Virtual design of knitted compression garments based on bodyscanning technology and the three-dimensional-to-two-dimensional approach

2018 ◽  
Vol 89 (12) ◽  
pp. 2456-2475
Author(s):  
Victor E Kuzmichev ◽  
Ilya V Tislenko ◽  
Dominique C Adolphe
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Absolute Difference ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Virtual Design ◽  
Compression Garments ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
2D Pattern ◽  
Female Bodies

The interdisciplinary approach for the design of compression garments was developed by means of establishing new databases about the elongation of knitted materials, the morphology of female bodies, and the relations between both with the pressure under the garment. We used KES-FB1 and a cylinder made of cosmetology silicone to investigate the relationship between the knitted material strain and the pressure produced. To find the factors that are responsible for comfort perception of compression garments, a sensory analysis with female participants was used to establish the pressure range that is permissible for the human body and the effect of its reshaping. The experimental data obtained was used for validating the theoretical approaches about, firstly, the transformation of a solid polygonal avatar of the scanned body to the soft one, secondly, the virtual three-dimensional (3D) creation of a compression garment in a “relaxed non-elongation state” and, thirdly, obtaining virtual two-dimensional (2D) pattern blocks. Science explorations dedicated to 3D-to-2D flattening of pattern blocks of the avatar surface and to the creation of tight-fitted garments were considered as the background of our research. Several compression garments for females with different morphological features, which were designing by means of a new 3D-to-2D method for flattening of pattern blocks and the traditional 2D “Müller and Sohn” manual, were obtained. The mean value of absolute difference between the predicted and measured pressure was improved from 33% to 14%. Thus, the developed approach based on contemporary virtual reality collection of input data allows one to predict the pressure of compression garments with higher accuracy.

Screening Statues

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Jacobs ◽  
Susan Felleman ◽  
Vito Adriaensens ◽  
Lisa Colpaert
Keyword(s):  
Contemporary Art ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
Film History ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Artistic Practice ◽  
Experimental Art ◽  
Broad Scope ◽  
Art Practices ◽  
Extensive Reference

Sculpture is an artistic practice that involves material, three-dimensional, and generally static objects, whereas cinema produces immaterial, two-dimensional, kinetic images. These differences are the basis for a range of magical, mystical and phenomenological interactions between the two media. Sculptures are literally brought to life on the silver screen, while living people are turned into, or trapped inside, statuary. Sculpture motivates cinematic movement and film makes manifest the durational properties of sculptural space. This book will examine key sculptural motifs and cinematic sculpture in film history through seven chapters and an extensive reference gallery, dealing with the transformation skills of "cinemagician" Georges Méliès, the experimental art documentaries of Carl Theodor Dreyer and Henri Alekan, the statuary metaphors of modernist cinema, the mythological living statues of the peplum genre, and contemporary art practices in which film—as material and apparatus—is used as sculptural medium. The book’s broad scope and interdisciplinary approach is sure to interest scholars, amateurs and students alike.

Asymptotic Fr echet ´Differentiability

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joram Lindenstrauss ◽  
David Preiss ◽  
Tiˇser Jaroslav
Keyword(s):  
Hilbert Spaces ◽  
Variational Approach ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Current Development ◽  
Lipschitz Mappings ◽  
Higher Dimensional ◽  
Fréchet Differentiability ◽  
Frechet Differentiability

This chapter presents the current development of the first, unpublished proof of existence of points Fréchet differentiability of Lipschitz mappings to two-dimensional spaces. For functions into higher dimensional spaces the method does not lead to a point of Gâteaux differentiability but constructs points of asymptotic Fréchet differentiability. The proof uses perturbations that are not additive, rather than the variational approach, but still provides (asymptotic) Fréchet derivatives in every slice of Gâteaux derivatives. However, it cannot be used to prove existence of points of Fréchet differentiability of Lipschitz mappings of Hilbert spaces to three-dimensional spaces. The results are negative in the sense that an appropriate version of the multidimensional mean value estimate holds.

scholarly journals Reconstructing three-dimensional densities from two-dimensional observations of molecular gas

2021 ◽  
Vol 502 (4) ◽  
pp. 5997-6009
Author(s):  
Zipeng Hu ◽  
Mark R Krumholz ◽  
Christoph Federrath ◽  
Riwaj Pokhrel ◽  
Robert A Gutermuth
Keyword(s):  
Star Formation ◽  
Recent Observation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Free Fall ◽  
Volume Density ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Density Estimates ◽  
Fall Time ◽  
Dimensional Measurements

ABSTRACT Star formation has long been known to be an inefficient process, in the sense that only a small fraction ϵff of the mass of any given gas cloud is converted to stars per cloud free-fall time. However, developing a successful theory of star formation will require measurements of both the mean value of ϵff and its scatter from one molecular cloud to another. Because ϵff is measured relative to the free-fall time, such measurements require accurate determinations of cloud volume densities. Efforts to measure the volume density from two-dimensional projected data, however, have thus far relied on treating molecular clouds as simple uniform spheres, while their real shapes are likely to be filamentary and their density distributions far from uniform. The resulting uncertainty in the true volume density is likely to be one of the major sources of error in observational estimates of ϵff. In this paper, we use a suite of simulations of turbulent, magnetized, radiative, self-gravitating star-forming clouds in order to examine whether it is possible to obtain more accurate volume density estimates and thereby reduce this error. We create mock observations from the simulations, and show that current analysis methods relying on the spherical assumption likely yield ∼0.26 dex underestimations and ∼0.51 dex errors in volume density estimates, corresponding to a ∼0.13 dex overestimation and a ∼0.25 dex scatter in ϵff, comparable to the scatter in observed cloud samples. We build a predictive model that uses information accessible in two-dimensional measurements – most significantly, the Gini coefficient of the surface density distribution – to produce estimates of the volume density with ∼0.3 dex less scatter. We test our method on a recent observation of the Ophiuchus cloud, and show that it successfully reduces the ϵff scatter.

Theory of Blade Design for Large Deflections: Part I—Two-Dimensional Cascade

1984 ◽  
Vol 106 (2) ◽  
pp. 346-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Hawthorne ◽  
C. Wang ◽  
C. S. Tan ◽  
J. E. McCune
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Tangential Velocity ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Surface Boundary ◽  
Large Deflections ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Axial Compressors ◽  
A Value ◽  
Surface Boundary Condition

As a step in the development of an analytical method for designing highly loaded, three-dimensional blade profiles for axial compressors and turbines, a simple two-dimensional method was first investigated. The fluid is assumed to be incompressible and inviscid, the blades of negligible thickness, and the mean tangential velocity is prescribed. The blades are represented by a distributed bound vorticity whose strength is determined by the prescribed tangential velocity. The velocity induced by the bound vortices is obtained by a conventional Biot-Savart method assuming a first approximation to the blade profile. Using the blade surface boundary condition, the profile is then obtained by iteration. It is shown that this procedure is successful even for large pitch-chord ratios and large deflections. In order to develop a method for use in three dimensions, the velocity is divided into a pitchwise mean value and a value varying periodically in the pitchwise direction. By using generalized functions to represent the bound vorticity and a Clebsch formulation for the periodic velocity, series expressions are obtained which can be adapted to three-dimensional problems. Several numerical results were obtained using both approaches.

Sketch-based wrinkle generation for three-dimensional virtual garment prototyping

2011 ◽  
Vol 81 (18) ◽  
pp. 1893-1902 ◽  
Author(s):  
JuanFen Jiang ◽  
Yueqi Zhong ◽  
ShanYuan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Mesh Optimization ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Front View ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Wrinkle Generation ◽  
3D Shapes

Wrinkles and folds are the most important properties determining the style of garment. In this paper, we propose a sketch-based method to generate arbitrary wrinkle shapes for three-dimensional (3D) garment prototyping. The user is required to draw wrinkle strokes on the original garment model in the front view and the back view. These two-dimensional strokes are then transferred into 3D shapes in terms of mesh deformations including Loop subdivision, Laplacian mesh optimization, and mean-value encoding/decoding. Various examples have validated the effectiveness of our proposed method, which can be regarded as a novel approach in 3D garment prototyping.

High Resolution Microscopy of Multi-Layered Biological Crystals

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 80-83
Author(s):  
H.A. Cohen ◽  
T.W. Jeng ◽  
W. Chiu
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Data Interpretation ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Biological Objects ◽  
Density Maps ◽  
Density Map ◽  
Complex Crystal ◽  
High Resolution Microscopy

This tutorial will discuss the methodology of low dose electron diffraction and imaging of crystalline biological objects, the problems of data interpretation for two-dimensional projected density maps of glucose embedded protein crystals, the factors to be considered in combining tilt data from three-dimensional crystals, and finally, the prospects of achieving a high resolution three-dimensional density map of a biological crystal. This methodology will be illustrated using two proteins under investigation in our laboratory, the T4 DNA helix destabilizing protein gp32*I and the crotoxin complex crystal.

Instrumentation For Quantitative Microscopy

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 206-209
Author(s):  
B. Ralph ◽  
A.R. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Automatic Data ◽  
Phase Volume Fraction ◽  
Statistical Confidence ◽  
Resultant Data ◽  
Automatic Data Collection ◽  
Third Dimension ◽  
Evolution Of Microstructure

In all fields of microscopy there is an increasing interest in the quantification of microstructure. This interest may stem from a desire to establish quality control parameters or may have a more fundamental requirement involving the derivation of parameters which partially or completely define the three dimensional nature of the microstructure. This latter categorey of study may arise from an interest in the evolution of microstructure or from a desire to generate detailed property/microstructure relationships. In the more fundamental studies some convolution of two-dimensional data into the third dimension (stereological analysis) will be necessary.In some cases the two-dimensional data may be acquired relatively easily without recourse to automatic data collection and further, it may prove possible to perform the data reduction and analysis relatively easily. In such cases the only recourse to machines may well be in establishing the statistical confidence of the resultant data. Such relatively straightforward studies tend to result from acquiring data on the whole assemblage of features making up the microstructure. In this field data mode, when parameters such as phase volume fraction, mean size etc. are sought, the main case for resorting to automation is in order to perform repetitive analyses since each analysis is relatively easily performed.

A linearity test for thick specimens imaged by HVEM over a 180° angular range

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 552-553
Author(s):  
Yu Liu
Keyword(s):  
Phase Contrast ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Angular Range ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Back Projection ◽  
Line Integral ◽  
Exponential Law ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Absorption Law ◽  
Linearity Test

The image obtained in a transmission electron microscope is the two-dimensional projection of a three-dimensional (3D) object. The 3D reconstruction of the object can be calculated from a series of projections by back-projection, but this algorithm assumes that the image is linearly related to a line integral of the object function. However, there are two kinds of contrast in electron microscopy, scattering and phase contrast, of which only the latter is linear with the optical density (OD) in the micrograph. Therefore the OD can be used as a measure of the projection only for thin specimens where phase contrast dominates the image. For thick specimens, where scattering contrast predominates, an exponential absorption law holds, and a logarithm of OD must be used. However, for large thicknesses, the simple exponential law might break down due to multiple and inelastic scattering.

An Image Reconstruction System Applied to High Voltage Microscopy

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 292-293
Author(s):  
D. E. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
High Voltage ◽  
Prior Information ◽  
Block Diagram ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Real Space ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Efficient Manner ◽  
Fourier Methods ◽  
Tilt Series ◽  
Methods Of Reconstruction

Increased specimen penetration; the principle advantage of high voltage microscopy, is accompanied by an increased need to utilize information on three dimensional specimen structure available in the form of two dimensional projections (i.e. micrographs). We are engaged in a program to develop methods which allow the maximum use of information contained in a through tilt series of micrographs to determine three dimensional speciman structure.In general, we are dealing with structures lacking in symmetry and with projections available from only a limited span of angles (±60°). For these reasons, we must make maximum use of any prior information available about the specimen. To do this in the most efficient manner, we have concentrated on iterative, real space methods rather than Fourier methods of reconstruction. The particular iterative algorithm we have developed is given in detail in ref. 3. A block diagram of the complete reconstruction system is shown in fig. 1.

Computer Assisted Image Reconstruction of Oligomer Structure

1976 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 472-473
Author(s):  
A.M. Jones ◽  
A. Max Fiskin
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Depth Of Field ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Projection Data ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Single Particles ◽  
Dimensional Reconstruction ◽  
Computer Assisted Image ◽  
The Fourier Transform ◽  
Space Approach

If the tilt of a specimen can be varied either by the strategy of observing identical particles orientated randomly or by use of a eucentric goniometer stage, three dimensional reconstruction procedures are available (l). If the specimens, such as small protein aggregates, lack periodicity, direct space methods compete favorably in ease of implementation with reconstruction by the Fourier (transform) space approach (2). Regardless of method, reconstruction is possible because useful specimen thicknesses are always much less than the depth of field in an electron microscope. Thus electron images record the amount of stain in columns of the object normal to the recording plates. For single particles, practical considerations dictate that the specimen be tilted precisely about a single axis. In so doing a reconstructed image is achieved serially from two-dimensional sections which in turn are generated by a series of back-to-front lines of projection data.

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