scholarly journals Extreme Flood Response: The June 2008 Flooding in Iowa

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 1810-1825 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Smith ◽  
Mary Lynn Baeck ◽  
Gabriele Villarini ◽  
Daniel B. Wright ◽  
Witold Krajewski
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Weather Research And Forecasting ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Antecedent Soil Moisture ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Flood Peak ◽  
Extreme Flood ◽  
Flood Response ◽  
Extreme Flooding ◽  
Cedar Rapids

Abstract The authors examine the hydroclimatology, hydrometeorology, and hydrology of extreme floods through analyses that center on the June 2008 flooding in Iowa. The most striking feature of the June 2008 flooding was the flood peak of the Cedar River at Cedar Rapids (3964 m3 s−1), which was almost twice the previous maximum from a record of 110 years. The spatial extent of extreme flooding was exceptional, with more U.S. Geological Survey stream gauging stations reporting record flood peaks than in any other year. The 2008 flooding was produced by a sequence of organized thunderstorm systems over a period of two weeks. The authors examine clustering and seasonality of flooding in the Iowa study region and link these properties to features of the June 2008 flood event. They examine the environment of heavy rainfall in Iowa during June 2008 through analyses of composite rainfall fields (15-min time interval and 1-km spatial resolution) developed with the Hydro-NEXRAD system and simulations using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF). Water balance analyses of extreme flood response, based on rainfall and discharge observations from basins with extreme flooding, suggest that antecedent soil moisture plays a diminishing role in flood response as the return interval increases. Rainfall structure and evolution play a critical and poorly understood role in determining the scaling of flood response. As in other extreme flood studies, analyses of the Iowa flood data suggest that measurement errors can be significant for record discharge estimates.

scholarly journals The June 2013 flood in the Upper Danube basin, and comparisons with the 2002, 1954 and 1899 floods

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 9533-9573 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Blöschl ◽  
T. Nester ◽  
J. Komma ◽  
J. Parajka ◽  
R. A. P. Perdigão
Keyword(s):  
Time Lag ◽  
Small Time ◽  
Danube Basin ◽  
Antecedent Soil Moisture ◽  
Flood Peak ◽  
The Past ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Extreme Flood ◽  
The Alps ◽  
High Precipitation

Abstract. The June 2013 flood in the Upper Danube basin was one of the largest floods in the past two centuries. An atmospheric blocking situation produced precipitation exceeding 300 mm over four days at the northern rim of the Alps. The high precipitation along with high antecedent soil moisture gave rise to extreme flood discharges in a number of tributaries including the Tiroler Ache, Saalach, Salzach and Inn. Runoff coefficients ranged from 0.2 in the Bavarian lowlands to 0.6 in the Alpine areas in Austria. Snowfall at high altitudes (above about 1600 m a.s.l.) reduced the runoff volume produced. Precipitation was distributed over two blocks separated by a few hours which resulted in a single peak, long duration flood wave at the Inn and Danube. At the confluence of the Bavarian Danube and the Inn, the small time lag between the two flood waves exacerbated the downstream flood at the Danube. Because of the long duration and less inundation, there was less flood peak attenuation along the Austrian Danube reach than for the August 2002 flood. Maximum flood discharges of the Danube at Vienna were about 11 000 m3 s−1, as compared to 10 300, 9600 and 10 500 m3 s−1 in 2002, 1954 and 1899, respectively. This paper reviews the meteorological and hydrological characteristics of the event as compared to the 2002, 1954 and 1899 floods, and discusses the implications for hydrological research and flood risk management.

scholarly journals The June 2013 flood in the Upper Danube Basin, and comparisons with the 2002, 1954 and 1899 floods

2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (12) ◽  
pp. 5197-5212 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Blöschl ◽  
T. Nester ◽  
J. Komma ◽  
J. Parajka ◽  
R. A. P. Perdigão
Keyword(s):  
Time Lag ◽  
Small Time ◽  
Danube Basin ◽  
Antecedent Soil Moisture ◽  
Flood Peak ◽  
The Past ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Extreme Flood ◽  
The Alps ◽  
High Precipitation

Abstract. The June 2013 flood in the Upper Danube Basin was one of the largest floods in the past two centuries. An atmospheric blocking situation produced precipitation exceeding 300 mm over four days at the northern rim of the Alps. The high precipitation, along with high antecedent soil moisture, gave rise to extreme flood discharges in a number of tributaries including the Tiroler Ache, Saalach, Salzach and Inn. Runoff coefficients ranged from 0.2 in the Bavarian lowlands to 0.6 in the Alpine areas in Austria. Snowfall at high altitudes (above about 1600 m a.s.l.) reduced the runoff volume produced. Precipitation was distributed over two blocks separated by a few hours, which resulted in a single peak, long-duration flood wave at the Inn and Danube. At the confluence of the Bavarian Danube and the Inn, the small time lag between the two flood waves exacerbated the downstream flood at the Danube. Because of the long duration and less inundation, there was less flood peak attenuation along the Austrian Danube reach than for the August 2002 flood. Maximum flood discharges of the Danube at Vienna were about 11 000 m3 s−1, as compared to 10 300, 9600 and 10 500 m3 s−1 in 2002, 1954 and 1899, respectively. This paper reviews the meteorological and hydrological characteristics of the event as compared to the 2002, 1954 and 1899 floods, and discusses the implications for hydrological research and flood risk management.

scholarly journals The Hydrology and Hydrometeorology of Flooding in the Delaware River Basin

2010 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 841-859 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Smith ◽  
Mary Lynn Baeck ◽  
Gabriele Villarini ◽  
Witold F. Krajewski
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Tropical Cyclones ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Delaware River ◽  
Flood Peak ◽  
Extreme Flood ◽  
Extreme Flooding

Abstract Extreme floods in the Delaware River basin are examined through analyses of a sequence of record and near-record floods during September 2004, April 2005, and June 2006. The three flood episodes reflect three principal flood-generating mechanisms in the eastern United States: tropical cyclones (September 2004); late winter–early spring extratropical systems (April 2005); and warm-season convective systems (June 2006). Extreme flooding in the Delaware River basin is the product of heavy rainfall and runoff from high-gradient portions of the watershed. Orographic precipitation mechanisms play a central role in the extreme flood climatology of the Delaware River basin and, more generally, for the eastern United States. Extreme flooding for the 2004–06 events was produced in large measure from forested portions of the watershed. Analyses of flood frequency based on annual flood peak observations from U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) stream gauging stations with “long” records illustrate the striking heterogeneity of flood response over the region, the important role of landfalling tropical cyclones for the upper tail of flood peak distributions, and the prevalence of nonstationarities in flood peak records. Analyses show that changepoints are a more common source of nonstationarity than linear time trends. Regulation by dams and reservoirs plays an important role in determining changepoints, but the downstream effects of reservoirs on flood distributions are limited.

Hydrological causes of extreme flood events and dependence on flood type

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Schumann ◽  
Svenja Fischer ◽  
Phillip Bühler
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Flood Events ◽  
Antecedent Soil Moisture ◽  
Flood Peak ◽  
Extreme Flood ◽  
Spatial Differences ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Alpine Catchments

<p>Extreme flood events can occur due to manifold combinations of different generating factors. A differentiation into flood types helps to distinguish between the main runoff generating processes and the shape of the flood wave. However, the genesis of extreme flood events cannot always be explained by the flood type only. In a first step, flood peak and flood volume are classified to determine their extremity by a robust classification based on moments. Extreme cases of runoff generating processes like the amount of event precipitation, runoff coefficient and antecedent soil moisture are detected by their deviation from the population distribution. With this, we then analyse significant coherences between the drivers of extreme runoff generating processes and the extreme flood characteristics. It turns out, that the different flood types show very different coherences between these two factors. Moreover, many extreme peaks cannot be explained by either of these factors. Instead, the spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation plays the most important role, especially for floods caused by short and medium rain. In a second step, these two factors are included in the coherence analyses, where significant dependencies of the extremity of the flood peak on these are detected. The approach is applied to several basins in Germany and Austria, including alpine, mountainous and flatland catchments. For these, significant spatial differences in the coherences occur. In the alpine catchments e.g. the soil moisture has much more impact on the extremity of floods than for flatland catchments.</p>

scholarly journals Hydrometeorological Analysis of the 29 August 2003 Flash Flood in the Eastern Italian Alps

2007 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 1049-1067 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Borga ◽  
Paolo Boscolo ◽  
Francesco Zanon ◽  
Marco Sangati
Keyword(s):  
Flash Flood ◽  
Rain Gauge ◽  
Italian Alps ◽  
Precipitation Frequency ◽  
Antecedent Soil Moisture ◽  
Convective Systems ◽  
Extreme Flood ◽  
Orographic Enhancement ◽  
Flood Response ◽  
Moisture Conditions

Abstract The 29 August 2003 storm on the upper Tagliamento River basin in the eastern Italian Alps is examined as a prototype for organized convective systems that dominate the upper tail of the precipitation frequency distribution and are likely responsible for the majority of flash flood peaks in this area. The availability of high-resolution rainfall estimates from radar observations and rain gauge networks, together with flood response observations derived from stream gauge data and post-event surveys, provides the opportunity to study the hydrometeorological and hydrological mechanisms associated with this extreme storm and the associated flood. The flood occurred at the end of a climatic anomaly of prolonged drought and warm conditions over Europe and the Mediterranean region. A characteristic of the event is its organization in well-defined banded structures, some of which persisted in the same locations for the duration of the event. The steadiness of these rainbands led to highly variable precipitation accumulations and, associated with orographic enhancement, played a central role in the space–time organization of the storm. Two dominant controls on extreme flood response are recognized and analyzed: steadiness of convective bands and dry antecedent soil moisture conditions.

scholarly journals Identification of Precursory Anomalies before Moderate-strong Earthquakes in Junction of Shanxi-Hebei-Inner Mongolia Area

2020 ◽  
Vol 206 ◽  
pp. 01011
Author(s):  
Li Hong
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Inner Mongolia ◽  
Strong Earthquake ◽  
Earthquake Magnitude ◽  
Parameter Analysis ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Strong Earthquakes ◽  
Spectrum Method ◽  
Prediction Efficiency

In this paper, we take the Junction of Shanxi-Hebei-Inner Mongolia area as study region using earthquake corresponding relevancy spectrum method (ECRS method) to identify comprehensive precursory anomalies before moderate-strong earthquake. On base of single-parameter relevancy spectrum database with target earthquake magnitude as Ms4.7 and initial earthquake magnitude as Ms1, we carry on multi-parameter analysis and find that result with time interval of 9 months and anomaly threshold with 0.40 times standard deviation has better prediction efficiency. Its anomaly corresponding rate and earthquake corresponding rate are 6/10 and 9/9 respectively.

scholarly journals Can the re-infiltration process be ignored for flood inundation mapping and prediction during extreme storms?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi Li ◽  
Mengye Chen ◽  
Shang Gao ◽  
Berry Wen ◽  
Jonathan Gourley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Model Performance ◽  
High Water ◽  
Public Access ◽  
Subsurface Water ◽  
Flood Inundation ◽  
Infiltration Process ◽  
Antecedent Soil Moisture ◽  
Flood Depth ◽  
Extreme Flood ◽  
Inundation Mapping

Coupled Hydrologic & Hydraulic (H&H) models have been widely applied to simulate both discharge and flood inundation due to their complementary advantages, yet the H&H models oftentimes suffer from one-way and weak coupling and particularly disregarded run-on infiltration or re-infiltration. This could compromise the model accuracy, such as under-prediction (over-prediction) of subsurface water contents (surface runoff). In this study, we examine the H&H model performance differences between the scenarios with and without re-infiltration process in extreme events¬ – 100-year design rainfall and 500-year Hurricane Harvey event – from the perspective of flood depth, inundation extent, and timing. Results from both events underline that re-infiltration manifests discernable impacts and non-negligible differences for better predicting flood depth and extents, flood wave timings, and inundation durations. Saturated hydraulic conductivity and antecedent soil moisture are found to be the prime contributors to such differences. For the Hurricane Harvey event, the model performance is verified against stream gauges and high water marks, from which the re-infiltration scheme increases the Nash Sutcliffe Efficiency score by 140% on average and reduces maximum depth differences by 17%. This study highlights that the re-infiltration process should not be disregarded even in extreme flood simulations. Meanwhile, the new version of the H&H model – the Coupled Routing and Excess STorage inundation MApping and Prediction (CREST-iMAP) Version 1.1, which incorporates such two-way coupling and re-infiltration scheme, is released for public access.

scholarly journals The value of the post-captopril aldosterone/renin ratio for the diagnosis of primary aldosteronism and the influential factors: A meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 147032032097203
Author(s):  
Qiao Xiang ◽  
Wen Wang ◽  
Tao Chen ◽  
Kai Yu ◽  
Qianrui Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Primary Aldosteronism ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Challenge Test ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Subgroup Analyses ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Meta Regression

Objective: The procedure for the captopril challenge test (CCT) in diagnosing primary aldosteronism (PA) is not standardized. We performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the controversial diagnostic value and influential factors of the post-captopril aldosterone/renin ratio (ARR). Methods: We searched literature in databases for eligible studies (until October 1, 2020). We extracted information regarding study and patient characteristics, CCT methods, outcome data. We pooled studies using the random-effect model. We performed meta-regression and six pre-specified subgroup analyses to explore heterogeneity. Results: Nineteen studies involving 4568 subjects were included. The pooled sensitivity and specificity were 0.825 (95% CI 0.804–0.844) and 0.919 (95% CI 0.908–0.928). The area under the summary receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.9487 (95% CI 0.9207–0.9767). Meta-regression revealed that heterogeneity might derive from time interval ( p = 0.0117) and study population ( p = 0.0033). Subgroup analyses showed significant differences between the subgroups stratified by the dose, posture, study region, time interval, cut-off value and study population for sensitivity and/or specificity ( p < 0.05). Conclusion: Post-captopril ARR is comparably valuable for diagnosing PA at cut-offs from 12.0 to 50.0. Conducting the CCT in the supine position with 25 mg of captopril may attain greater sensitivity. Conducting the CCT in the seated position with 50 mg of captopril may attain greater specificity. A 90-min time interval may perform best in both the sensitivity and specificity.

Holocene extreme paleofloods and their climatological context, Upper Colorado River Basin, USA

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 727-745
Author(s):  
Tao Liu ◽  
Lin Ji ◽  
Victor R Baker ◽  
Tessa M Harden ◽  
Michael L Cline
Keyword(s):  
River Basin ◽  
Colorado River ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Flood Frequency ◽  
Colorado River Basin ◽  
Extreme Floods ◽  
Upper Colorado River Basin ◽  
Extreme Flood ◽  
Southwestern Usa ◽  
Extreme Flooding

Given its singular importance for water resources in the southwestern USA, the Upper Colorado River Basin (UCRB) is remarkable for the paucity of its conventional hydrological record of extreme flooding. Short-term record-based flood frequency analyses lead to very great aleatory uncertainties about infrequent extreme flood events and their climate-driven causal associations. This study uses paleoflood hydrology to examine a small portion of the underutilized, but very extensive natural record of Holocene extreme floods in the UCRB. We perform a meta-analysis of 82 extreme paleofloods from 18 slack water deposit sites in the UCRB to show linkages between Holocene climate patterns and extreme floods. The analysis demonstrates several clusters of extreme flood activity: 8040–7960, 4400–4300, 3600–3460, 2900–2740, 2390–1980, 1810–720, and 600–0 years BP. The extreme paleofloods were found to occur during both dry and wet periods in the paleoclimate record. When compared with independent paleoclimatic records across the Rocky Mountains and the southwestern USA, the observed temporal clustering pattern of UCRB extreme paleofloods shows associations with periods of abruptly intensified North Pacific-derived storms connected with enhanced variability of El Niño. This approach demonstrates the value of creating paleohydrological databases and comparing them with hydro-climatic proxies in order to identify natural patterns and to discover possible linkages to fundamental processes such as changes in climate.

An Application of Relay Feedback to Mass Measurement Under Weightless Conditions

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeshi Mizuno ◽  
Minoru Takeuchi ◽  
Yuji Ishino ◽  
Masaya Takasaki
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Errors ◽  
Mass Measurement ◽  
Dead Zone ◽  
Voice Coil Motor ◽  
Feedback System ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Force Output ◽  
Relay Feedback ◽  
Relay Element ◽  
Measurement Object

Relay feedback was applied to measuring mass even under weightless conditions. A measurement object is driven by a force-output actuator. The motion of the object is controlled by a relay feedback system. The used relay element has dead zone and switches force acting on the object in relation to the position of the measurement object. The mass of the object is determined from the time interval measurement of the on-state and off-state periods. An apparatus was developed for experimental study. It uses a voice coil motor as an actuator, and a pair of photo interrupters for detecting the switching positions. The effects of system parameters on measurement accuracy were studied experimentally. Under the tuned conditions, the measurement errors were within 0.2[%]. Measurement on a base moving freely was also carried out.

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