Economic Growth in East Asia and Western Europe Since 195 0: Implications for Living Standards

1997 ◽  
Vol 162 ◽  
pp. 75-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.F.R. Crafts
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Index Number ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
League Tables ◽  
Real Gdp ◽  
Good Guide ◽  
Rates Of Growth

Evaluations of economic performance conventionally rely on levels and rates of growth of real GDP per person. This can be misleading especially when comparing East Asia with Western Europe. Here it is especially important to allow for differences in hours worked, and when this is done, Asian countries' productivity outcomes look much less impressive than is usually thought. More generally, it is argued that real GDP/person is not a good guide to well-being in high income countries where broader measures of economic welfare are required and index number problems preclude reliable league tables.

Organization for European Economic Cooperation

1951 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 816-821
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Economic Cooperation ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Social Progress ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Cooperative Effort ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Effective Use

The Council of the Organization for European Economic Cooperation, meeting on August 29, 1951 issued a declaration at the close of the meeting stating that the broad objectives of the OEEC policies would be to expand total production in western Europe by 25 percent over the next five years. By this increase in production, an improvement in living standards and further social progress could be achieved while meeting defense requirements. “Conditions from country to country may vary, but an expansion of this size is well within the power of the European economy as a whole through the effective use of its resources… Europe possesses great national resources, a large industrial potential, a skilled and ample labor force, and a capacity to achieve rapid technical progress. The full mobilization of these resources requires foresight, resolution, a cooperative effort, and the pursuit of policies based on social justice. The governments are convinced that such policies are essential in order to preserve the gains already made and to realize continued progress. Social justice demands a distribution of burdens and benefits that will promote the well-being of the less favored sections of the community.”

East Asia on the Rise

2015 ◽  
pp. 692-709
Author(s):  
Daniel Jong Schwekendiek
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Food Culture ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
History Of ◽  
Quality Of Food ◽  
Index Weight ◽  
Biological Living Standards ◽  
Anthropometric Status

Body mass index, weight, and stature are reliable indicators of biological living standards. Although most studies in anthropometric history focus on Western nations, East Asian countries are of great interest as well because one-fifth of the world’s population lives in this region. This chapter reviews studies that focus on the anthropometric history of China, Japan, and Korea. Although the anthropometric measurements of contemporary urban Chinese equal those of Japan and South Korea, its rural population lags far behind. However, their anthropometric status is superior to that of North Korea, which has the worst economic performance in East Asia. Differences between the two Koreas cannot be explained by genetic predispositions alone. Japan’s anthropometrics have not matched its increasing economic power, but the quantity and quality of food intake in Japan differs from that of the rest of East Asia, suggesting that differences in food culture may account for these variations.

scholarly journals Why Asian Countries are Controlling the Pandemic Better Than the United States and Western Europe

2021 ◽  
pp. 002073142199993
Author(s):  
Vicente Navarro
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Health Spending ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The United States ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Public Health Services ◽  
Public Health Spending ◽  
Detrimental Impact

The coronavirus pandemic has shed light on the detrimental impact of neoliberal policies on public health and well-being and as a result, there have been calls for increases in public spending to rectify the lack of public health services. However, neoliberal right-wing parties have dismissed such calls, pointing instead to Asian countries as examples in successfully controlling the pandemic without high public health spending, attributing this to the entrepreneurial orientation of their governments, as opposed to their public services. This article refutes this idea, instead charting the reasons that Asian countries have better controlled the pandemic including prior experience of pandemics, cultural factors, and various successful public health policies. The article concludes by looking at the example of Trump and demonstrating the inadequacies of the business model for dealing with the coronavirus pandemic.

ANALYSIS OF THE ASSESSMENT OF THE STANDARD OF LIVING OF UKRAINIANS BY ECONOMIC INDICATORS

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oleksandra Vivchar ◽  
◽  
Roksolana Skip ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Economic Indicators ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Financial Situation ◽  
Real Gdp ◽  
Housing Issue ◽  
The Government

One of the important tasks of any country is to raise the living standards of the population. The article analyzes a number of economic indicators that characterize the living standards of the population of Ukraine, some of them (real GDP, average wages, housing) were compared with the values of other countries. Analyzing the change in real GDP, we found a positive trend in recent years, but comparing it with other countries, we can conclude that GDP at purchasing power parity in Ukraine is quite low. In addition, an assessment of the financial situation of Ukrainians was made by comparing such economic categories as: the level of average wages and the inflation index. The study found that the income level of Ukrainians did increase during 2010-2020, except during the crisis period, which means an improvement in the financial situation of the population. However, comparing the level of the average wage in Ukraine with the value of the same indicator in other countries, we understand that in Ukraine wages are critically low and need to be increased. The article also analyzes such an economic phenomenon as unemployment. This problem has existed in Ukraine throughout the period of its independence, at different times it has been acutely acute. Given the above, we can assume that the population of Ukraine is poorly provided with jobs, which worsens the living standards of Ukrainians. Socioeconomic issues of security, accessibility and quality of housing are important. Examining the last criterion of well-being of Ukrainians, it was found that almost 90% of the population of Ukraine is provided with their own housing, but most of them live in terrible conditions, and in some cases dangerous. In view of this, the housing issue needs special attention from the government and an urgent solution. The article provides recommendations for improving the living standards of Ukrainians.

LIVING STANDARDS AND PROPORTIONS AFFECTING FOR STRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE ECONOMY

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (9) ◽  
pp. 42-46
Author(s):  
G. T. PULATOVA ◽  
◽  
T. A. KADYROV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The State ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Direct Connection ◽  
Fund Industry ◽  
Time Changes

This article considers the direct connection of the state of living of the population with the structures of the economy. In this regard, it is noted that the territorial aspects of the structure of the economy are also factors in shaping the structure of people 's needs, despite the fact that the latter are poorly structured. The study showed that the extent of structural changes in the economy, apart from the needs of the population, is affected by such critical proportions as the ratio of production to consumption, the savings fund to consumption fund, industry and agriculture, growth of production and transport development, growth of cash incomes of the population and their commodity coverage. In total production theoretical analysis has also shown that structural changes in the economy depend on the level of change in the share of each sector of the economy At the same time, changes also affect economic growth and human well-being in different ways.

Middle and Below Living Standards: What Can We Learn from Beyond Income Measures of Economic Well-being?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marii Paskov ◽  
Joan E. Madia ◽  
Tim Goedemé
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Material Deprivation ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Household Level ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Household Incomes ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Economic Well Being

This chapter complements the income-based measures of living standards on which earlier chapters have focused by incorporating non-income dimensions of economic well-being into its analysis, including indicators of material deprivation, economic burdens, and financial stress. It analyses how working-age households around and below the middle of the income distribution fared in European countries in the years before, during, and after the Great Recession. Harmonized household-level data across the members of the EU are analysed to see whether the evolution of these various non-income measures present a similar or different picture to household incomes over time. To probe what lies behind the patterns this reveals, four quite different countries are then examined in greater depth. Finally, the chapter also explores the relationship between material deprivation for households around and below the middle and overall income inequality.

scholarly journals Agroforestry to Achieve Global Climate Adaptation and Mitigation Targets: Are South Asian Countries Sufficiently Prepared?

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 303
Author(s):  
Shalini Dhyani ◽  
Indu K Murthy ◽  
Rakesh Kadaverugu ◽  
Rajarshi Dasgupta ◽  
Manoj Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
South Asian ◽  
Climate Adaptation ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
Climate Mitigation ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Implementation Phase ◽  
Adaptation And Mitigation

Traditional agroforestry systems across South Asia have historically supported millions of smallholding farmers. Since, 2007 agroforestry has received attention in global climate discussions for its carbon sink potential. Agroforestry plays a defining role in offsetting greenhouse gases, providing sustainable livelihoods, localizing Sustainable Development Goals and achieving biodiversity targets. The review explores evidence of agroforestry systems for human well-being along with its climate adaptation and mitigation potential for South Asia. In particular, we explore key enabling and constraining conditions for mainstreaming agroforestry systems to use them to fulfill global climate mitigation targets. Nationally determined contributions submitted by South Asian countries to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change acknowledge agroforestry systems. In 2016, South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation’s Resolution on Agroforestry brought consensus on developing national agroforestry policies by all regional countries and became a strong enabling condition to ensure effectiveness of using agroforestry for climate targets. Lack of uniform methodologies for creation of databases to monitor tree and soil carbon stocks was found to be a key limitation for the purpose. Water scarcity, lack of interactive governance, rights of farmers and ownership issues along with insufficient financial support to rural farmers for agroforestry were other constraining conditions that should be appropriately addressed by the regional countries to develop their preparedness for achieving national climate ambitions. Our review indicates the need to shift from planning to the implementation phase following strong examples shared from India and Nepal, including carbon neutrality scenarios, incentives and sustainable local livelihood to enhance preparedness.

Living costs and welfare ratios in Western Europe: new estimates using a linear programming model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis Felipe Zegarra
Keyword(s):  
Linear Programming ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Programming Model ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Linear Programming Model ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
European Cities

Abstract This study provides new estimates on welfare ratios for London, Amsterdam, Paris, Strasbourg, Munich, and Leipzig for 1600–1850. I use a linear programming model to compute the basket that minimizes the food cost subject to nutrient requirements. For a balanced nutrition, I take into consideration that people should ingest not only calories and proteins, but also fat, iron, and some basic vitamins. The results suggest that living standards in Western Europe were lower than previously thought. However, like previous studies, this article suggests that welfare ratios in London were higher than in other European cities.

scholarly journals Rice farming care as a novel method of green care farm in East Asian context: an implementation research

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiaki Ura ◽  
Tsuyoshi Okamura ◽  
Sachiko Yamazaki ◽  
Masaya Shimmei ◽  
Keisuke Torishima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Usual Care ◽  
Usual Care Group ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Care Group ◽  
Rice Farming ◽  
People With Dementia ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Positive Experiences ◽  
Green Care Farms

Abstract Background Green care farms, which offer care for people with dementia in a farm setting, have been emerging in the Netherlands. The aim of this study was to 1) implement green care farms which use rice farming in Japan, 2) explore the positive experiences of rice farming care, and 3) compare the effect of rice farming care to that of usual care on well-being and cognitive ability. Methods We developed a new method of green care farm in Japan which uses rice farming, a farming that is practiced all over East Asia. The participants were 15 people with dementia (mean age = 75.6 ± 9.8 years) who participated in a one-hour rice farming care program once a week for 25 weeks. We also collected qualitative data on the positive experiences of study participants after the program. As a reference data, we also collected the corresponding data of the usual care group which included 14 people with dementia (mean age = 79.9 ± 5.8 years) who were attending the near-by day-care. Results The mean participation rate on the rice farming care group was 72.1%. After the intervention, participants reported experiencing enjoyment and connection during the program. It also changed the staff’s view on dementia. The green care farm group showed a significant improvement in well-being but no significant difference in cognitive function compared to the usual care group. Conclusions Green care farms by using rice farming is promising care method which is evidence-based, empowerment-oriented, strengths-based, community-based dementia service, which also delivers meaningful experience for the people with dementia in East Asia. Trial registration UMIN, UMIN000025020, Registered 1 April 2017.

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