scholarly journals Signaling Pathways Critical for Tooth Root Formation

2017 ◽  
Vol 96 (11) ◽  
pp. 1221-1228 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Wang ◽  
J.Q. Feng
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Root Formation ◽  
Root Resorption ◽  
Tooth Development ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Tooth Root ◽  
Short Root ◽  
Dentin Formation

Tooth is made of an enamel-covered crown and a cementum-covered root. Studies on crown dentin formation have been a major focus in tooth development for several decades. Interestingly, the population prevalence for genetic short root anomaly (SRA) with no apparent defects in crown is close to 1.3%. Furthermore, people with SRA itself are predisposed to root resorption during orthodontic treatment. The discovery of the unique role of Nfic (nuclear factor I C; a transcriptional factor) in controlling root but not crown dentin formation points to a new concept: tooth crown and root have different control mechanisms. Further genetic mechanism studies have identified more key molecules (including Osterix, β-catenin, and sonic hedgehog) that play a critical role in root formation. Extensive studies have also revealed the critical role of Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath in tooth root formation. In addition, Wnt10a has recently been found to be linked to multirooted tooth furcation formation. These exciting findings not only fill the critical gaps in our understanding about tooth root formation but will aid future research regarding the identifying factors controlling tooth root size and the generation of a whole “bio-tooth” for therapeutic purposes. This review starts with human SRA and mainly focuses on recent progress on the roles of NFIC-dependent and NFIC-independent signaling pathways in tooth root formation. Finally, this review includes a list of the various Cre transgenic mouse lines used to achieve tooth root formation–related gene deletion or overexpression, as well as strengths and limitations of each line.

scholarly journals Epithelial Bone Morphogenic Protein 2 and 4 Are Indispensable for Tooth Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haibin Mu ◽  
Xin Liu ◽  
Shuoshuo Geng ◽  
Dian Su ◽  
Heran Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Cellular Differentiation ◽  
Tooth Development ◽  
Erk Signaling ◽  
Tooth Root ◽  
Short Root ◽  
Root Sheath ◽  
Bone Morphogenic Protein 2 ◽  
Low Dosage

The Bmp2 and Bmp4 expressed in root mesenchyme were essential for the patterning and cellular differentiation of tooth root. The role of the epithelium-derived Bmps in tooth root development, however, had not been reported. In this study, we found that the double abrogation of Bmp2 and Bmp4 from mouse epithelium caused short root anomaly (SRA). The K14-cre;Bmp2f/f;Bmp4f/f mice exhibited a persistent Hertwig’s Epithelial Root Sheath (HERS) with the reduced cell death, and the down-regulated BMP-Smad4 and Erk signaling pathways. Moreover, the Shh expression in the HERS, the Shh-Gli1 signaling, and Nfic expression in the root mesenchyme of the K14-cre;Bmp2f/f;Bmp4f/f mice were also decreased, indicating a disrupted epithelium- mesenchyme interaction between HERS and root mesenchyme. Such disruption suppressed the Osx and Dspp expression in the root mesenchyme, indicating an impairment on the differentiation and maturation of root odontoblasts. The impaired differentiation and maturation of root odontoblasts could be rescued partially by transgenic Dspp. Therefore, although required in a low dosage and with a functional redundancy, the epithelial Bmp2 and Bmp4 were indispensable for the HERS degeneration, as well as the differentiation and maturation of root mesenchyme.

scholarly journals Interplay Between SOX9, Wnt/β-Catenin and Androgen Receptor Signaling in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 2066 ◽  
Author(s):  
Namrata Khurana ◽  
Suresh C. Sikka
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Androgen Receptor ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer ◽  
Form Complex ◽  
Androgen Receptor Signaling ◽  
Castration Resistant ◽  
Signaling Axis

Androgen receptor (AR) signaling plays a key role not only in the initiation of prostate cancer (PCa) but also in its transition to aggressive and invasive castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). However, the crosstalk of AR with other signaling pathways contributes significantly to the emergence and growth of CRPC. Wnt/β-catenin signaling facilitates ductal morphogenesis in fetal prostate and its anomalous expression has been linked with PCa. β-catenin has also been reported to form complex with AR and thus augment AR signaling in PCa. The transcription factor SOX9 has been shown to be the driving force of aggressive and invasive PCa cells and regulate AR expression in PCa cells. Furthermore, SOX9 has also been shown to propel PCa by the reactivation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. In this review, we discuss the critical role of SOX9/AR/Wnt/β-catenin signaling axis in the development and progression of CRPC. The phytochemicals like sulforaphane and curcumin that can concurrently target SOX9, AR and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways in PCa may thus be beneficial in the chemoprevention of PCa.

scholarly journals The Role of the Bone Marrow Microenvironment in the Response to Infection

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Courtney B. Johnson ◽  
Jizhou Zhang ◽  
Daniel Lucas
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Bone Marrow Microenvironment ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Multipotent Stem Cells ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem

Hematopoiesis in the bone marrow (BM) is the primary source of immune cells. Hematopoiesis is regulated by a diverse cellular microenvironment that supports stepwise differentiation of multipotent stem cells and progenitors into mature blood cells. Blood cell production is not static and the bone marrow has evolved to sense and respond to infection by rapidly generating immune cells that are quickly released into the circulation to replenish those that are consumed in the periphery. Unfortunately, infection also has deleterious effects injuring hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), inefficient hematopoiesis, and remodeling and destruction of the microenvironment. Despite its central role in immunity, the role of the microenvironment in the response to infection has not been systematically investigated. Here we summarize the key experimental evidence demonstrating a critical role of the bone marrow microenvironment in orchestrating the bone marrow response to infection and discuss areas of future research.

scholarly journals Describing the recovery experiences of not criminally responsible clients living in the community

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Boldt
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Forensic Mental Health ◽  
Process Of Change ◽  
Recovery Experiences ◽  
Not Criminally Responsible ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive

This study describes the recovery experiences of persons who have been found not criminally responsible on account of a mental disorder (NCRMD). A qualitative descriptive methodology was used to elicit the recovery experiences of five participants. The overarching theme that arose from the data was ‘Experiencing and understanding recovery in the forensic mental health system (FMHS) as a dynamic process of change,’ and the major themes that emerged out of the overarching theme are: ‘Recovering in the FMHS,’ ‘the Critical Role of Medication,’ ‘the Significance of Relationships,’ ‘the Importance of Helping Yourself,’ and ‘Navigating Challenges.’ The results of this inquiry reveal that the participants’ experiences of recovery are greatly influenced by their involvement in the FMHS. This study offers a preliminary understanding of how recovery is experienced by NCRMD clients who reside in the community and suggests implications for clinical practice and education, as well as future research and theory.

scholarly journals PSYCHOGEOGRAPHICAL EXPERIENCE BETWEEN THE SELF AND THE PLACE

2022 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 243-263
Author(s):  
Mohd Fadhli Shah Khaidzir ◽  
Ruzy Suliza Hashim ◽  
Noraini Md. Yusof
Keyword(s):  
Critical Role ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
The Self ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Place Meaning ◽  
Solid Foundation ◽  
Self Discovery ◽  
Attachment Place

Background and Purpose: The absence of psychogeographical awareness is a critical factor contributing to the lackadaisical attitudes towards the place and its environment. As a result, it enables an individual to fully experience a location, both physically and intellectually, while also gaining a feeling of self-discovery and self-realisation.   Methodology: The purpose of this study was to examine the responses of a group of individuals who participated in a field observation. 40 participants from a Malaysian university's foundation level were brought to Malacca to experience the environment's geographical scenery at their own leisure. The survey data was then manually transcribed and analysed in accordance with the study's aim.   Findings: Interactions with individuals and observation of features in the countryside and urban surroundings enabled participants to go on a psychogeographical journey that influenced their way of thinking and behaving. All participants felt that the journey had influenced their experiences and perspectives on their thinking and behaviour, highlighting the critical role of this notion in establishing the connection between place and self.   Contributions:  The findings of this study provide a solid foundation for future research in the field of psychogeography. The data may be used as a baseline for future studies to determine whether a comparable impact exists in other locations, with or without significant features like those found in Malacca.   Keywords: Psychogeography, place attachment, place meaning, self-discovery, Malacca.   Cite as: Khaidzir, M. F. S., Hashim, R. S., & Md. Yusof, N. (2022). Psychogeographical experience between the self and the place.  Journal of Nusantara Studies, 7(1), 243-263. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol7iss1pp243-263

scholarly journals ‘They just don’t understand us’: The role of felt understanding in intergroup relations

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew G Livingstone ◽  
Lucía Fernández ◽  
Adrian Rothers
Keyword(s):  
Intergroup Relations ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Identity Threat ◽  
Powerful Predictor ◽  
Unique Role ◽  
Intergroup Interactions ◽  
Unique Predictor ◽  
Ingroup Outgroup

We report five studies examining the unique role of felt understanding in intergroup relations. In intergroup terms, felt understanding is the belief that members of an outgroup understand and accept the perspectives of ingroup members, including ingroup members’ beliefs, values, experiences, and self-definition/identity. In Studies 1 (Scotland-UK relations; N = 5033) and 2 (UK-EU relations; N = 861) felt understanding consistently and strongly predicted outcomes such as trust, action intentions, and political separatism, including participants’ actual ‘Brexit’ referendum vote in Study 2. These effects were apparent even when controlling for outgroup stereotypes and meta-stereotypes. Felt understanding was a unique predictor of outgroup trust and forgiveness in Study 3 (Catholic-Protestant relations in Northern Ireland; N = 1162), and was a powerful predictor of political separatism even when controlling for specific, relational appraisals including negative interdependence and identity threat in Study 4 (Basque-Spanish relations; N = 205). Study 5 (N = 190) included a direct manipulation of felt understanding, which had predicted effects on evaluation of the outgroup and of ingroup-outgroup relations. Overall, the findings provide converging evidence for the critical role of felt understanding in intergroup relations. We discuss future research possibilities, including the emotional correlates of felt understanding, and its role in intergroup interactions.

Families and pain

2013 ◽  
pp. 111-118
Author(s):  
Kathryn A. Birnie ◽  
Katelynn E. Boerner ◽  
Christine T. Chambers
Keyword(s):  
Critical Role ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Illustrative Case ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Case Examples ◽  
Research Themes ◽  
The Family ◽  
Pain Experiences

The family has long been acknowledged as an important social context where children learn about and receive support for their pain. When a child is in pain, it is the family who is responsible for the initial pain assessment and seeking appropriate evaluation and care. Families may inadvertently encourage the expression of pain and play a critical role in influencing their children’s ability to cope with pain, both positively and negatively. Having a child in pain can also pose significant personal, familial, and economic strains. Therefore, consideration of the family is absolutely critical in the understanding of factors involved in children’s acute and chronic pain experiences (McGrath, 2008). A concentration of research has continued since the last comprehensive review on the topic was published (Chambers, 2003). This chapter considers relevant theoretical models and summarizes current major research themes regarding the role of the family in both acute and chronic paediatric pain. Two illustrative case examples are provided and key areas for future research are identified.

scholarly journals Toll-like receptor-mediated innate immunity against herpesviridae infection: a current perspective on viral infection signaling pathways

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenjin Zheng ◽  
Qing Xu ◽  
Yiyuan Zhang ◽  
Xiaofei E ◽  
Wei Gao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Current Perspective ◽  
Viral Components

Abstract Background In the past decades, researchers have demonstrated the critical role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the innate immune system. They recognize viral components and trigger immune signal cascades to subsequently promote the activation of the immune system. Main body Herpesviridae family members trigger TLRs to elicit cytokines in the process of infection to activate antiviral innate immune responses in host cells. This review aims to clarify the role of TLRs in the innate immunity defense against herpesviridae, and systematically describes the processes of TLR actions and herpesviridae recognition as well as the signal transduction pathways involved. Conclusions Future studies of the interactions between TLRs and herpesviridae infections, especially the subsequent signaling pathways, will not only contribute to the planning of effective antiviral therapies but also provide new molecular targets for the development of antiviral drugs.

scholarly journals Essential Role of Osterix for Tooth Root but not Crown Dentin Formation

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 742-746 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hua Zhang ◽  
Yong Jiang ◽  
Chunlin Qin ◽  
Ying Liu ◽  
Sunita P Ho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Role ◽  
Tooth Root ◽  
Dentin Formation

scholarly journals Metformin Attenuates Renal Fibrosis in a Mouse Model of Adenine-Induced Renal Injury Through Inhibiting TGF-β1 Signaling Pathways

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Yi ◽  
Chunling Huang ◽  
Ying Shi ◽  
Qinghua Cao ◽  
Jason Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mouse Model ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Renal Fibrosis ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Glucose Lowering ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Amp Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Tgf Β1

It is well-known that all progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD) is pathologically characterized by tubulointerstitial fibrosis process. Multiple studies have shown the critical role of inflammation and fibrosis in the development of CKD. Hence strategies that target inflammatory and fibrotic signaling pathways may provide promising opportunities to protect against renal fibrosis. Metformin has been used as the first-line glucose-lowering agent to treat patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) for over 50 years. Accumulating evidence suggests the potential for additional therapeutic applications of metformin, including mitigation of renal fibrosis. In this study, the anti-fibrotic effects of metformin independent of its glucose-lowering mechanism were examined in an adenine -induced mouse model of CKD. Expressions of inflammatory markers MCP-1, F4/80 and ICAM, fibrotic markers type IV collagen and fibronectin, and the cytokine TGF-β1 were increased in adenine-induced CKD when compared to control groups and significantly attenuated by metformin treatment. Moreover, treatment with metformin inhibited the phosphorylation of Smad3, ERK1/2, and P38 and was associated with activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in the kidneys of adenine-treated mice. These results indicate that metformin attenuates adenine-induced renal fibrosis through inhibition of TGF-β1 signaling pathways and activation of AMPK, independent of its glucose-lowering action.

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