Influence of Clay Incorporation on the Physical Properties of Polyethylene/Brazilian Clay Nanocomposites

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 1937-1941
Author(s):  
R. Barbosa ◽  
E. M. Araújo ◽  
T. J. A. Melo ◽  
E. N. Ito ◽  
E. Hage
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Ammonium Salt ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Salt ◽  
Dispersion Analysis ◽  
Clay Nanocomposites ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Clay Particles ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
The Matrix

High density polyethylene/Brazilian clay nanocomposites were prepared by the melt intercalation technique. A montmorillonite sample from Boa Vista/PB, Northeast of Brazil, was organically modified with esthearildimethylammonium chloride (Praepagen WB) quaternary ammonium salt. The unmodified and modified clays with the quaternary ammonium salt were introduced in 1, 2, 3 and 5 wt% in a PE polymer matrix. The dispersion analysis and the interlayer distance of the clay particles were obtained by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The mechanical properties of tensile and the flammability of the nanocomposites were studied. In general, the mechanical properties of the systems presented superior values compared to the matrix. The systems showed a reduction on the burning rate, indicating that the flammability resistance of nanocomposites was improved.

scholarly journals Polyamide 66/Brazilian Clay Nanocomposites

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Araújo ◽  
K. D. Araujo ◽  
R. A. Paz ◽  
T. R. Gouveia ◽  
R. Barbosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interlayer Spacing ◽  
Dispersion Analysis ◽  
Clay Nanocomposites ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Polyamide 66 ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Clay Particles ◽  
Good Thermal Stability ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Organically Modified

Polyamide 66 (PA66)/Brazilian clay nanocomposites were produced via direct melt intercalation. A montmorillonite sample from the Brazilian state of Paraíba was organically modified with esthearildimethylammonium chloride (Praepagen), quaternary ammonium salt and has been tested to be used in polymer nanocomposites. The dispersion analysis and the interlayer spacing of the clay particles in matrix were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Thermal behavior of the obtained systems was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry (TG), and heat deflection temperature (HDT) was reported too. The nanocomposites exhibited a partially exfoliated structure, very interesting HDT values which are higher than those of pure PA66, and good thermal stability.

The two solid-state conformations of nefopam methiodide, a quaternary ammonium salt of the analgesic drug

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (7) ◽  
pp. 1128-1134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Glaser ◽  
André Michel ◽  
Marc Drouin
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Ammonium Salt ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Salt ◽  
State Structure ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Analgesic Drug ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Positional Disorder ◽  
X Ray Crystallography

The solid-state structure of nefopam methiodide, a quaternary ammonium salt of nefopam hydrochloride (a non-narcotic analgesic drug), has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Nefopam methiodide gives crystals belonging to the monoclinic P21/c space group and, at 298 K, a = 10.001(1), b = 9.928(1), c = 17.598(1) Å, β = 94.41(1)°, V = 1742.2(2) Å3, Z = 4, R(F) = 0.086, and Rw(F) = 0.108. Due to disorder, the boat (flattened chair) and twist-chair (flattened chair) conformations of the 2,5-benzoxazocine eight-membered ring were both observed in the crystal with 55:45 occupancy, respectively. Positional disorder was also observed for the iodide counterion, which showed occupancies of 81:9.5:9.5. Keywords: nefopam, analgesic, X-ray crystallography, conformation.

scholarly journals Enhancement of Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Polylactic Acid/Polycaprolactone Blends by Hydrophilic Nanoclay

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chern Chiet Eng ◽  
Nor Azowa Ibrahim ◽  
Norhazlin Zainuddin ◽  
Hidayah Ariffin ◽  
Wan Md. Zin Wan Yunus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Polylactic Acid ◽  
Mechanical Analysis ◽  
Basal Spacing ◽  
Mechanical And Thermal Properties ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Thermal Stability Of

The effects of hydrophilic nanoclay, Nanomer PGV, on mechanical properties of Polylactic Acid (PLA)/Polycaprolactone (PCL) blends were investigated and compared with hydrophobic clay, Montmorillonite K10. The PLA/PCL/clay composites were prepared by melt intercalation technique and the composites were characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). FTIR spectra indicated that formation of hydrogen bond between hydrophilic clay with the matrix. XRD results show that shifting of basal spacing when clay incorporated into polymer matrix. TEM micrographs reveal the formation of agglomerate in the composites. Based on mechanical properties results, addition of clay Nanomer PGV significantly enhances the flexibility of PLA/PCL blends about 136.26%. TGA showed that the presence of clay improve thermal stability of blends. DMA show the addition of clay increase storage modulus and the presence of clay Nanomer PGV slightly shift two Tg of blends become closer suggest that the presence of clay slightly compatibilizer the PLA/PCL blends. SEM micrographs revealed that presence of Nanomer PGV in blends influence the miscibility of the blends. The PLA/PCL blends become more homogeneous and consist of single phase morphology.

Quantitative electron tomography of polylactic acid/clay nanocomposites for better comprehension of processing–microstructure–elastic modulus

2020 ◽  
pp. 096739112093205
Author(s):  
Maider Iturrondobeitia ◽  
Julen Ibarretxe ◽  
Pello Jimbert ◽  
Roberto Fernandez-Martínez
Keyword(s):  
Electron Tomography ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Clay Nanocomposites ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Quantitative Characterization ◽  
Tem Analysis ◽  
Clay Particles ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Shear Rates ◽  
Transmission Electron

The objective of performing transmission electron microscopy (TEM) tomography (TEMT) on poly (lactic acid) (PLA)/clay samples is to characterize their 3D microstructure by obtaining the dispersion distribution and orientation of the dimensions of the clays. This information cannot be elucidated from a qualitative TEM analysis or from conventional characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction. The nanocomposites are obtained by mixing PLA with Cloisite 20A and 30B at different extrusion shear rates which have been analyzed in 3D. Quantitative TEMT is performed to all the nanocomposites and the resulting 3D quantitative characterization (geometry of clay particles misalignment degree and distribution) is used for a more realistic comprehension of the mechanical behavior of the nanocomposites.

Enhanced mechanical properties of olefin block copolymer by adding a quaternary ammonium salt functionalized graphene oxide

RSC Advances ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (60) ◽  
pp. 54785-54792 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guopeng Sui ◽  
Yongsheng Zhao ◽  
Qin Zhang ◽  
Qiang Fu
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Graphene Oxide ◽  
Block Copolymer ◽  
Chemical Modification ◽  
Ammonium Salt ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Salt ◽  
Functionalized Graphene ◽  
Functionalized Graphene Oxide

Large mechanical properties enhancement of OBC via blending with chemical modification CTAB-GO.

Organophilization of Four Differents Bentonitic Clays with a Quaternary Ammonium Salt

2005 ◽  
Vol 498-499 ◽  
pp. 67-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela de Lourdes A.C.S. Andrade ◽  
Wildemberg A. Freire ◽  
Sueila S. Araújo ◽  
Lucianna G.F. Vieira ◽  
Ana Cristina Figueiredo de Melo Costa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymer Nanocomposites ◽  
Ammonium Salt ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Salt ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Dimethyl Benzyl ◽  
Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium ◽  
Petroleum Drilling

Organophilic Bentonities clays are widely used for industrial purposes, as components of petroleum drilling fluids as well as in cosmetics, lubricants adhesives and paints. Most recent they have been used as fillers in polymer nanocomposites. In this work, three organophilic bentonitic clays from the distric of Boa Vista and one from Campina Grande, PB, Brazil, were synthesized and characterized. The four clays were treated with a quaternary chloride ammonium salt- dimethyl benzyl ammonium alkyl chloride (Dodigen 1611) provided by Chemco. The cation exchange and swelling capacities of the modified clays were determined and the clays were characterized by FTIR, Thermal Analysis (DTA, TGA) and X-ray diffraction. The results showed the modification of all four clays by the quaternary ammonium salt to be successful.

EFFECT OF COAGULATING SKIM NR PARTICLES AS NR–CLAY NANOCOMPOSITE: PROPERTIES AND STRUCTURE

2011 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
TARINEE NAMPITCH ◽  
RATHANAWAN MAGARAPHAN
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Chloride ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Rubber Matrix ◽  
Clay Nanocomposites ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy Micrographs ◽  
Rubber Material ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Chloride ◽  
And Storage

Abstract New materials of skim NR–clay nanocomposites were prepared by a coagulating method using several organoclays, i.e., dodecyl ammonium–montmorillonite, Cloisite 15A, Cloisite 20A, and Cloisite 25A, which were modified by dodecyl ammonium chloride, dimethyl dehydrogenated tallow quaternary ammonium chloride, dimethyl dehydrogenated tallow quaternary ammonium chloride, and dimethyl hydrogenated tallow 2 ethylhexyl quaternary ammonium methyl sulfate, respectively. X-ray diffraction revealed that the intercalated nanocomposites were formed depending on the type and content of organoclays, and the excellent dispersion of clay in rubber matrix could be confirmed by transmission electron microscopy micrographs. In addition, thermal stability of the coagulated skim rubber–organoclay nanocomposites was improved as shown by the thermogravimetric analysis. The mechanical properties and dynamic-mechanical thermal analysis revealed that hardness and storage modulus of nanocomposites were improved and the glass transition temperature of nanocomposites increased as compared with that of the pure skim NR. Thus, not only recovery of this significant fraction of the lost rubber material but also reinforced skim rubber particles were obtained by the use of a coagulating method using several organoclays.

The beginnings of graphitic alignment in the matrix of carbon-carbon composites

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 1024-1025
Author(s):  
Robin S Payne ◽  
Gina Von Bradsky ◽  
Gavin Gray ◽  
Gary Savage
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Nucleation Site ◽  
Carbon Composites ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Critical Materials ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Fibre Matrix

Carbon-Carbon composites (C-C) may prove to be critical materials for high temperature applications, as they retain their mechanical properties well above 2000°C1. The development of a graphitic structure in the matrix of C-C composites is crucial to the understanding of their mechanical properties. To date very few transmission electron microscope (TEM) studies of these materials have been performed: as a result production often occurs without a full understanding of structural changes which occur during manufacture. X-ray diffraction has indicated that the degree of matrix alignment is greater in C-C composites than in the matrix carbon alone given same thermal history, in addition, the matrix graphitisation can occur in an orientation close to that of the long axis of the carbon fibres. These phenomena are thought to be the result of; a) the fibre-matrix interface acting as a nucleation site for graphitic domains forming in the matrix, and/or b) the difference in the coefficients of thermal expansion of the matrix and the fibres being sufficient to cause stresses which encourage graphitisation.

Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of Polyester/Nanoclay Nanocomposites: Microstructure-Mixing Strategy Correlation

2011 ◽  
Vol 1312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamid Dalir ◽  
Rouhollah D. Farahani ◽  
Vireya Nhim ◽  
Benjamin Samson ◽  
Martin Lévesque ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Fracture Strain ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Roll Mill ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Polyester Matrix ◽  
Excellent Improvement

ABSTRACTDifferent nanoclay mixing strategies using a three-roll mill and ultrasonication is proposed to obtain the desired polyester/nanoclay dispersion, intercalation, and exfoliation. The dispersion states of the modified nanoclay in polymer with 2, 4 and 6 wt% loading were characterized with X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and low and high magnification transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The mechanical properties of the clay-reinforced polyester nanocomposites were a function of the nature and the content of the clay in the matrix. The nanocomposite containing 4 wt% modified Cloisite® 15A exhibits excellent improvement in modulus (by ~51%) and tensile strength (by ~12%) with a decrease in fracture strain (by ~26%) and fracture energy (by ~17%). These mechanical characteristic changes can be attributed to the dispersion, intercalation, and exfoliation of the nanoclays inside the polyester matrix.

Dispersion and improvement of organoclays in nanocomposites based on poly(propylene oxide)

2020 ◽  
pp. 089270572093917 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lahouari Mrah ◽  
Rachid Meghabar
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Propylene Oxide ◽  
Clay Nanocomposites ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Organic Clay ◽  
Poly Propylene

This work is mainly concentrated on the preparation and characterization of poly(propylene oxide) (PPO)/organic clay nanocomposites. The effects of the nature of organoclays and the method of preparation have been elucidated to evaluate their morphological, structural and thermal properties. These nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, thermal analysis (differential scanning calorimetry) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). This study involved the use of an Algerian clay called ‘maghnite’ which was modified by an incorporation method using different concentrations of the surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). Propylene oxide (PO) was polymerized in the presence of ethylene glycol and various proportions of organic clay ranging from 1%, 5% and 10% by weight. The structural study by XRD showed, at different loading rates of maghnite and PO in the preparation of PPO/maghnite nanocomposites, different morphologies: intercalated/exfoliated blend and intercalated/agglomerated. TGA showed that the intercalation of PPO at the montmorillonite (MMT)-CTA interface would be more advantageous since the required amount of 5% organic clay (by weight) ensures high thermal stability of the nanocomposites, and the glass transition temperature ( T g) of PPO/MMT nanocomposites is higher than that of PPO since this increase is due to the introduction of clay into the matrix which makes the nanocomposite more rigid.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document