Estimating Risks of Arrest and Criminal Populations: Regression Adjustments to Capture–Recapture Models

2018 ◽  
Vol 65 (13) ◽  
pp. 1767-1797
Author(s):  
Martin Bouchard ◽  
Carlo Morselli ◽  
Mitch Macdonald ◽  
Owen Gallupe ◽  
Sheldon Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Offense Type ◽  
Visible Part ◽  
Capture Recapture ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Official Data

The size of criminal populations is unknown, and policy decisions are typically based only on the number of offenses and offenders that come to the attention of the criminal justice system. However, the size of criminal populations may follow different trends than what is observed in official data. We use a regression-adjusted capture–recapture model to estimate the number of people at risk of arrest for offenses involving amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) from arrests and rearrests occurring in Quebec, Canada, controlling for year of first arrest, age, and gender. The 4,989 individuals arrested were the visible part of an estimated 42,541 [36,936, 48,145] individuals otherwise at risk of arrest (12%). Additional results show that trends in criminal populations and risks of arrest vary across offense type and drug classifications.

scholarly journals Rape, inequality and the criminal justice response in England: The importance of age and gender

2019 ◽  
pp. 174889581986309
Author(s):  
Sarah-Jane Lilley Walker ◽  
Marianne Hester ◽  
Duncan McPhee ◽  
Demi Patsios ◽  
Anneleise Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Sexual Violence ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Minority Ethnic Group ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Criminal Justice Response

This article draws upon quantitative and content analysis of 585 reports of rape recorded within two police force areas in England in 2010 and in 2014 tracking individual incidents to eventual outcome to examine the impact, if any, of intersecting inequalities on trajectories of rape cases reported to police. The data were collected as part of the wider Economic and Social Research Council funded Justice, Inequality and Gender-Based Violence research project which examined victim-survivor experiences and perspectives on justice. Building on existing distinctions between types of rape case based on the relationship between victim-survivor and accused, the results suggest age and gender are significant factors in how sexual violence, and the criminal justice system, is experienced. While younger women and girls were disproportionately affected by certain types of sexual violence case and more likely to come into contact with the criminal justice system compared to men and older women, they were not necessarily more likely to achieve a conviction. The findings also confirm that some of the most vulnerable victims-survivors of sexual violence, especially those with poor mental health, are still not achieving criminal justice. Victims-survivors from Black and minority ethnic group or lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, transsexual, queer groups are underrepresented within the criminal justice system, implying these groups are not seeking a criminal justice response in the same way as ‘white’ heterosexual victims-survivors.

“Drugs and AIDS—Reaching for Help”: A Videotape on AIDS and Drug Abuse Prevention for Criminal Justice Populations

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Gross ◽  
William DeJong ◽  
Derek Lamb ◽  
Tammy Enos ◽  
Theresa Mason ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Illicit Drugs ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Health Belief ◽  
Drug Abuse Prevention ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Belief Model

This article describes the development of a videotape targeted at persons under supervision of the criminal justice system. The videotape seeks to encourage those who use illicit drugs to enter drug treatment and to motivate those at risk for exposure to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) to alter behaviors that may transmit infection. The criminal justice system presents an important opportunity to deliver such messages, particularly to a large population of persons briefly detained in a jail or lockup and released without subsequent incarceration. Evidence suggests that, even in this audience, knowledge of how to prevent exposure to HIV is widespread, yet those at risk often fail to take appropriate precautions: motivating behavior change demands more than imparting information. In order to shape this videotape, we analyzed the target audience and developed a drama-based approach that applies the framework of social learning theory, the health belief model, and principles of social marketing. This article describes the integration of that theoretical framework into the production process, content, and strategy of the videotape.

scholarly journals Notes on Gender, Race and Punishment From a Decolonial Perspective to a Southern Criminology Agenda

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 90-101
Author(s):  
Camilla Magalhães Gomes
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Gender Violence ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Common Lines ◽  
The Common ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Do So

The purpose of this article is to investigate how decolonial studies can contribute to an agenda of southern criminology and in particular, but not exclusively, to our research on gender and gender violence. To do so, the path chosen was to first present the common lines between these ways of theorising. Then, the entanglements of race and capitalism and of race and gender in the decolonial perspective are presented. With this done, it is possible to think about how decoloniality and punishment are related and to, from then on, think of a decolonial agenda for criminology that involves taking the colonial hypothesis seriously and always thinking and seeking to listen, read and research the ways of resistance from those dehumanised by the criminal justice system.

scholarly journals Seeking Justice and Redress for Victim-Survivors of Image-Based Sexual Abuse

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erika Rackley ◽  
Clare McGlynn ◽  
Kelly Johnson ◽  
Nicola Henry ◽  
Nicola Gavey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Image Based Sexual Abuse

AbstractDespite apparent political concern and action—often fuelled by high-profile cases and campaigns—legislative and institutional responses to image-based sexual abuse in the UK have been ad hoc, piecemeal and inconsistent. In practice, victim-survivors are being consistently failed: by the law, by the police and criminal justice system, by traditional and social media, website operators, and by their employers, universities and schools. Drawing on data from the first multi-jurisdictional study of the nature and harms of, and legal/policy responses to, image-based sexual abuse, this article argues for a new joined-up approach that supports victim-survivors of image-based sexual abuse to ‘reclaim control’. It argues for a comprehensive, multi-layered, multi-institutional and multi-agency response, led by a government- and industry-funded online or e-safety organisation, which not only recognises the diversity of victim-survivor experiences and the intersection of image-based sexual abuse with other forms of sexual and gender-based violence and discrimination, but which also enables victim-survivors to reclaim control within and beyond the criminal justice system.

LGBTQ in the Courtroom

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan Blair Woods
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Best Practices ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Juror Decision Making ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Sexuality And Gender ◽  
And Gender

This chapter reviews a limited but emerging body of research on biases that arise and affect lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) jurors as well as juror decision-making when LGBTQ individuals are involved in criminal cases. The chapter also discusses recent research and legal developments surrounding jury selection and LGBTQ identity and describes debates over best practices to identify and combat anti-LGBTQ juror biases. Finally, the chapter reviews gay and trans “panic” defenses in cases involving the murders of LGBTQ individuals and examines other challenges that LGBTQ defendants and victims face in different criminal contexts. Although there is a need for future studies, the available research illustrates how challenges linked to sexuality and gender identity in the criminal jury system can compromise legitimacy and fairness in the criminal justice system more broadly.

Women and the Criminal Justice System

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Schwartz ◽  
Jennifer Bahrman
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Sex Trafficking ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
System P ◽  
Psychology Of Men ◽  
And Gender

This chapter takes the theoretical perspective of the psychology of men to describe how the criminal justice system operates in ways that perpetuate men’s dominance and reproduce gender bias. Prostitution and human trafficking are used as examples to discuss men’s role in the judicial management of these key social issues. The concepts of hegemonic masculinity, gender role socialization, and gender role strain are discussed in relation to men’s attitudes and behaviors towards women involved in prostitution. They also help to explain men’s legal invisibility and lack of legal accountability in the sex trade. This chapter examines current efforts to involve male consumers of illegal sex services in the prevention of prostitution and sex trafficking. It also argues for a preventative, male-focused approach to women’s crimes that places responsibility on men to change their beliefs about gender roles.

scholarly journals Intersectionality, British criminology and race: Are we there yet?

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alpa Parmar
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Social Construction ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Social Identities ◽  
Criminological Research ◽  
The Social ◽  
Religion And Gender ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Missed Opportunity

Intersectionality is the study of overlapping social identities and related systems of oppression, discrimination and domination. From an intersectional perspective, aspects of a person’s identity, for example race, class and gender are understood to be enmeshed. To understand how systemic injustice operates and is produced, a multi-dimensional framework which captures how forms of oppression intersect and are shaped by one another, is necessary. Although the merits of an intersectional approach in criminology have been widely shown and discussed in US scholarship, within British criminology, there have been few analyses that have implemented an intersectional lens – either explicitly or implicitly. Correspondingly, close examination of the social construction of race within the criminal justice system has been largely absent in British criminology. In the following paper, I suggest that these two developments are co-constitutive – that British criminology’s unwillingness to engage with race has resulted in the reticence towards an intersectional approach and vice versa. This is both problematic and a missed opportunity. At a time when much criminological research convenes around the intersection of race, class, religion and gender, the absence of intersectional approaches and the lack of discussion about the racializing consequences of the criminal justice system serve to stymie meaningful debate and advancement of the field.

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