scholarly journals Criminal Justice Contacts and Psychophysiological Functioning in Early Adulthood: Health Inequality in the Carceral State

2020 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 290-306
Author(s):  
Courtney E. Boen
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Adult Health ◽  
Mediation Analyses ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Weighting Procedures ◽  
New Evidence

Despite increased attention to the links between the criminal justice system and health, how criminal justice contacts shape health and contribute to racial health disparities remains to be better understood. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (N = 5,488) and several analytic techniques—including a quasi-treatment–control design, treatment-weighting procedures, and mediation analyses—this study examines how criminal justice contacts shape inflammatory and depressive risk and contribute to black–white health gaps. Findings revealed that incarceration is associated with increased C-reactive protein and depressive risk, particularly for individuals who experienced long durations of incarceration. Arrests are also associated with mental health, and mediation analyses showed that racial disparities in arrests and incarceration were drivers of black–white gaps in depressive symptoms. Together, this study provides new evidence of the role of the criminal justice system in shaping health and patterning black–white health gaps from adolescence through early adulthood.

Adult Outcomes of Justice Involved Indigenous Youth

2020 ◽  
pp. 215336872097344
Author(s):  
Kelley J. Sittner ◽  
Michelle L. Estes
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Transition To Adulthood ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Socioeconomic Outcomes ◽  
Post Secondary

Juvenile arrest serves as a critical turning point in the life-course that disrupts the successful transition to adulthood and carries numerous consequences including diminished socioeconomic status. Despite their disproportionately high rates of contact with the criminal justice system (CJS), Indigenous people’s experiences remain largely invisible in extant research. Further, colonization has left them in an extremely marginalized position in terms of social, economic, and political power, which is compounded by CJS involvement. In the current study, we apply propensity score matching to investigate whether being arrested in adolescence impacts early adult socioeconomic outcomes (i.e., education, employment, and income). Data come from the Healing Pathways project, a longitudinal, community-based participatory study of North American Indigenous young people that includes eight waves of data in adolescence and three waves in early adulthood. We find that being arrested at least once in adolescence is associated with higher rates of unemployment, not completing high school, and low income, and lower rates of full-time employment and post-secondary education in young adulthood (mean age = 26.2 years). Criminal justice system involvement widens existing socioeconomic disparities, and remedying these consequences requires changes in how CJS policies are enacted as well as larger structural changes to address significant inequities in income, education, and employment for Indigenous people.

The Varying Effects of Incarceration, Conviction, and Arrest on Wealth Outcomes among Young Adults

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 698-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Maroto ◽  
Bryan L Sykes
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Transition To Adulthood ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Financial Assets ◽  
Net Worth ◽  
Important Time ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Building Life Cycle

Abstract Previous research indicates that incarceration leads to declines in rates of homeownership and net worth, especially among baby boomers, but questions remain as to how other types of criminal justice system contact affect wealth outcomes during the transition to adulthood. Using data from the 1997 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, we investigate how arrests, convictions, and incarceration influence net worth, financial assets, and debt among young adults. We find that most contact with the criminal justice system limited the ability of young adults to accumulate wealth between the ages of 25 and 30, an especially important time for building life-cycle wealth. Arrests were associated with asset and debt declines of 52–53 percent, and incarceration led to net worth and asset declines of 34 and 76 percent, respectively. These direct effects were also bolstered by the indirect effects of these variables through their relationship with marriage and earnings, especially in the case of incarceration. This study draws attention to how criminal justice system contact affects early adult wealth, thereby setting the stage to influence a host of life course dynamics for individuals and their families.

Data Mining for Business Process Reengineering

2003 ◽  
pp. 146-158
Author(s):  
Ted E. Lee ◽  
Robert Otondo ◽  
Bonn-Oh Kim ◽  
Pattarawan Prasarnphanich ◽  
Ernest L. Nichols Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Mining Technology ◽  
Graph Theoretic ◽  
Use Of Data ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
To Come ◽  
Using Data

Transitioning from a mining to meaning perspective in organization data mining can be a crucial step in the successful application of data mining technologies. The purpose of this paper is to examine more fully the implications of that shift. The use of data mining technology was part of our cycle time study of the Poplar County Criminal Justice System (a fictitious name). In this paper we will report on the use of data mining in the Poplar County Criminal Justice System (PCCJS) study in an attempt to speed up their case handling processes. Marketing and finance researchers are more involved with “simple” (i.e., direct) relationships, whereas BPR researchers are more concerned with long chains of interacting processes. This difference appears in the tools these researchers use: marketing and finance researchers are more interested in set-theoretic problems, BPR researchers, in graph-theoretic problems. Yet data mining technologies incorporate graph-theoretic algorithms. Consequently, they should be able to support hypothesis generation in BPR activities. We were able to come up with relevant and meaningful hypotheses for BPR in the PCCJS system by using data mining technology, specifically sequential pattern analysis: “Which areas we should look into in order to speed up the case handling process?” This valuable outcome would have not been possible without data mining technology, considering the large volume of data on hand. It is hoped that this study will contribute to broadening the scope of applicability of data mining technology.

The Paradox of Law Enforcement in Immigrant Communities

2012 ◽  
Vol 641 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
David S. Kirk ◽  
Andrew V. Papachristos ◽  
Jeffrey Fagan ◽  
Tom R. Tyler
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Justice System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Immigrant Communities ◽  
Immigration Reform ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Willingness To Cooperate

Frustrated by federal inaction on immigration reform, several U.S. states in recent years have proposed or enacted laws designed to stem the flow of illegal immigrants into the United States and to facilitate their removal. An underappreciated implication of these laws is the potential alienation of immigrant communities—even law-abiding, cooperative individuals—from the criminal justice system. The ability of the criminal justice system to detect and sanction criminal behavior is dependent upon the cooperation of the general public, including acts such as the reporting of crime and identifying suspects. Cooperation is enhanced when local residents believe that laws are enforced fairly. In contrast, research reveals that cynicism of the police and the legal system undermines individuals’ willingness to cooperate with the police and engage in the collective actions necessary to socially control crime. By implication, recent trends toward strict local enforcement of immigration laws may actually undercut public safety by creating a cynicism of the law in immigrant communities. Using data from a 2002 survey of New York City residents, this study explores the implications of perceived injustices perpetrated by the criminal justice system for resident willingness to cooperate with the police in immigrant communities.

scholarly journals The frontal cortex and the criminal justice system

2004 ◽  
Vol 359 (1451) ◽  
pp. 1787-1796 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Zeki ◽  
O. R. Goodenough ◽  
Robert M. Sapolsky
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Emotional Regulation ◽  
Justice System ◽  
General Trend ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Late Development ◽  
Impulsive Behaviour ◽  
The Usa

In recent decades, the general trend in the criminal justice system in the USA has been to narrow the range of insanity defences available, with an increasing dependence solely on the M'Naghten rule. This states that innocence by reason of insanity requires that the perpetrator could not understand the nature of their criminal act, or did not know that the act was wrong, by reason of a mental illness. In this essay, I question the appropriateness of this, in light of contemporary neuroscience. Specifically, I focus on the role of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in cognition, emotional regulation, control of impulsive behaviour and moral reasoning. I review the consequences of PFC damage on these endpoints, the capacity for factors such as alcohol and stress to transiently impair PFC function, and the remarkably late development of the PFC (in which full myelination may not occur until early adulthood). I also consider how individual variation in PFC function and anatomy, within the normative range, covaries with some of these endpoints. This literature is reviewed because of its relevance to issues of criminal insanity; specifically, damage can produce an individual capable of differentiating right from wrong but who, nonetheless, is organically incapable of appropriately regulating their behaviour.

Penal Optimism

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheryl Marie Webster ◽  
Anthony N. Doob
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
The United States ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Necessary Evil

Until the early 1970s, the United States and Canada both had relatively stable imprisonment rates. This paper uses Canada’s continued stability in its rate of incarceration since this period to develop two intertwined explanations for the growth in US imprisonment between 1973 and 2010. First, using data on the relative size of the growth in imprisonment of the individual states, it presents findings that suggest that increased imprisonment was intimately linked to underlying social values. For instance, those states with the largest increases in incarceration were, in terms of the values of their citizens, least “Canadian-like.” In addition, high imprisonment states tended to have values favoring social exclusion. Second, we argue that the United States has consistently demonstrated penal optimism—that is, a strong faith in the ability of the criminal justice system to reduce crime. Prior to the mid-1970s, it was broadly believed that the recourse to prison through a rehabilitation model whereby offenders were treated or “cured” could reduce crime. Starting in the mid-1970s, the focus of optimism changed such that crime was now seen as being able to be controlled through the deterrent and incapacitative effects of high imprisonment. In contrast, from the mid-nineteenth century onwards, Canada has never been optimistic that the criminal justice system—through any mechanism—could have a substantial impact on crime rates. By extension, imprisonment was seen as a necessary evil to be minimized as much as possible.

Involvement in Crime and Delinquency and the Development of Technological and Computer Skills: A Longitudinal Analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 0306624X2110491
Author(s):  
Dzhansarayeva Rima ◽  
Saltanat Atakhanova ◽  
Gulzhan Mukhamadieva ◽  
Yergali Adlet ◽  
Kevin M. Beaver
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Adult Health ◽  
Crime And Delinquency ◽  
Violent Delinquency ◽  
Low Self Control ◽  
Delinquent Peers ◽  
Do So

A body of research has revealed that involvement in crime and delinquency is associated with a wide number of social, economic, and health consequences. The current study built off this knowledge base and examined whether measures of adolescent violent delinquency and contact with the criminal justice system were related to the access of basic, and experience with, technology, and computers. To do so, longitudinal data drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) were analyzed. The results revealed that self-reported violent delinquency in adolescence was associated with a decreased probability of owning a computer and having an email account 10 to 12 years into the future. Additionally, measures of contact with the criminal justice system, low self-control, delinquent peers, and governmental public assistance were also associated with the probability of owning a computer and having an email account.

scholarly journals Institutional Persistence: Involvements with Child Protective Services, the Criminal Justice System, and Mental Health Services across Childhood, Adolescence, and Early Adulthood in Denmark

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Fallesen
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Mental Health Services ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Child Protective Services ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Protective Services ◽  
Institutional Persistence

The pairwise overlaps in system involvement between child protective services, mental health services, and the criminal justice system is well-documented. Yet, less is known about how contact to these three systems evolves as children age, and how children’s trajectories through these institutions should be conceptualized. In this article, we use administrative data on the full population of Danish children born 1982-1995 that had contact to at least one of three systems before turning 21. Theoretically, we argue that children’s trajectories of institutional contacts can be understood as a moral career as suggested by Goffman (1959). Empirically, we study how children move between and are retained within the three systems across childhood. We find that early contact originates with child protective services but branch out through both overlap and transitions to the other systems. Further, across age there is high levels of retention within the systems, and clear gendered dynamics play out as children age. We argue that children’s trajectories across age can be viewed as moving from a position as a subject at risk to a position as subject of risk.

scholarly journals Bail, prisons and COVID-19: An Indian perspective

2021 ◽  
pp. 1037969X2110386
Author(s):  
Sakshat Bansal ◽  
Shruti Sahni
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Right To Life ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Right ◽  
Indian Perspective

This article explores the implementation of the right to bail for prisoners during COVID-19. Using data from a sample of 50 advocates collected through a face-to-face questionnaire, the article probes lawyers’ perceptions of the functioning of the mechanism of bail in the pandemic. The article also evaluates the efficacy of measures taken to decongest prisons by critically reviewing the criteria identified by the High-Powered Committees of States for releasing prisoners. Finally, it concludes by indicating the urgent need to remedy the deficiencies and provides recommendations for reforming the criminal justice system to safeguard prisoners’ right to life and health.

Unemployment and Imprisonment: Examining and Interpreting the Relationship in the Republic of Ireland

1992 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ciaran Mc Cullagh
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Sociological Study ◽  
Republic Of Ireland ◽  
Irish Context ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship

There is a tradition in the sociological study of punishment that emphasises the relationship between conditions in the economy, in particular the level of unemployment, and the numbers sent to prison. This paper examines this relationship in the Irish context using data from the period 1951 to 1988. It finds that the relationship only holds in the period from the late 1970s onwards. It suggests that an examination of why this relationship exists needs to look at the ‘vocabulary of motives’ used by key decision-makers in the criminal justice system, and in particular by the judiciary.

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