How Ethnicity, Expression, and Study Design Influence First Impressions of Approachability

2020 ◽  
pp. 003329412090945
Author(s):  
Jason Trent ◽  
Yuna Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Study Design ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Minority Status ◽  
White Participant ◽  
Total N ◽  
White Males ◽  
First Impression ◽  
Participant Group ◽  
Neutral Expression

Over two studies, participants (total N = 642) rated a community sample of photographs of Black, East Asian, and White males who were smiling or portraying a neutral expression to see how participant ethnicity, target ethnicity, and target expression influence judgments of approachability (i.e., trustworthiness, friendliness, and threat). We also examined how a commonly used study design, in which each participant is asked to evaluate different groups of people, may motivate participants to adjust their ratings in an effort to avoid appearing biased. Results showed that the White participant group tended to rate smiling targets as friendlier (Studies 1 and 2) and more trustworthy (Study 1) than did the non-White participant group, which could be due to cultural differences based on majority versus minority status among the participants. In addition, the White participant group tended to rate White targets more positively than did the non-White participant group, suggesting an in-group bias. Finally, differences in results between Studies 1 and 2 suggest that study design can influence the degree of bias responding, highlighting the importance of incorporating a diversity of methods to better understand first impression judgments.

scholarly journals The Australian Genetics of Depression Study: Study Description and Sample Characteristics

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enda M Byrne ◽  
Katherine M Kirk ◽  
Sarah E Medland ◽  
John J McGrath ◽  
Richard Parker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Medical Practitioner ◽  
Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Clinical Depression ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
Participant Group

AbstractObjectivesDepression is the most common psychiatric disorder and the largest contributor to global disability. The Australian Genetics of Depression study was established to recruit a large cohort of individuals who have been diagnosed with depression, and to investigate genetic and environmental risk factors for depression and response to commonly prescribed antidepressants. This paper describes the recruitment and characteristics of the sample.MethodsParticipants completed an online questionnaire that consisted of a compulsory module that assessed self-reported psychiatric history, clinical depression using the Composite Interview Diagnostic Interview Short Form, and experiences of using commonly prescribed antidepressants. Further voluntary modules assessed a wide range of traits of relevance to psychopathology. Participants who reported they were willing to provide a DNA sample were sent a saliva kit in the mail.ResultsA total of 20,689 participants, 75% of whom were female, enrolled in the study. The average age of participants was 43 years ± 15 years. 15,807 participants (76% of the participant group) returned saliva kits. The overwhelming majority of participants reported being given a diagnosis of depression by a medical practitioner and 88% met the criteria for a depressive episode. Rates of comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders were high. Two-thirds of the sample reported having taken more than one type of antidepressant during treatment for their depression.ConclusionsThis study was effective in recruiting a large community sample of people with a history of clinical depression, highlighting the willingness of Australians to engage with medical research. A combination of recruitment through health records and media as well as use of an online questionnaire made it feasible to recruit the large sample needed for investigating the genetics of common diseases. It will be a valuable resource for investigating risk factors for depression, treatment response to antidepressants and susceptibility to side effects.

scholarly journals The role of perceived discrimination in mediating the relationship between minority status and psychotic symptoms in a community sample

Konselor ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eko Hermanto ◽  
Sali Rahadi Asih ◽  
Edo Sebastian Jaya
Keyword(s):  
Negative Symptoms ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Perceived Discrimination ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Minority Status ◽  
Social Stressors ◽  
The Relationship

Minority groups have been found to be at higher risk of developing psychotic symptoms, but the underlying mechanism is yet to be established. This study aims to determine the mechanism that underlies the relationship between minority status and psychotic symptoms, investigating the role of perceived discrimination as a mediator. We assessed 387 participants from a community sample in Indonesia using the Community Assessment of Psychotic Experiences for psychotic symptoms, surveys adapted from the NEMESIS study for minority status and perceived discrimination, and controlled for depression with the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. Mediation analysis was conducted, which showed that perceived discrimination fully mediated the relationship between minority status and positive psychotic symptoms, but not negative psychotic symptoms. This finding supports the social defeat hypothesis, which states that social stressors lead to positive psychotic symptoms due to dopamine dysregulation. However, further research is required to illustrate the association between social stressors and negative symptoms.

Color or Culture?: Wage Differences among Non-Hispanic Black Males, Hispanic Black Males and Hispanic White Males

1993 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 53-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremiah Cotton
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Black Males ◽  
Wage Gaps ◽  
Wage Differences ◽  
White Males ◽  
Color Differences ◽  
Hispanic White

The analysis of the determinants of wage differences between Hispanic black, Hispanic white and non-Hispanic black males undertaken in this research does not support the contention that cultural differences are more significant than color differences in the generation of racial wage gaps.

scholarly journals Is Comfort Food Really Good for the Soul? A Replication of Troisi and Gabriel’s (2011) Study 2

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laysee Ong ◽  
Angela Leung ◽  
Hans IJzerman
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Attachment Style ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Significance ◽  
Total N ◽  
Great Caution ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Comfort Food ◽  
Good For

We report the results of three high-powered replications of Troisi and Gabriel’s (2011) idea that writing about comfort food reduces feelings of loneliness amongst securely attached individuals after a belongingness threat. We conducted our studies amongst a large group of participants (Total N = 649) amongst American (MTurk), Dutch (Tilburg University; TiU), and Singaporean (Singapore Management University; SMU) samples. Participants first completed an attachment style scale, followed by writing two essays for manipulating a sense of belongingness and salience of comfort food, and then reporting their loneliness levels. We did not confirm the overall effect over all three countries. However, exploratory results provide the preliminary suggestion that 1) the comfort food explanation likely holds amongst the American samples (including Troisi & Gabriel’s), but not amongst the TiU and SMU samples, and potentially that 2) the TiU and SMU participants self- regulate through warmer (vs. colder) temperature foods. Both of these should be regarded with great caution as these analyses were exploratory, and because the Ns for the different temperature foods were small. We suspect we have uncovered first cross-cultural differences in self-regulation through food, but further confirmatory work is required to understand the cultural significance of comfort food for self- regulation.This paper was published in Frontiers:Ong, L. S., IJzerman, H., & Leung, A. K. Y. (2015). Is comfort food really good for the soul? A replication of Troisi and Gabriel's (2011) Study 2. Frontiers in Psychology, 6.

Individual and Cultural Differences in Predispositions to Feel Positive and Negative Aspects of Awe

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (10) ◽  
pp. 771-793
Author(s):  
Masataka Nakayama ◽  
Yuki Nozaki ◽  
Pamela M. Taylor ◽  
Dacher Keltner ◽  
Yukiko Uchida
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Total N ◽  
North Americans ◽  
Negative Valence ◽  
Individual Trait ◽  
Experiential State

Psychological research on awe has largely focused on its positive dimensions, both in terms of the experiential state of awe and individual trait-based predispositions to awe experience. Little is known, however, about awe’s negative-valence dimensions, such as individual tendencies to experience awe as threatening. To gain a broader understanding of awe, the current study investigates individual predispositions to feel negative aspects of awe (i.e., threat) and positive aspects of awe (e.g., beauty) and examines how these two tendencies are interrelated. Additionally, this study uses both Japanese and US samples to explore whether predispositions to feel awe vary across cultures. Two studies (total N = 1245) suggests that in both Japanese and US samples, predispositions to feel positive and negative aspects of awe were separable. However, there were cultural differences: North Americans were more predisposed to feel positive aspects than Japanese, and the predispositions to feel positive and negative aspects were positively correlated for Japanese, but not North Americans. This contributes to a better understanding of how the valence of awe may be influenced by culturally-mediated patterns of affect.

Cognitive gadgets: A provocative but flawed manifesto

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Del Giudice
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Twin Studies ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Evolutionary Approach ◽  
Genetic Inheritance ◽  
Double Standards ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Cherry Picking ◽  
Dichotomous Thinking

Abstract The argument against innatism at the heart of Cognitive Gadgets is provocative but premature, and is vitiated by dichotomous thinking, interpretive double standards, and evidence cherry-picking. I illustrate my criticism by addressing the heritability of imitation and mindreading, the relevance of twin studies, and the meaning of cross-cultural differences in theory of mind development. Reaching an integrative understanding of genetic inheritance, plasticity, and learning is a formidable task that demands a more nuanced evolutionary approach.

Mental representation of economic crisis in Italian and Swiss samples 1The authors would like to thank Maurizio Mistri for his help in the construction of items. This research was supported by a grant from the Italian Murst (ex 40%).

2001 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucia Savadori ◽  
Eraldo Nicotra ◽  
Rino Rumiati ◽  
Roberto Tamborini
Keyword(s):  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Mental Representation ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
National Context ◽  
Cluster Procedure ◽  
Total N ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Important Symptom

The content and structure of mental representation of economic crises were studied and the flexibility of the structure in different social contexts was tested. Italian and Swiss samples (Total N = 98) were compared with respect to their judgments as to how a series of concrete examples of events representing abstract indicators were relevant symptoms of economic crisis. Mental representations were derived using a cluster procedure. Results showed that the relevance of the indicators varied as a function of national context. The growth of unemployment was judged to be by far the most important symptom of an economic crisis but the Swiss sample judged bankruptcies as more symptomatic than Italians who considered inflation, raw material prices and external accounts to be more relevant. A different clustering structure was found for the two samples: the locations of unemployment and gross domestic production indicators were the main differences in representations.

The Conceptualization and Measurement of Job Crafting

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 173-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp Wolfgang Lichtenthaler ◽  
Andrea Fischbach
Keyword(s):  
Factor Structure ◽  
Work Engagement ◽  
Job Demands ◽  
Job Crafting ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Validity Study ◽  
German Version ◽  
Total N ◽  
Structure Reliability ◽  
German Speaking

Abstract. This research redefined the job demands–resources (JD-R) job crafting model ( Tims & Bakker, 2010 ) to resolve theoretical and empirical inconsistencies regarding the crafting of job demands and developed a German version of the Job Crafting Scale (JCS; Tims, Bakker, & Derks, 2012 ) in two separate studies (total N = 512). In Study 1 the German version of the JCS was developed and tested for its factor structure, reliability, and construct validity. Study 2 dealt with the validity of our redefined JD-R job crafting model. The results show that, like the original version, the German version comprises four job crafting types, and the German version of the JCS is a valid and reliable generic measure that can be used for future research with German-speaking samples. Evidence for the redefined JD-R job crafting model was based on findings relating job crafting to work engagement and emotional exhaustion.

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