Relative and Absolute Deprivation’s Relationship With Violent Crime in the United States: Testing an Interaction Effect Between Income Inequality and Disadvantage

2017 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 542-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bert Burraston ◽  
James C. McCutcheon ◽  
Stephen J. Watts
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Violent Crime ◽  
Hierarchical Linear Modeling ◽  
Interaction Effect ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Relative Deprivation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Using Data

Relative deprivation and absolute deprivation both have effects on crime. Although these two concepts are often treated as separate, some scholarship has suggested that the two may be complementary. The current study assesses whether the effects of relative and absolute deprivation interact statistically in their effect on violent crime by testing an interaction effect between income inequality and disadvantage. Using data from U.S. counties, hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) regression models show that there is a significant interaction between relative and absolute deprivation predicting violent crime rates. The plot of this interaction shows that when absolute deprivation is high, there is less violence in high inequality counties than in counties with medium levels of inequality. The implication of this finding is discussed.

A Multi-Level Examination of Organizational Context on Adult Probation Officer Attitudes Toward Evidence-Based Practice

2016 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 1331-1356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill Viglione
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Climate ◽  
Hierarchical Linear Modeling ◽  
Organizational Context ◽  
The United States ◽  
Organizational Characteristics ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Adoption And Implementation ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Officer Attitudes

Currently, both researchers and criminal justice agencies recognize the need to consider evidence-based practices (EBPs) as means to provide effective supervision and reduce recidivism rates. Research documents the importance of organizational characteristics in relation to EBP adoption and implementation, including organizational climate, commitment to the organization, and cynicism for change. Using data collected through surveys of 251 probation staff nested within 12 probation agencies in the United States, the current study utilizes Hierarchical Linear Modeling to examine the association of these important organizational characteristics with probation staff reported attitudes toward EBPs. These findings are critical for understanding how probation staff perceptions relate to the transportability of EBPs and which/how contextual factors influence attitudes toward best practices.

Political beliefs, views about technocracy, and energy and climate policy preferences

2020 ◽  
pp. 096366252097856
Author(s):  
Matthew C. Nowlin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
The United States ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Political Beliefs ◽  
Climate Policies ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Energy And Climate Policy

The use of technocratic decision-making, where policy decisions are made by elite experts, is an important aspect of policymaking in the United States. However, little work has examined public opinion about technocracy. Using data from a representative sample of the United States ( n = 1200), I explore differences in support for technocracy and the implications of that support for views about politically controversial energy sources and climate policies. Overall, I find that liberal Democrats, moderate/conservative Democrats, and moderate/liberal Republicans were more likely than conservative Republicans and moderate independents to support technocratic decision-making. In addition, I find that as support for technocracy increases, so does support for energy sources and climate policies; however, there are significant interaction effects across political beliefs.

Institutional trust and multilevel government in the European Union: Congruence or compensation?

2011 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 551-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordi Muñoz ◽  
Mariano Torcal ◽  
Eduard Bonet
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Hierarchical Linear Modeling ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Country Level ◽  
National Institutions ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Eu

Does trust in national institutions foster or hinder trust in the institutions of the European Union (EU)? There is no agreement in the literature on popular support for the EU about the direction of the relationship between trust in national and European institutions. Some scholars argue that both will be positively related, others have proposed the opposite hypothesis: low levels of trust in national institutions will lead citizens to higher levels of support for the EU. We argue that both hypotheses are true but operate at different levels: whereas more trusting citizens tend to be so in both the national and the European arenas, we also find that at the country level the relationship is negative: living in a country with highly trusted and well-performing institutions hinders trust in the European Parliament. We test our hypotheses using data from the European Social Survey and Hierarchical Linear Modeling.

A Novel Intervention for System-Involved Intimate Partner Violence Survivors: Changes in Parenting

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 268-280
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Wretman ◽  
Cynthia Fraga Rizo ◽  
Rebecca J. Macy ◽  
Shenyang Guo ◽  
Dania Ermentrout
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Hierarchical Linear Modeling ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Parenting Practices ◽  
The United States ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Court System ◽  
Linear Modeling

Purpose: A growing subpopulation of intimate partner violence (IPV) victims comprises mothers who have been mandated to services by either the court system or child protective services (CPS). Two human service agencies in the United States developed a 13-week novel intervention to address these women. All participants were assigned to the intervention, which featured group psychoeducation sessions, social events, and childcare. Method: This quasi-experimental study gathered preliminary evidence regarding whether the intervention promoted participants’ ( N = 70) parenting practices. Specifically, growth curve analyses using hierarchical linear modeling examined outcomes at completion (3 months) and follow-up (6 months). Results: Participants reported statistically significant improvements on key parenting practices at both postintervention time points. Conclusions: This study provides preliminary support for engaging court- and CPS-involved female IPV survivors in specialized, group-based interventions such as that investigated herein. Future research should investigate similar programs using larger samples and more robust designs.

A Comparative Study on Parenting of Preschool Children Between the Chinese in China and Chinese Immigrants in the United States

2015 ◽  
Vol 38 (9) ◽  
pp. 1262-1287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer J. Chen ◽  
Peizhen Sun ◽  
Zuwei Yu
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Preschool Children ◽  
Interaction Effect ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Chinese Immigrants ◽  
The United States ◽  
Chinese Immigrant ◽  
Significant Interaction Effect ◽  
Chinese Mothers ◽  
And Gender

The goal of this questionnaire-based study was to compare the relative endorsement of specific parenting patterns among two ethnic Chinese groups rearing preschool children: Chinese parents in China ( N = 117) and first-generation Chinese immigrant parents in the United States ( N = 94). A significant interaction effect was found between country and gender on the nonreasoning/punitive dimension of authoritarian parenting, revealing that Chinese fathers endorsed this pattern more strongly than both Chinese immigrant fathers and Chinese mothers. There was also a significant interaction effect between country and gender on the practice of shaming/love withdrawal, indicating that Chinese fathers espoused this pattern more strongly than Chinese immigrant fathers and Chinese mothers, but Chinese immigrant mothers endorsed it more strongly than Chinese immigrant fathers. Furthermore, it was revealed that Chinese immigrants endorsed beliefs about maternal involvement more strongly than their Chinese counterparts. The results are discussed in the context of cultural and contextual influences.

scholarly journals The Effects of Performance Budgeting and Funding Programs on Graduation Rate in Public Four-Year Colleges and Universities

2004 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jung-cheol Shinn ◽  
Sande Milton
Keyword(s):  
Graduation Rates ◽  
Hierarchical Linear Modeling ◽  
Graduation Rate ◽  
Program Effectiveness ◽  
The United States ◽  
Institutional Performance ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Performance Budgeting ◽  
Funding Programs ◽  
Study Population

This study was conducted to determine whether states with performance budgeting and funding (PBF) programs had improved institutional performance of higher education over the five years (1997 through 2001) considered in this study. First Time in College (FTIC) graduation rate was used as the measure of institutional performance. In this study, the unit of analysis is institution level and the study population is all public four-or-more-year institutions in the United States. To test PBF program effectiveness, Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM) growth analysis was applied. According to the HLM analysis, the growth of graduation rates in states with PBF programs was not greater than in states without PBF programs. The lack of growth in institutional graduation rates, however, does not mean that PBF programs failed to achieve their goals. Policy-makers are advised to sustain PBF programs long enough until such programs bear their fruits or are proven ineffective.

Identifying the Urban: Resident Perceptions of Community Character and Local Institutions in Eight Metropolitan Areas

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 858-882 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chase M. Billingham ◽  
Shelley McDonough Kimelberg
Keyword(s):  
Regression Models ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Central City ◽  
The United States ◽  
Urban Resident ◽  
Local Institutions ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Resident Perceptions ◽  
Local Schools ◽  
Using Data

What does the term “urban” signify as a descriptor of contemporary communities in the United States? We investigate this question using data from the Soul of the Community survey, examining how people within eight metropolitan areas characterize their communities. A substantial disjunction exists between where within their regions respondents live and how they describe those areas. Many central–city residents label their communities “suburban” or “rural,” while many outlying residents label their communities “urban.” We contend that people's experiences with important local institutions—specifically, local schools and the local public safety apparatus—shape their understanding of their communities. Logistic regression models support this contention. Controlling for where within their regions respondents live, they are more likely to label their communities “urban” if they perceive local schools to be low in quality and their neighborhoods to be unsafe. Notably, these effects are not consistent across racial and ethnic groups.

The Target of Incivility Cannot Be an Island

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 174-183
Author(s):  
Peng Zhao ◽  
Xiaohong Xu ◽  
Yisheng Peng ◽  
Kathi N. Miner
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Linear Modeling ◽  
Career Satisfaction ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Employee Productivity ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Multilevel Approach ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Practical Implications

Abstract. To address the inconsistencies regarding the effects of incivility on employee productivity and career satisfaction, this study adopted a multilevel approach to examine the cross-level moderating effect of department-level incivility on the negative impact of individual-level incivility. We tested our hypotheses using data from 717 faculty nested within 79 departments at a southwestern university. The hierarchical linear modeling results supported that individual-level incivility negatively related to career satisfaction but not productivity. Further, department-level incivility moderated the negative effects of individual-level incivility such that the negative effects of individual-level incivility on career satisfaction and productivity were reduced when most people in the department experienced incivility or when individuals were not singled out for being mistreated. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Gender and Satisfaction with the Host Society among Indochinese Refugees

1994 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thanh V. Tran ◽  
Thang D. Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Interaction Effect ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Satisfaction With Life ◽  
The United States ◽  
Host Society ◽  
Financial Problems ◽  
Significant Interaction Effect ◽  
Indochinese Refugees

This study examines gender differences in satisfaction with the host society (SWHS) in terms of satisfaction with housing, neighborhood and life. A sample of 1,384 respondents aged 17 to 73 was selected from the 1982 national survey of economic self-sufficiency of Indochinese refugees. Regression analysis revealed that for men: 1) satisfaction with housing was influenced by age upon arrival in the United States and financial problems; 2) satisfaction with neighborhood was influenced by age upon arrival in the United States, lack of health care, financial problems and ethnicity; and 3) satisfaction with life was influenced by age upon arrival in the United States, employment, lack of healthcare, financial problems, and English ability. For women, the regression analysis revealed slightly different results: 1) satisfaction with housing was influenced by urban background in country of origin and length of residence in the United States; 2) satisfaction with neighborhood was influenced by financial problems, education in country of origin, and ethnicity; and 3) satisfaction with life had no statistical significant relationship with selected independent variables. Gender and age had significant interaction effect on satisfaction with housing, neighborhood and life. Gender and education had significant interaction effect on satisfaction with neighborhood. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.

The Relationship Between Reciprocal School-to-School Collaboration and Student Academic Achievement

2021 ◽  
pp. 174114322110644
Author(s):  
Huang Wu ◽  
Jianping Shen ◽  
Patricia Reeves ◽  
Yunzheng Zheng ◽  
Lisa Ryan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Linear Modeling ◽  
The United States ◽  
School Outcomes ◽  
Student Academic Achievement ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Collaborative Relationships ◽  
Reciprocal Relationships ◽  
Proficiency Level ◽  
School Collaboration ◽  
The Relationship

Despite the appeal of promoting and forming collaborative relationships between schools, empirical evidence for an association between school-to-school collaboration and school outcomes is still somewhat lacking. This study utilized data from 76 schools nested within 56 districts in the United States to examine the association between a school's reciprocal relationships and school outcomes by employing social network analysis and hierarchical linear modeling (HLM). After controlling for school and district demographic characteristics, we found the indices of reciprocal collaboration are associated with the school's 2018 student proficiency level in both math and reading and the growth in proficiency level between 2017 and 2018. The implications and limitations were discussed.

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