scholarly journals A Meta-Analysis on the Relationship Between Student Abstinence-Only Programs and Sexual Behavior and Attitudes

2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-20
Author(s):  
William H. Jeynes
Keyword(s):  
Middle School ◽  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Standard Deviation Unit ◽  
Premarital Sexual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Abstinence Only

This meta-analysis of 14 studies examines the relationship between abstinence-only programs and the sexual behavior and—attitudes of urban students from middle school to early in college. The results indicate a significant relationship between abstinence-only programs and the outcomes examined. Abstinence-only programs, as a whole, were associated with reduced premarital sexual behavior by nearly .4 of a standard deviation unit. For sexual behavior and attitudes combined, abstinence-only programs were associated with improvements of nearly .3 of a standard deviation unit. When sophisticated controls were utilized in each of these analyses, the effect sizes were smaller, but were all statistically significant. The importance of these results is discussed.

A Meta-Analysis of the Relationship between Cannabis, Opiates, Cocaine, Heroin, or other Illegal Drug Use and Student Academic and Behavioral Outcomes

2021 ◽  
pp. 001312452110045
Author(s):  
William H. Jeynes
Keyword(s):  
Middle School ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Behavioral Outcomes ◽  
Illegal Drug ◽  
Drug Consumption ◽  
The Other ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
The Relationship

The meta-analysis, that included 75 studies, examined the relationship between illegal drug consumption, on the one hand, and student academic and behavioral outcomes, on the other, for the middle school to college grade levels. The meta-analysis first (research question #1) addressed whether there is a statistically significant relationship between illegal drug consumption and student academic and behavioral outcomes. A second question assessed whether there was a statistically significant relationship between the consumption of specific kinds of illegal drugs and student academic and behavioral outcomes (research question #2). The third analysis distinguished between the effects for educational- and behavioral-outcomes to see whether the consumption of illegal drugs was associated with one more than the other (research question #3). Fourth, there were analyses to determine whether the effects that emerged under the first two research questions differed by the age of the student (research question #4). The fifth analysis (research question #5) assessed whether the effects that emerged under the first two research questions differed by the race of the student. The results indicated widespread statistically significant effects for all the drugs under study. The extent of the effects were considerably greater for college students than they were for middle school students.

scholarly journals Usia pubertas dan citra tubuh terhadap perilaku seksual pranikah pada remaja putri di Yogyakarta

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 115
Author(s):  
Rihul Husnul Juliyatmi ◽  
Toto Sudargo ◽  
Djauhar Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Observational Research ◽  
Vocational High School ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
Premarital Sexual ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between age of puberty and body image with premarital sexual behavior in young women in Yogyakarta.Method: Observational research with cross-sectional design using quantitative and qualitative approach was conducted involving 206 students in Vocational High School Yogyakarta with sampling technique purposive sampling.Results: As many as 28.16% of respondents are at risk of sexual pre-marriage. The age of puberty and body image has no significant relationship with premarital sexual behavior in adolescents p>0.05. Media information and peers gives the most influence to age of puberty relationship with premarital sexual behavior. Media information gives the most influence on the relationship of body image with premarital sexual behavior.Conclusion:  There is no significant relationship between age of puberty and premarital sexual behavior in adolescents. There is a no significant relationship between body image and premarital sexual behavior in adolescents.

scholarly journals Specificity of Future Thinking in Depression: A Meta-Analysis

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beau Gamble ◽  
David Moreau ◽  
Lynette J. Tippett ◽  
Donna Rose Addis
Keyword(s):  
Random Effects ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Emotional Valence ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Future Thinking ◽  
Moderator Variables ◽  
Search Terms ◽  
The Relationship

Reduced specificity of autobiographical memory has been well established in depression, but whether this ‘overgenerality’ extends to future thinking has not been the focus of a meta-analysis. Following a preregistered protocol, we searched six electronic databases, Google Scholar, personal libraries, and contacted authors in the field for studies matching search terms related to depression, future thinking, and specificity. We reduced an initial 7,332 results to 46 included studies, with 89 effect sizes and 4,813 total participants. Random effects meta-analytic modelling revealed a small but robust correlation between reduced future specificity and higher levels of depression (r = .13, p < .001). Of the 11 moderator variables examined, the most striking effects related to the emotional valence of future thinking (p < .001) and the sex of participants (p = .025). Namely, depression was linked to reduced specificity for positive (but not negative or neutral) future thinking, and the relationship was stronger in samples with a higher proportion of males. This meta-analysis contributes to our understanding of how prospection is altered in depression and dysphoria and, by revealing areas where current evidence is inconclusive, highlights key avenues for future research.

scholarly journals Disentangling ADHD's Presentation-Related Decision-Making—A Meta-Analytic Approach on Predominant Presentations

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcel Schulze ◽  
David Coghill ◽  
Silke Lux ◽  
Alexandra Philipsen
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Analytic Approach ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
The Relationship

Background: Deficient decision-making (DM) in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is marked by altered reward sensitivity, higher risk taking, and aberrant reinforcement learning. Previous meta-analysis aggregate findings for the ADHD combined presentation (ADHD-C) mostly, while the ADHD predominantly inattentive presentation (ADHD-I) and the predominantly hyperactive/impulsive presentation (ADHD-H) were not disentangled. The objectives of the current meta-analysis were to aggregate findings from DM for each presentation separately.Methods: A comprehensive literature search of the PubMed (Medline) and Web of Science Database took place using the keywords “ADHD,” “attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder,” “decision-making,” “risk-taking,” “reinforcement learning,” and “risky.” Random-effects models based on correlational effect-sizes were conducted. Heterogeneity analysis and sensitivity/outlier analysis were performed, and publication biases were assessed with funnel-plots and the egger intercept.Results: Of 1,240 candidate articles, seven fulfilled criteria for analysis of ADHD-C (N = 193), seven for ADHD-I (N = 256), and eight for ADHD-H (N = 231). Moderate effect-size were found for ADHD-C (r = 0.34; p = 0.0001; 95% CI = [0.19, 0.49]). Small effect-sizes were found for ADHD-I (r = 0.09; p = 0.0001; 95% CI = [0.008, 0.25]) and for ADHD-H (r = 0.1; p = 0.0001; 95% CI = [−0.012, 0.32]). Heterogeneity was moderate for ADHD-H. Sensitivity analyses show robustness of the analysis, and no outliers were detected. No publication bias was evident.Conclusion: This is the first study that uses a meta-analytic approach to investigate the relationship between the different presentations of ADHD separately. These findings provide first evidence of lesser pronounced impairment in DM for ADHD-I and ADHD-I compared to ADHD-C. While the exact factors remain elusive, the current study can be considered as a starting point to reveal the relationship of ADHD presentations and DM more detailed.

scholarly journals Hubungan Kontrol Sosial Orang Tua dengan Perilaku Seks Pranikah Remaja Kelurahan Batang Arau Kecamatan Padang Selatan

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatri Hanifah
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
Social Control ◽  
Social Norm ◽  
Premarital Sex ◽  
Sex Behavior ◽  
The Social ◽  
Role Of Parents ◽  
Premarital Sexual ◽  
The Relationship

The reality, premarital sexual behavior almost increased every year in adolescents. The adolescents assumed that do activity of sex with homosexual or heterosexual likes daily activity, thereby they will feel degradation in social norm of adolescent itself. In this case, role of parents are very important to give strong social control through of education, protection, controling, and reinforcement the social norm in order that adolescents were avoided from premarital sexual behavior. Therefore, this research purposed to reveal how the relationship between social control of parents with premarital sex behavior in adolescents. This research used a quantitative of metode with kind the correlational of description. The result in this research was can get a not significant relationship between social control of parents with premarital sexual behavior in adolescents, it means that social control parents was not always influence premarital sexual behavior of adolescents. So that the parents must found the other factor to influence of premarital sexual behavior in adolescents to protected the adolescents from premarital sexual behavior.

scholarly journals Ambivalent sexism and violence toward women: A meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Agadullina ◽  
Andrey Lovakov ◽  
Olga Gulevich ◽  
Maryana Balezina
Keyword(s):  
Physical Violence ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Violent Behavior ◽  
Ambivalent Sexism ◽  
Benevolent Sexism ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Hostile Sexism ◽  
Sample Type ◽  
Attitudes Toward Violence ◽  
The Relationship

We analyzed 498 effect sizes about the relationship between ambivalent sexism and attitudes toward male-to-female violence, and 133 effect sizes about the relationship between ambivalent sexism and violent behavior. The results showed that hostile sexism is more strongly associated with both attitudes toward violence (r = .517) and violent behavior (r = .250) than benevolent sexism is (r = .328 and r = .049, respectively). The type of violence and the target of violence are the significant moderators for hostile sexism: the smallest effect size was observed for attitudes toward physical violence and the weaker correlation between hostile sexism and violent behavior was where an intimate partner was involved. Our findings revealed that gender and sample type were not significant moderators while the higher the level of equality in the country where the study was conducted, the higher the correlation between benevolent sexism and attitudes toward violence.

Linking Moral Identity With Moral Emotions: A Meta-Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 444-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Paul Lefebvre ◽  
Tobias Krettenauer
Keyword(s):  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Moral Identity ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Moral Emotions ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Moral Functioning ◽  
Moral Anger ◽  
Other Regarding ◽  
The Relationship

This meta-analysis examined the relationship between moral identity and moral emotions drawing on 57 independent studies. Moral identity was significantly associated with moral emotions, r = .32, p < .01, 95% confidence interval [CI: .27, .36]. Effect sizes were moderated by the type of moral emotion. Studies reporting other-regarding emotions (sympathy, empathy, and compassion) had the largest effect sizes ( r = .41), while negative other-evaluative emotions (moral anger, contempt, and disgust) had the smallest ( r = .16). Self-evaluative and other-evaluative positive emotions had intermediate effect sizes ( r values between .29 and .32). The type of emotion measure also was a significant moderator, with trait measures of emotion ( r = .38) correlating more strongly with moral identity than state measures ( r = .24). Effect sizes did not differ for the type of moral identity measure being used, publication status, or cultural origin of the study sample. The results of this meta-analysis demonstrate a robust empirical connection between moral identity and moral emotions, which confirms the multifaceted role of moral identity in moral functioning.

scholarly journals Effect sizes and meta-analysis indicate no sex dimorphism in the human or rodent corpus callosum

1998 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 338-339
Author(s):  
Douglas Wahlsten ◽  
Katherine M. Bishop
Keyword(s):  
Standard Deviation ◽  
Corpus Callosum ◽  
Brain Size ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Sex Dimorphism ◽  
Standard Deviations ◽  
Average Size

Sex dimorphism occurs when group means differ by four or more standard deviations. However, the average size of the corpus callosum is greater in males by about one standard deviation in rats, 0.2 standard deviation in humans, and virtually zero in mice. Furthermore, variations in corpus callosum size are related to brain size and are not sex specific.

scholarly journals Specificity of Future Thinking in Depression: A Meta-Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 816-834 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beau Gamble ◽  
David Moreau ◽  
Lynette J. Tippett ◽  
Donna Rose Addis
Keyword(s):  
Random Effects ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Emotional Valence ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Future Thinking ◽  
Moderator Variables ◽  
Search Terms ◽  
The Relationship

Reduced specificity of autobiographical memory has been well established in depression, but whether this overgenerality extends to future thinking has not been the focus of a meta-analysis. Following a preregistered protocol, we searched six electronic databases, Google Scholar, and personal libraries and contacted authors in the field for studies matching search terms related to depression, future thinking, and specificity. We reduced an initial 7,332 results to 46 included studies, with 89 effect sizes and 4,813 total participants. Random-effects meta-analytic modeling revealed a small but robust correlation between reduced future specificity and higher levels of depression ( r = −.13, p < .001). Of the 11 moderator variables examined, the most striking effects were related to the emotional valence of future thinking ( p < .001) and the sex of participants ( p = .025). Namely, depression was linked to reduced specificity for positive (but not negative or neutral) future thinking, and the relationship was stronger in samples with a higher proportion of males. This meta-analysis contributes to our understanding of how prospection is altered in depression and dysphoria and, by revealing areas where current evidence is inconclusive, highlights key avenues for future research.

The Relationship between Physical Activity and Cognition in Children: A Meta-Analysis

2003 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 243-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin A. Sibley ◽  
Jennifer L. Etnier
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Cognitive Assessment ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Moderator Variables ◽  
Method Effect ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Significant Moderator

The purpose of this study was to quantitatively combine and examine the results of studies pertaining to physical activity and cognition in children. Studies meeting the inclusion criteria were coded based on design and descriptive characteristics, subject characteristics, activity characteristics, and cognitive assessment method. Effect sizes (ESs) were calculated for each study and an overall ES and average ESs relative to moderator variables were then calculated. ESs (n = 125) from 44 studies were included in the analysis. The overall ES was 0.32 (SD = 0.27), which was significantly different from zero. Significant moderator variables included publication status, subject age, and type of cognitive assessment. As a result of this statistical review of the literature, it is concluded that there is a significant positive relationship between physical activity and cognitive functioning in children.

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