Biblical Anthropology and the Intermediate State: Part II
While there has always been a tradition of theoanthropological dualism involving a disembodied, intermediate state, this tradition is neither as widespread nor as theologically central as it is often claimed. While there is clearly evidence for the intermediate state throughout the history of the church its significance has been over-stated and it has continued as a possibility primarily because it has appeared to be a philosophically logical necessity. In Part II of this article this process of deduction is illustrated with examples from medieval and modern proponents of the intermediate state. In the modern era dualism has been challenged by monistic theoanthropologies. The contrast of monist and dualist anthropologies has been accentuated because the modern paradigm, under the influence of Cartesianism, has exaggerated the dualism which has existed and produced an even more radical dichotomy of body and soul. An examination of Cooper’s recent double defence of the intermediate state and anthropological dualism shows that his concepts are firmly bound to Newtonian notions of time and eternity. Finally, it is argued that any dualist eschatological anthropology and the intermediate state also has difficulties establishing satisfactory concepts of the nature of the radical nature of death, the totality of the resurrection and the value and place of the body in human life. It is argued that it is preferable to view post-mortem life from a non-temporal perspective with the person understood as entering ‘immediately’ into eternal life, complete and whole, with every dimension of their being resurrected and transformed. As such, the believer never exists as a divided entity or a bodiless soul.