed as a result of various physiological activities happening inside the body. Purisha, Mutra and Sweda are considered as the main excretory product of the body and called mala. Urine formation is one of the important physiological activities of the human body in which Mutravaha Moola and waste products of Ahara Rasa contribute significantly. Basti, Mutravaha Srotansi, Vrikka, Mutravaha Nadies, Mutravaha Dhamanis and Mutravaha Sira, etc. Are major body parts which play a significant role in the process of urine formation. While modern science described the urinary bladder, nephrons, kidneys, ureters and urethra, etc as vital parts of urine formations. This article tries to critically review the formation of urine according to Ayurveda. Keywords: Mala, Mutra, Mutravaha Srothas, urine formation

The use of Body Surface Index as a Better Clinical Health indicators Compare to Body Mass Index and Body Surface Area for Clinical Application

2018 ◽  
pp. 131-136
Author(s):  
Shirazu I. ◽  
Theophilus. A. Sackey ◽  
Elvis K. Tiburu ◽  
Mensah Y. B. ◽  
Forson A.
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Body Surface Area ◽  
Clinical Application ◽  
Body Surface ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parameters ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Individual Body

The relationship between body height and body weight has been described by using various terms. Notable among them is the body mass index, body surface area, body shape index and body surface index. In clinical setting the first descriptive parameter is the BMI scale, which provides information about whether an individual body weight is proportionate to the body height. Since the development of BMI, two other body parameters have been developed in an attempt to determine the relationship between body height and weight. These are the body surface area (BSA) and body surface index (BSI). Generally, these body parameters are described as clinical health indicators that described how healthy an individual body response to the other internal organs. The aim of the study is to discuss the use of BSI as a better clinical health indicator for preclinical assessment of body-organ/tissue relationship. Hence organ health condition as against other body composition. In addition the study is `also to determine the best body parameter the best predict other parameters for clinical application. The model parameters are presented as; modeled height and weight; modelled BSI and BSA, BSI and BMI and modeled BSA and BMI. The models are presented as clinical application software for comfortable working process and designed as GUI and CAD for use in clinical application.

Formulation, Design and Development of Niosome Based Topical Gel for Skin Cancer

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Drug Release ◽  
Hemorrhagic Cystitis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cancer Drug ◽  
Inversion Method ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Basal Cells ◽  
Formulation Design ◽  
Topical Gel

Melanoma is the most dangerous type of skin cancer in which mostly damaged unpaired DNA starts mutating abnormally and staged an unprecedented proliferation of epithelial skin to form a malignant tumor. In epidemics of skin, pigment-forming melanocytes of basal cells start depleting and form uneven black or brown moles. Melanoma can further spread all over the body parts and could become hard to detect. In USA Melanoma kills an estimated 10,130 people annually. This challenge can be succumbed by using the certain anti-cancer drug. In this study design, cyclophosphamide were used as a model drug. But it has own limitation like mild to moderate use may cause severe cytopenia, hemorrhagic cystitis, neutropenia, alopecia and GI disturbance. This is a promising challenge, which is caused due to the increasing in plasma drug concentration above therapeutic level and due to no rate limiting steps involved in formulation design. In this study, we tried to modify drug release up to threefold and extended the release of drug by preparing and designing niosome based topical gel. In the presence of Dichloromethane, Span60 and cholesterol, the initial niosomes were prepared using vacuum evaporator. The optimum percentage drug entrapment efficacy, zeta potential, particle size was found to be 72.16%, 6.19mV, 1.67µm.Prepared niosomes were further characterized using TEM analyzer. The optimum batch of niosomes was selected and incorporated into topical gel preparation. Cold inversion method and Poloxamer -188 and HPMC as core polymers, were used to prepare cyclophosphamide niosome based topical gel. The formula was designed using Design expert 7.0.0 software and Box-Behnken Design model was selected. Almost all the evaluation parameters were studied and reported. The MTT shows good % cell growth inhibition by prepared niosome based gel against of A375 cell line. The drug release was extended up to 20th hours. Further as per ICH Q1A (R2), guideline 6 month stability studies were performed. The results were satisfactory and indicating a good formulation approach design was achieved for Melanoma treatment.

Re-imagining Reproduction: Unsettling Metaphors in the History of Imperial Science and Commercial Surrogacy in India

Somatechnics ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalindi Vora
Keyword(s):  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Colonial History ◽  
Women's Bodies ◽  
Commercial Surrogacy ◽  
Art Practices ◽  
History Of ◽  
Travel Industry

This paper provides an analysis of how cultural notions of the body and kinship conveyed through Western medical technologies and practices in Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) bring together India's colonial history and its economic development through outsourcing, globalisation and instrumentalised notions of the reproductive body in transnational commercial surrogacy. Essential to this industry is the concept of the disembodied uterus that has arisen in scientific and medical practice, which allows for the logic of the ‘gestational carrier’ as a functional role in ART practices, and therefore in transnational medical fertility travel to India. Highlighting the instrumentalisation of the uterus as an alienable component of a body and subject – and therefore of women's bodies in surrogacy – helps elucidate some of the material and political stakes that accompany the growth of the fertility travel industry in India, where histories of privilege and difference converge. I conclude that the metaphors we use to structure our understanding of bodies and body parts impact how we imagine appropriate roles for people and their bodies in ways that are still deeply entangled with imperial histories of science, and these histories shape the contemporary disparities found in access to medical and legal protections among participants in transnational surrogacy arrangements.

Deadlift Recognition and Application based on Multiple Modalities using Recurrent Neural Network

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (17) ◽  
pp. 2-1-2-6
Author(s):  
Shih-Wei Sun ◽  
Ting-Chen Mou ◽  
Pao-Chi Chang
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Recurrent Neural Network ◽  
Network Structure ◽  
Inertial Sensors ◽  
Body Movement ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Multimodal Sensing ◽  
Multiple Devices ◽  
Neural Network Structure

To improve the workout efficiency and to provide the body movement suggestions to users in a “smart gym” environment, we propose to use a depth camera for capturing a user’s body parts and mount multiple inertial sensors on the body parts of a user to generate deadlift behavior models generated by a recurrent neural network structure. The contribution of this paper is trifold: 1) The multimodal sensing signals obtained from multiple devices are fused for generating the deadlift behavior classifiers, 2) the recurrent neural network structure can analyze the information from the synchronized skeletal and inertial sensing data, and 3) a Vaplab dataset is generated for evaluating the deadlift behaviors recognizing capability in the proposed method.

Our Bodies, Whose Property?

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Labor Markets ◽  
Personal Autonomy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Complex Issue ◽  
Human Organs ◽  
Property Owners ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right

No one wants to be treated like an object, regarded as an item of property, or put up for sale. Yet many people frame personal autonomy in terms of self-ownership, representing themselves as property owners with the right to do as they wish with their bodies. Others do not use the language of property, but are similarly insistent on the rights of free individuals to decide for themselves whether to engage in commercial transactions for sex, reproduction, or organ sales. Drawing on analyses of rape, surrogacy, and markets in human organs, this book challenges notions of freedom based on ownership of our bodies and argues against the normalization of markets in bodily services and parts. The book explores the risks associated with metaphors of property and the reasons why the commodification of the body remains problematic. The book asks what is wrong with thinking of oneself as the owner of one's body? What is wrong with making our bodies available for rent or sale? What, if anything, is the difference between markets in sex, reproduction, or human body parts, and the other markets we commonly applaud? The book contends that body markets occupy the outer edges of a continuum that is, in some way, a feature of all labor markets. But it also emphasizes that we all have bodies, and considers the implications of this otherwise banal fact for equality. Bodies remind us of shared vulnerability, alerting us to the common experience of living as embodied beings in the same world. Examining the complex issue of body exceptionalism, the book demonstrates that treating the body as property makes human equality harder to comprehend.

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