scholarly journals The Effects of External Motivation and Real-Time Automated Feedback on Speeding Behavior in a Naturalistic Setting

2012 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 218-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian J. Reagan ◽  
James P. Bliss ◽  
Ron Van Houten ◽  
Bryan W. Hilton
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Feedback System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Baseline Period ◽  
Monetary Incentive ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Incentive System ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Alerting System

Objective: In this field experiment, the authors tested an alerting system and a monetary incentive system with the objective of reducing speeding more than 5 mph faster than the posted speed limit. Background: Speeding is a factor in a significant number of traffic fatalities. The systems tested in this project have been evaluated outside but not within the United States. These studies indicated that similar systems led to reductions in speeding. Method: For this study, eight vehicles were instrumented such that vehicle speed and speed limits were linked in real time. A total of 50 participants drove assigned vehicles for 4 weeks. Week 1 was a baseline period; during Week 2 or Week 3, 40 participants experienced the alerting system that issued auditory and visual advisory signals when drivers exceeded the limit by 5 mph or more. Of these 40 individuals, 20 experienced the monetary incentive system during Weeks 2 and 3; Week 4 was a return-to-baseline period. A control group of 10 drivers experienced neither system during the study. Results: Results indicated that the incentive system resulted in significant reductions in driving faster than the posted limit, and the feedback system led to modest changes in speeding. In the condition in which drivers experienced the feedback and incentive, reductions in speeding were similar to those found during the incentive-only condition. Conclusion: The technology tested in this study has potential to benefit traffic safety by reducing the incidence of driving faster than the posted limit, which should lead to a reduction in speed-related crashes. Application: Insurers provide incentive-based discounts on premiums. Combining this technology with such a discount program may improve traffic safety significantly.

Assessing reinforcing versus aversive consequences in a real-time secondhand smoke intervention

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent Berardi ◽  
John Bellettiere ◽  
Benjamin Nguyen ◽  
Neil E Klepeis ◽  
Suzanne C Hughes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Real World ◽  
Secondhand Smoke ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
Feedback System ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sensing Technology ◽  
Control Versus ◽  
Particle Counts ◽  
Post Hoc

Abstract Few studies have examined the relative effectiveness of reinforcing versus aversive consequences at changing behavior in real-world environments. Real-time sensing devices makes it easier to investigate such questions, offering the potential to improve both intervention outcomes and theory. This research aims to describe the development of a real-time, operant theory-based secondhand smoke (SHS) intervention and compare the efficacy of aversive versus aversive plus reinforcement contingency systems. Indoor air particle monitors were placed in the households of 253 smokers for approximately three months. Participants were assigned to a measurement-only control group (N = 129) or one of the following groups: 1.) aversive only (AO, N = 71), with aversive audio/visual consequences triggered by the detection of elevated air particle measurements, or 2.) aversive plus reinforcement (AP, N = 53), with reinforcing consequences contingent on the absence of SHS added to the AO intervention. Residualized change ANCOVA analysis compared particle concentrations over time and across groups. Post-hoc pairwise comparisons were also performed. After controlling for Baseline, Post-Baseline daily particle counts (F = 6.42, p = 0.002), % of time >15,000 counts (F = 7.72, p < 0.001), and daily particle events (F = 4.04, p = 0.02) significantly differed by study group. Nearly all control versus AO/AP pair-wise comparisons were statistically significant. No significant differences were found for AO versus AP groups. The aversive feedback system reduced SHS, but adding reinforcing consequences did not further improve outcomes. The complexity of real-world environments requires the nuances of these two contingency systems continue to be explored, with this study demonstrating that real-time sensing technology can serve as a platform for such research.

Provincial-Wide Travel Speed and Traffic Safety Study in Saskatchewan

1997 ◽  
Vol 1595 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guo Xin Liu ◽  
Al Popoff
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Human Error ◽  
Travel Speed ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vehicle Speed ◽  
Vehicle Collisions ◽  
Accident Data ◽  
Single Vehicle ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Clear Increase

The latest speed limit increases in the United States have brought about debates about the relationship between travel speed and traffic safety. The relationship between travel speed and collision severity is clear: Increase in travel speed leads to a dramatic increase in collision severity. However, the relationship between speed and collision involvement is more complicated. Examined here is the relationship between travel speed and collision involvement on Saskatchewan provincial highways. Saskatchewan data indicate that the most prevalent source of human error contributing to collisions may be speed-related. The study of the relationship between vehicle speed and collisions therefore is fundamental for developing countermeasures to achieve compliance with speed regulations and to reduce the number of collisions. According to nine provincial-wide speed surveys and corresponding accident data from the last 26 years, traffic casualties and casualty rates on provincial highways are closely correlated to the surveyed average travel speed. This finding is not surprising, considering the fact that about 60 to 80 percent of all collisions on provincial highways are single-vehicle collisions. The relationship indicates that casualties will be reduced by about 7 percent for every 1-km/hr (0.62-mph) reduction in average travel speed on provincial highways. Casualty rates on provincial highways are closely correlated to speed differentials—higher speed differentials lead to higher casualty rates. Some difficult issues relating to speed and safety are also discussed.

scholarly journals A Random Controlled Trial to Examine the Efficacy of Blank Slate: A Novel Spaced Retrieval Tool with Real-Time Learning Analytics

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 90
Author(s):  
Douglas McHugh ◽  
Richard Feinn ◽  
Jeff McIlvenna ◽  
Matt Trevithick
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Knowledge Retention ◽  
The United States ◽  
Individual Performance ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Software Application ◽  
Spaced Retrieval ◽  
Time Investment ◽  
Blank Slate

Learner-centered coaching and feedback are relevant to various educational contexts. Spaced retrieval enhances long-term knowledge retention. We examined the efficacy of Blank Slate, a novel spaced retrieval software application, to promote learning and prevent forgetting, while gathering and analyzing data in the background about learners’ performance. A total of 93 students from 6 universities in the United States were assigned randomly to control, sequential or algorithm conditions. Participants watched a video on the Republic of Georgia before taking a 60 multiple-choice-question assessment. Sequential (non-spaced retrieval) and algorithm (spaced retrieval) groups had access to Blank Slate and 60 digital cards. The algorithm group reviewed subsets of cards daily based on previous individual performance. The sequential group reviewed all 60 cards daily. All 93 participants were re-assessed 4 weeks later. Sequential and algorithm groups were significantly different from the control group but not from each other with regard to after and delta scores. Blank Slate prevented anticipated forgetting; authentic learning improvement and retention happened instead, with spaced retrieval incurring one-third of the time investment experienced by non-spaced retrieval. Embedded analytics allowed for real-time monitoring of learning progress that could form the basis of helpful feedback to learners for self-directed learning and educators for coaching.

scholarly journals A Randomized Trial of Wearable UV dosimeter for Skin Cancer Prevention

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
George I Varghese ◽  
Peter D Kaplan ◽  
Catherine Do ◽  
Melissa Barrer ◽  
Khaled Ezzedine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
The United States ◽  
Uv Exposure ◽  
Skin Cancer Prevention ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Actinic Keratoses

Background Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most prevalent cancer in the United States, affecting 5 million people and costing $8.1 billion per year. Despite well-defined guidelines on ultraviolet radiation (UVR) avoidance, it remains difficult for people to assess their individual exposure, as UVR is invisible and the onset of symptoms due to UVR damage are delayed. Methods In a prospective, randomized-controlled trial, 97 patients with a history of actinic keratoses were enrolled from March 2018 to July 2018 and followed over 6 months. 50 patients were given a wearable device that measured UV exposure and a smartphone application that provided both real-time and cumulative UV exposure information, and 47 patients were provided with UV protection counseling by a dermatologist. Results We observed a significant decrease in the incidence rate of NMSC in the intervention group compared to the control group over 3 months (p = 0.02). We did not observe a significant decrease in the incidence rate of actinic keratoses (AK) in the intervention group compared to the control group. The observed clinical benefit was not accompanied by psychological side effects such as anxiety and depression. Conclusions This study suggests that providing real-time UV exposure data using a wearable UV dosimeter is a safe and effective behavioral change strategy to prevent NMSC. (Funded by the National Cancer Institute, contract HHSN261201700005C; ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT03315286.)

scholarly journals Novel Real-Time OEP Phase Angle Feedback System for Dysfunctional Breathing Pattern Training—An Acute Intervention Study

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 3714
Author(s):  
Carol M. E. Smyth ◽  
Samantha L. Winter ◽  
John W. Dickinson
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Chest Wall ◽  
Phase Angle ◽  
Breathing Pattern ◽  
Feedback System ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Breathing Patterns ◽  
Breathing Retraining ◽  
Dysfunctional Breathing ◽  
Experimental Group

Dysfunctional breathing patterns (DBP) can have an impact on an individual’s quality of life and/or exercise performance. Breathing retraining is considered to be the first line of treatment to correct breathing pattern, for example, reducing ribcage versus abdominal movement asynchrony. Optoelectronic plethysmography (OEP) is a non-invasive 3D motion capture technique that measures the movement of the chest wall. The purpose of this study was to investigate if the use of a newly developed real-time OEP phase angle and volume feedback system, as an acute breathing retraining intervention, could result in a greater reduction of phase angle values (i.e., an improvement in movement synchrony) when compared to real-time OEP volume feedback alone. Eighteen individuals with a DBP performed an incremental cycle test with OEP measuring chest wall movement. Participants were randomly assigned to either the control group, which included the volume-based OEP feedback or to the experimental group, which included both the volume-based and phase angle OEP feedback. Participants then repeated the same cycle test using the real-time OEP feedback. The phase angle between the ribcage versus abdomen (RcAbPhase), between the pulmonary ribcage and the combined abdominal ribcage and abdomen (RCpAbPhase), and between the abdomen and the shoulders (AbSPhase) were calculated during both cycle tests. Significant increases in RcAbPhase (pre: −2.89°, post: −1.39°, p < 0.01), RCpAbPhase (pre: −2.00°, post: −0.50°, p < 0.01), and AbSPhase (pre: −2.60°, post: −0.72°, p < 0.01) were found post-intervention in the experimental group. This indicates that the experimental group demonstrated improved synchrony in their breathing pattern and therefore, reverting towards a healthy breathing pattern. This study shows for the first time that dysfunctional breathing patterns can be acutely improved with real-time OEP phase angle feedback and provides interesting insight into the feasibility of using this novel feedback system for breathing pattern retraining in individuals with DBP.

Oxygen radicals participate in alloxan-induced pulmonary EDEMA

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 298-299
Author(s):  
Tomoo Kawada ◽  
Michio Arakawa ◽  
Kenjiro Kambara ◽  
Takashi Segawa ◽  
Fumio Ando ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Edema ◽  
Oxygen Radicals ◽  
Bolus Injection ◽  
Physiological Saline ◽  
Baseline Period ◽  
Alveolar Epithelial Cells ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Intervention Period ◽  
Lung Water ◽  
Electron Microscopic

We know that alloxan causes increased-permeability pulmonary edema and that alloxan generates oxygen radicals (H2O2, O2−, ·OH) in blood. Therefore, we hypothesize that alloxan-generated oxygen radicals damage pulmonary capillary endothelial cells, and, possibly, alveolar epithelial cells as well. We examined whether oxygen radical scavengers, such as catalase or dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), protected against alloxaninduced pulmonary edema.Five dogs in each following group were anesthetized: control group: physiological saline (20ml/kg/h); alloxan group: physiological saline + alloxan (75mg/kg) bolus injection at the beginning of the experiment; catalase group: physiological saline + catalase (150,000u/kg) bolus injection before injection of alloxan; DMSO group: physiological saline + DMSO (0.4mg/kg) bolus injection before alloxan. All dogs had 30-min baseline period and 3-h intervention period. Hemodynamics and circulating substances were measured at the specific points of time. At the end of intervention period, the dogs were killed and had the lungs removed for electron microscopic study and lung water measurement with direct destructive method.

A Commented Synopsis of the Report of the Committee for the National Tire Efficiency Study4

2007 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 70-93
Author(s):  
Marion G. Pottinger ◽  
Joseph D. Walter ◽  
John D. Eagleburger
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Final Report ◽  
Highway Traffic ◽  
National Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Scrap Tire ◽  
National Highway Traffic Safety ◽  
Fuel Savings ◽  
Time Required

Abstract The Congress of the United States petitioned the Transportation Research Board of the National Academy of Sciences to study replacement passenger car tire rolling resistance in 2005 with funding from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. The study was initiated to assess the potential for reduction in replacement tire rolling resistance to yield fuel savings. The time required to realize these savings is less than the time required for automotive and light truck fleet replacement. Congress recognized that other factors besides fuel savings had to be considered if the committee’s advice was to be a reasonable guide for public policy. Therefore, the study simultaneously considered the effect of potential rolling resistance reductions in replacement tires on fuel consumption, wear life, scrap tire generation, traffic safety, and consumer spending for tires and fuel. This paper summarizes the committee’s report issued in 2006. The authors, who were members of the multidisciplinary committee, also provide comments regarding technical difficulties encountered in the committee’s work and ideas for alleviating these difficulties in further studies of this kind. The authors’ comments are clearly differentiated so that these comments will not be confused with findings, conclusions, and recommendations developed by the committee and contained in its final report.

Potential Urban Rainfall Prediction Measurement System

1984 ◽  
Vol 16 (8-9) ◽  
pp. 349-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
John L Vogel
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
The United States ◽  
Monitoring Systems ◽  
Climatic Region ◽  
Convective Storm ◽  
Rainfall Prediction ◽  
Water Quality Regulations ◽  
General Data ◽  
Real Time Information ◽  
Time Information

Continued growth of urban regions and more stringent water quality regulations have resulted in an increased need for more real-time information about past, present, and future patterns and intensities of precipitation. Detailed, real-time information about precipitation can be obtained using radar and raingages for monitoring and prediction of precipitation amounts. The philosophy and the requirements for the development of real-time radar prediction-monitoring systems are described for climatic region similar to the Midwest of the united States. General data analysis and interpretation techniques associated with rainfall from convective storm systems are presented.

scholarly journals Protective Effectiveness of Long-Lasting Permethrin Impregnated Clothing Against Tick Bites in an Endemic Lyme Disease Setting: A Randomized Control Trial Among Outdoor Workers

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 1532-1538
Author(s):  
Cedar Mitchell ◽  
Megan Dyer ◽  
Feng-Chang Lin ◽  
Natalie Bowman ◽  
Thomas Mather ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Rhode Island ◽  
The United States ◽  
Amblyomma Americanum ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Tick Bites ◽  
Outdoor Workers ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Protective Effectiveness

Abstract Tick-borne diseases are a growing threat to public health in the United States, especially among outdoor workers who experience high occupational exposure to ticks. Long-lasting permethrin-impregnated clothing has demonstrated high initial protection against bites from blacklegged ticks, Ixodes scapularis Say (Acari: Ixodidae), in laboratory settings, and sustained protection against bites from the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (L.) (Acari: Ixodidae), in field tests. However, long-lasting permethrin impregnation of clothing has not been field tested among outdoor workers who are frequently exposed to blacklegged ticks. We conducted a 2-yr randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded trial among 82 outdoor workers in Rhode Island and southern Massachusetts. Participants in the treatment arm wore factory-impregnated permethrin clothing, and the control group wore sham-treated clothing. Outdoor working hours, tick encounters, and bites were recorded weekly to assess protective effectiveness of long-lasting permethrin-impregnated garments. Factory-impregnated clothing significantly reduced tick bites by 65% in the first study year and by 50% in the second year for a 2-yr protective effect of 58%. No significant difference in other tick bite prevention method utilization occurred between treatment and control groups, and no treatment-related adverse outcomes were reported. Factory permethrin impregnation of clothing is safe and effective for the prevention of tick bites among outdoor workers whose primary exposure is to blacklegged ticks in the northeastern United States.

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