Candidiasis of the Larynx

1973 ◽  
Vol 82 (6) ◽  
pp. 812-815 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Yonkers
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Bodies ◽  
Topical Therapy ◽  
Invasive Disease ◽  
Immunosuppressive Drugs ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Normal Flora ◽  
Cutaneous Lesions ◽  
Specific Therapy ◽  
Mucus Membrane ◽  
Candida Infections

Candida albicans, the fungus which is responsible for moniliasis, is a common inhabitant of the throat and not ordinarily a pathogen in the adult. In the presence of lowered host resistance by disease, corticosteroid therapy, immunosuppressive drugs or in the presence of altered normal flora by prolonged use of broad spectrum antibiotics, a candida infection may occur. Usually there is little difficulty in assessing the significance of this fungus when it is associated with visible mucus membrane or cutaneous lesions in healthy individuals. However, multiple or persistent isolations of the fungus from body fluids even after the removal of provocative factors such as antibiotics and foreign bodies indicates an invasive disease which requires specific therapy. Mucocutaneous and superficial Candida infections usually respond to topical therapy such as nystatin spray or gargle. When this is ineffective and the patient is still symptomatic, low doses of intravenously administered amphotercin B should be considered as the next step in the management of the infection. In patients with Candida meningitis or endocarditis this regimen is not recommended.

scholarly journals Mycoplasmas in Australian fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus): identification and association with abortion

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 1123-1130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Lynch ◽  
Trevor K. Taylor ◽  
Pádraig J. Duignan ◽  
Jane Swingler ◽  
Marc Marenda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ribosomal Rna ◽  
Mycoplasma Species ◽  
Lung Pathology ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Normal Flora ◽  
Age Classes ◽  
Culture Techniques ◽  
Fur Seals ◽  
Specific Culture ◽  
Apparently Healthy

Bacteria from the genus Mycoplasma are common inhabitants of the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and genital tracts of mammals. The understanding of the pathological significance of mycoplasmas in seals is poor, as few studies have utilized the specific culture techniques required to isolate these bacteria. The current study surveyed for the Mycoplasma species present in Australian fur seals ( Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) and investigated the association between infection and pathology. Mycoplasmas were found in the nasal cavities of 55/80 (69%) of apparently healthy individuals. Isolates from 18 individuals were investigated through 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing, and 3 species were identified: M. zalophi, M. phocae, and Mycoplasma sp. (GenBank no. EU714238.1), all of which had previously been isolated from Northern Hemisphere pinnipeds. In addition, mycoplasmas were isolated from the lungs of 4 out of 16 juveniles and 1 out of 5 adults sampled at necropsy. Isolates obtained were M. zalophi, Mycoplasma sp. EU714238.1, and M. phocicerebrale, but infection was not associated with lung pathology in these age classes. Inflammatory disease processes of the heart and/or lungs were present in 12 out of 32 (38%) aborted fetuses on microscopic examination. Predominant findings were interstitial pneumonia, pericarditis, and myocarditis. Mycoplasma phocicerebrale was isolated from the thymus of an aborted fetus, and 3 out of 11 (27%) fetuses with inflammatory heart or lung lesions were PCR-positive for Mycoplasma. In conclusion, several species of Mycoplasma are part of the normal flora of the nasal cavity of Australian fur seals, and some mycoplasmas may be associated with abortion in this species of seal.

Effects of Photopheresis on Mononuclear Cells from Healthy Individuals.

Blood ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 106 (11) ◽  
pp. 1903-1903
Author(s):  
Gunilla Kumlien ◽  
Mats Remberger ◽  
Olle Ringdén
Keyword(s):  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Cytokine Production ◽  
Transplant Rejection ◽  
Alternative Therapy ◽  
Immunosuppressive Drugs ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Uva Irradiation ◽  
Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Puva Treatment

Abstract Background: Extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP) has been proposed as an alternative therapy for immune-mediated disease including graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD) and transplant rejection (Photopheresis for the treatment of refractory renal graft rejection, Transplantation2005;79(1):123–5, Kumlien G et al). The mechanisms of photopheresis are still poorly understood but induction of tolerogenic dendritic cells and regulatory T cells as well as a shift of cytokine profile from Th1 to Th2 have been observed in patients treated with ECP. We wanted to investigate some basic effects of ECP on mononuclear cells from healthy individuals unaffected by pathogenic mechanisms and immunosuppressive drugs. Method: Mononuclear cells (MNCs) were collected from six healthy volunteer apheresis donors using CobeSpectra apheresis machine (Gambro BCT, Lakewood, CO, USA) and peripheral blood was drawn immediately before apheresis. Apheresis products were thoroughly mixed and divided into three equal parts. One part was left untreated, one part was irradiated with UVA 365 nm, 2J/cm2 (BioGenic, Vilber Lourmat, Marne-la-Vallée, France) and one part was treated with psoralen (8-methoxypsoralen 200 ng/ml) plus UVA-irradiation (PUVA). Peripheral MNCs and aliquots of apheresis MNCs were analysed simultaneously regarding incorporation of 3H Thymidine after stimulation with mitogens (PHA, ConA, SpA) and production of cytokines correlated with GVHD pathogenesis (IL-2, IL-6, IL-12, TNFα, IFNγ) after stimulation with antigens (BG, PHA, LPS) using commercial ELISA-kits (Quantikine, R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA). Statitical analysis was performed using a nonparametric method (one-sided ANOVA). Results: Mitogenic capacity was reduced to baselevel after PUVA-treatment but not affected by the apheresis procedure or UVA-irradiation alone. Table 1. Statistically significant decrease of cytokine production was seen only after PUVA-treatment but production of IL-2 and IL-6 was reduced after both apheresis and UVA-irradiation alone. Small amounts of IL-2, IL-6, TNFα and IFNγ were produced even after PUVA-treatment. Conclusion: Significant reduction of mitogenic capacity only after PUVA-treatment was the expected finding. Apheresis can theoretically effect cells through mechanic damage (centrifugation) and/or interaction with apheresis harness and UVA is known to have immunomodulatory effects which can explain the reduction of cytokine production. Cytokines detected after PUVA-treatment may be explained by release from apoptotic cells or by production in cells that escape apoptosis. Lymphocyte proliferation assay ConA PHA SpA MNCs = mononuclear cells peripheral vs apheresis MNCs ns ns ns peripheral vs UVA-irradiated MNCs ns ns ns apheresis vs UVA-irradiated MNCs ns ns ns peripheral vs PUVA-treated MNCs p<0.05 p<0.05 p<0.05 apheresis vs PUVA-treated MNCs p<0.05 p<0.05 p<0.05 UVA -irradiated vs PUVA-treated MNCs p<0.05 p<0.05 p<0.05

scholarly journals Bacteriocin from epidemic Listeria strains alters the host intestinal microbiota to favor infection

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (20) ◽  
pp. 5706-5711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan J. Quereda ◽  
Olivier Dussurget ◽  
Marie-Anne Nahori ◽  
Amine Ghozlane ◽  
Stevenn Volant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Listeria Monocytogenes ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Virulence Factor ◽  
Invasive Disease ◽  
Immunocompromised Patients ◽  
Intestinal Colonization ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Virulence Potential ◽  
Evolutionary Lineages ◽  
Organ Infection

Listeria monocytogenes is responsible for gastroenteritis in healthy individuals and for a severe invasive disease in immunocompromised patients. Among the three identified L. monocytogenes evolutionary lineages, lineage I strains are overrepresented in epidemic listeriosis outbreaks, but the mechanisms underlying the higher virulence potential of strains of this lineage remain elusive. Here, we demonstrate that Listeriolysin S (LLS), a virulence factor only present in a subset of lineage I strains, is a bacteriocin highly expressed in the intestine of orally infected mice that alters the host intestinal microbiota and promotes intestinal colonization by L. monocytogenes, as well as deeper organ infection. To our knowledge, these results therefore identify LLS as the first bacteriocin described in L. monocytogenes and associate modulation of host microbiota by L. monocytogenes epidemic strains to increased virulence.

Oral microbial colonization in patients with systemic lupus erythematous: correlation with treatment and disease activity

Lupus ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 969-977 ◽  
Author(s):  
EAF de Araújo Navas ◽  
EI Sato ◽  
DFA Pereira ◽  
GN Back-Brito ◽  
JA Ishikawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Immunosuppressive Drugs ◽  
Inactive Disease ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Systemic Lupus ◽  
Microbial Counts ◽  
Pseudomonas Spp ◽  
Oral Rinse ◽  
And Control

Treating patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with steroids and immunosuppressive drugs may interfere in the presence of potentially opportunistic microorganisms in the oral cavity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of Candida spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacteria and Pseudomonas spp. in the oral cavity of SLE patients, compared with healthy controls. A group of 40 patients who had received therapy for at least 60 days was selected (19–53 years). For the control group, 40 healthy individuals matched for age, gender and use of partial prosthesis were selected. Oral rinse samples were collected and plated on specific culture media. After incubation, the number of colony forming units (CFU) was obtained and the isolates were identified at species level. Microbial counts were compared between SLE and control by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Mann–Whitney ( p < 0.05 significant). Microorganism counts in patients with and without immunosuppressive drugs, as well with active and inactive disease (according to SLEDAI score) were also compared. No significant differences in CFU/mL between SLE and control patients were observed (yeasts, p = 0.55; Staphylococci, p = 0.24; Enterobacteria/ Pseudomonas spp., p = 0.26). No differences in microbial counts were observed regarding clinical parameters tested. The most frequent species isolated in the SLE group were Candida albicans, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Klebsiella oxytoca. In conclusion, no differences in frequency and microorganism levels were found between SLE patients and healthy individuals.

scholarly journals Diagnosis and medical treatment of otitis externa in the dog and cat : review article

2002 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
L.S. Jacobson
Keyword(s):  
Otitis Externa ◽  
Foreign Bodies ◽  
Topical Therapy ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Ear Canal ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Dermatological Disease ◽  
Client Education ◽  
Culture And Sensitivity

Otitis externa is no longer viewed as an isolated disease of the ear canal, but is a syndrome that is often a reflection of underlying dermatological disease. Causes are classified as predisposing (increase the risk of otitis) ; primary (directly induce otitis), secondary (contribute to otitis only in an abnormal ear or in conjunction with predisposing factors) and perpetuating (result from inflammation and pathology in ear, prevent resolution of otitis). Common primary causes include foreign bodies, hypersensitivity (particularly atopy and food allergy), keratinisation disorders (most commonly primary idiopathic seborrhoea and hypothyroidism) and earmites, particularly in cats. A systematic diagnostic procedure is required to identify causes and contributing factors. This should include history, clinical examination, otoscopy and cytology in all cases and culture and sensitivity as well as otitis media assessment and biopsy in severe and recurrent cases. Ancillary tests may be required depending on the underlying cause. Treatment consists of identifying and addressing predisposing and primary factors ; cleaning the ear canal ; topical therapy ; systemic therapy where necessary ; client education ; follow-up ; and preventive and maintenance therapy as required.

scholarly journals A mutation in the STAT1 DNA-binding domain associated with hemophagocytic lymphohistocytosis

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoram Faitelson ◽  
Andrea Bates ◽  
Manohar Shroff ◽  
Eyal Grunebaum ◽  
Chaim M. Roifman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Binding ◽  
Fatal Case ◽  
Binding Domain ◽  
Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis ◽  
Dna Binding Domain ◽  
Mucocutaneous Candidiasis ◽  
Immune System Function ◽  
Mucus Membrane ◽  
History Of ◽  
Candida Infections

Introduction: The transcription factor Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 1 (STAT1) is a key element in many of the signalling cascades involved in immune system function. Different mutations in STAT1 are associated with heterogeneous clinical phenotypes that range from early fatality due to overwhelming infection to limited involvement of the mucus membrane with recurrent Candida infections. Multiple genes related to immune function have been associated with the development of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), but the association between STAT1 mutation and HLH has not been described in detail. Methods: We report the genetic background of a patient with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC) as well as an unusual clinical course. Results: In this study we describe a patient with a mutation in the STAT1 DNA-binding domain and a history of CMC who developed a refractory and fatal case of HLH despite having bone marrow transplantation. Conclusion: We describe a patient with refractory and fatal HLH who was found to have a mutation in the DNA-binding domain of STAT1. Statement of novelty: The association of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis with HLH.

scholarly journals Leprous lesion reveals disturbed skin-resident microbiota

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andréa Nascimento ◽  
Paulo Silva ◽  
Patrícia Costa ◽  
Mariana Reis ◽  
Marcelo Ávila ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Skin ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Massively Parallel ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Healthy Skin ◽  
Skin Microbiota ◽  
Cutaneous Lesions ◽  
Taxonomic Analysis ◽  
Rrna Gene Sequencing

Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease that remains a major challenge to public health in endemic countries. Increasing evidence has highlighted the importance of microbiota for human general health and, as such, the study of skin microbiota is of interest. But while studies are continuously revealing the complexity of human skin microbiota, the microbiota of leprous cutaneous lesions has not yet been characterized. Here we used Sanger and massively parallel SSU rRNA gene sequencing to characterize the microbiota of leprous lesions, and studied how it differs from the bacterial skin composition of healthy individuals previously described in the literature. Taxonomic analysis of leprous lesions revealed main four phyla: Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria, with Proteobacteria presenting the highest diversity. There were considerable differences in the distribution of Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria, with the first two phyla enriched and the other markedly diminished in the leprous lesions, when compared with healthy skin. Propionibacterium, Corynebacterium and Staphylococcus, resident and abundant in healthy skin, were underrepresented in skin from leprous lesions. Most of the taxa found in skin from leprous lesions are not typical of human skin and potentially pathogenic, with the Bulkorderia, Pseudomonas and Bacillus genera being overrepresented. Our data suggest significant shifts of the microbiota with emergence and competitive advantage of potentially pathogenic bacteria over skin resident taxa.

scholarly journals Multilocus Sequence Typing for Characterization of Methicillin-Resistant and Methicillin-Susceptible Clones ofStaphylococcus aureus

2000 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 1008-1015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark C. Enright ◽  
Nicholas P. J. Day ◽  
Catrin E. Davies ◽  
Sharon J. Peacock ◽  
Brian G. Spratt
Keyword(s):  
Multilocus Sequence Typing ◽  
Reference Strain ◽  
Housekeeping Genes ◽  
Invasive Disease ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Allelic Profile ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Mlst Scheme ◽  
Hospital Acquired

A multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme has been developed forStaphylococcus aureus. The sequences of internal fragments of seven housekeeping genes were obtained for 155 S. aureusisolates from patients with community-acquired and hospital-acquired invasive disease in the Oxford, United Kingdom, area. Fifty-three different allelic profiles were identified, and 17 of these were represented by at least two isolates. The MLST scheme was highly discriminatory and was validated by showing that pairs of isolates with the same allelic profile produced very similar SmaI restriction fragment patterns by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. All 22 isolates with the most prevalent allelic profile were methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates and had allelic profiles identical to that of a reference strain of the epidemic MRSA clone 16 (EMRSA-16). Four MRSA isolates that were identical in allelic profile to the other major epidemic MRSA clone prevalent in British hospitals (clone EMRSA-15) were also identified. The majority of isolates (81%) were methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) isolates, and seven MSSA clones included five or more isolates. Three of the MSSA clones included at least five isolates from patients with community-acquired invasive disease and may represent virulent clones with an increased ability to cause disease in otherwise healthy individuals. The most prevalent MSSA clone (17 isolates) was very closely related to EMRSA-16, and the success of the latter clone at causing disease in hospitals may be due to its emergence from a virulent MSSA clone that was already a major cause of invasive disease in both the community and hospital settings. MLST provides an unambiguous method for assigning MRSA and MSSA isolates to known clones or assigning them as novel clones via the Internet.

scholarly journals Immunobiology of Human Cytomegalovirus: from Bench to Bedside

2009 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tania Crough ◽  
Rajiv Khanna
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Human Cytomegalovirus ◽  
Primary Infection ◽  
Hcmv Infection ◽  
Invasive Disease ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Viral Reactivation ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Immunological Effects

SUMMARY Following primary infection, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) establishes lifelong latency and periodically reactivates without causing symptoms in healthy individuals. In the absence of an adequate host-derived immune response, this fine balance of permitting viral reactivation without causing pathogenesis is disrupted, and HCMV can subsequently cause invasive disease and an array of damaging indirect immunological effects. Over the last decade, our knowledge of the immune response to HCMV infection in healthy virus carriers and diseased individuals has allowed us to translate these findings to develop better diagnostic tools and therapeutic strategies. The application of these emerging technologies in the clinical setting is likely to provide opportunities for better management of patients with HCMV-associated diseases.

Characterization of Liposomes Containing 5-Fluorouracil in Hydrophilic Gel Using Atomic Force Microscopy

2005 ◽  
Vol 11 (S03) ◽  
pp. 62-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. G. Azevedo ◽  
G. A. Ramaldes ◽  
F. Frézard ◽  
J. M. C. Vilela ◽  
M. S. Andrade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Topical Therapy ◽  
Topical Delivery ◽  
Cutaneous Lesions ◽  
Retention Capacity ◽  
Hydrophilic Drugs ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Large Unilamellar Vesicles ◽  
Hydrophilic Gel

Actinic Kerarosis (AK) are hyperqueratotic cutaneous lesions, in which an abnormal proliferation of keratinocytes of the epidermis is present [1]. Since 1960s, topical 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), a hydrophilic antimetabolite drug, has been widely used as an effective treatment for many pre-cancerous conditions and certain malignant tumors. However, the severe inflammatory reaction, clinically characterized by erosion and ulceration, which occurs in the skin following topical therapy, is still a major treatment disadvantage. Topical delivery of hydrophilic drugs through intact skin usually creates problems due to the inability of the drugs to penetrate into stratum corneum. Liposomal formulations have demonstrated capacity to increase penetration across and into skin of these drugs when compared to conventional formulations [2]. Besides, when applied on the stripped skin, in absence of barrier for drug permeation, liposomes were found to provide targeted and sustained topical delivery [3]. Thus, we hypothesized that liposomal formulation containing entrapped 5-FU could be an interesting alternative for topical treatment of AK. 5-FU encapsulation efficiency (EE) and retention in liposomes are usually low (EE less than 10%). 5-FU does not associate with the lipid bilayer [4] and EE depends mainly on the internal aqueous volume of vesicles [5]. Therefore, EE has been greater in large unilamellar vesicles (LUV) when compared to multilamellar vesicles (MLV) and the physical state of the bilayer determines the retention capacity of the vesicles [6]. Recently, MLV liposomes containing 5-FU were prepared with high EE, but with an average vesicle diameter of 5 m [7].

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document