Trends in Serious Juvenile Crime

1983 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 485-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN H. LAUB
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Juvenile Offenders ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Juvenile Crime ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
Report Data ◽  
Self Report Data ◽  
Personal Crimes

Throughout the past decade, serious juvenile crime has been the focus of considerable attention by legislators, law enforcement personnel, academic criminologists, media, and the public. Despite this attention, however, misunderstanding, misperception, and confusion still exist and, in some instances, seem to dominate both research and public policy. Utilizing National Crime Survey (NCS) victimization data as an alternative to official and self-report data, this analysis focuses on the patterns of juvenile offending in serious personal crimes from 1973 to 1980. The NCS data do not support the contention that serious juvenile crime has risen dramatically over the last 8 years. Moreover, the types of personal crimes committed by juveniles has not changed substantially over the 1973 to 1980 period. To the extent that recent legislation calling for more severe handling of juvenile offenders is based on substantial upswings in juvenile crime in recent years or changes in the types of crimes committed by juveniles, NCS data cannot provide support for such policy changes.

scholarly journals Are survey measures of medical careutilisation misleading?

2001 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ric Marshall ◽  
David Grayson ◽  
Anthony Jorm ◽  
Brian O'Toole
Keyword(s):  
Medical Care ◽  
Vietnam Veterans ◽  
Epidemiological Survey ◽  
National Health Survey ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Veterans Health ◽  
The Past ◽  
Report Data ◽  
Self Report Data

found when estimates from self-report data from anepidemiolgical study were compared to actual cost data extracted from administrative records. Even though the fewsubjects who were actually provided with two or more services in the two-week self-report period substantially under-reportedtheir medical care consumption, a large net over-estimate of medical care consumption was produced by theself-report data. This finding has important implications for use of self-report data from surveys such as the AustralianBureau of Statistics (ABS) National Health Survey for estimating health service consumption.By combining epidemiological survey data from the Australian Vietnam Veterans Health Study (AVVHS), with dataon actual medical care for which the Health Insurance Commission (HIC) or the Department of Veterans' Affairs (DVA)paid benefits, we were able to directly compare self-reported medical care consumption with actual medical careutilisation. The comparison revealed that veterans' self-reports were a valid measure of relative medical careconsumption because those who reported care over the past two weeks were much more likely to have been recentconsumers than those who did not. This relationship became even stronger if the comparison of self-report was extendedto data on benefits paid beyond the two-week self-report period. However, the HIC and DVA data confirmed only 51%of veterans self-reporting medical care consumption during the past two weeks actually received a service.

scholarly journals Methods for the detection of carelessly invalid responses in survey data

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul G Curran
Keyword(s):  
Survey Data ◽  
Experimental Psychology ◽  
Self Report ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
The Past ◽  
Report Data ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Self Report Data ◽  
Data Collections ◽  
Online Measures

Self-report data collections, particularly through online measures, are ubiquitous in both experimental and non- experimental psychology. Invalid data can be present in such data collections for a number of reasons. One reason is careless or insufficient effort (C/IE) responding. The past decade has seen a rise in research on techniques to detect and remove these data before normal analysis (Huang, Curran, Keeney, Poposki, & DeShon, 2012; Johnson, 2005; Meade & Craig, 2012). The rigorous use of these techniques is valuable tool for the removal of error that can impact survey results (Huang, Liu, & Bowling, 2015). This research has encompassed a number of sub-fields of psychology, and this paper aims to integrate different perspectives into a review and assessment of current tech- niques, an introduction of new techniques, and a generation of recommendations for practical use. Concerns about C/IE responding are a factor any time self-report data are collected, and all such researchers should be well-versed on methods to detect this pattern of response.

Evaluation of Simulation Outcomes

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-180
Author(s):  
Susan Prion ◽  
Katie Anne Haerling
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Education ◽  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Future Research ◽  
The Past ◽  
Simulation Evaluation ◽  
Report Data ◽  
Self Report Data ◽  
And Training ◽  
Initial Focus

Simulation has been used in nursing education and training since Florence Nightingale's era. Over the past 20 years, simulation learning experiences (SLEs) have been used with increasing frequently to educate healthcare professionals, develop and increase the expertise of practicing professionals, and gain competency in key interprofessional skills. This chapter provides a brief overview of simulation evaluation history, beginning in the late 1990s, and the initial focus on learner self-report data. Using Kirkpatrick's Levels of Evaluation as an organizing model, four types of SLE evaluation are reviewed as well as suggestions for future research.

scholarly journals A systematic review of observational methods used to quantify personal protective behaviours among members of the public during the COVID-19 pandemic, and the concordance between observational and self-report measures in infectious disease health protection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Davies ◽  
Fiona Mowbray ◽  
Alex F Martin ◽  
Louise E Smith ◽  
G James Rubin
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Hand Hygiene ◽  
Observational Data ◽  
Self Report ◽  
The Public ◽  
Observational Measure ◽  
Report Data ◽  
Self Report Data ◽  
Protective Behaviours

Objectives: To assess the quantity and quality of studies using an observational measure of behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic, and to narratively describe the association between self-report and observational data for behaviours relevant to controlling an infectious disease outbreak. Design: Systematic review and narrative synthesis of observational studies. Data sources: We searched Medline, Embase, PsychInfo, Publons, Scopus and the Public Health England behavioural science LitRep database from inception to 17th September 2021 for relevant studies. Study selection: We included studies which collected observational data of at least one of three health protective behaviours (hand hygiene, face covering use and maintaining physical distance from others (social distancing) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Studies where observational data were compared to self-report data in relation to any infectious disease were also included. Data extraction and synthesis: We evaluated the quality of studies using the NIH quality assessment scale for observational studies, extracted data on sample size, setting and adherence to health protective behaviours, and synthesized results narratively. Results: Of 27,279 published papers on COVID-19 relevant health protective behaviours that included one or more terms relating to hand hygiene, face covering and social distancing, we identified 48 studies that included an objective observational measure. Of these, 35 assessed face covering use, 17 assessed hand hygiene behaviour and seven assessed physical distancing. The general quality of these studies was good. When expanding the search to all infectious diseases, we included 21 studies that compared observational versus self-report data. These almost exclusively studied hand hygiene. The difference in outcomes was striking, with self-report over-estimating observed adherence by up to a factor of five in some settings. In only four papers did self-report match observational data in any domains. Conclusions: Despite their importance in controlling the pandemic, we found remarkably few studies assessing protective behaviours by observation, rather than self-report, though these studies tended to be of reasonably good quality. Observed adherence tends to be substantially lower than estimates obtained via self-report. Accurate assessment of levels of personal protective behaviour, and evaluation of interventions to increase this, would benefit from the use of observational methods.

scholarly journals Accuracy of body mass index based on self-report data among law enforcement cadets

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Quincy Johnson ◽  
Jillian Joyce ◽  
Filip Kukić ◽  
Robert Lockie ◽  
Charles Kornhauser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Report Data ◽  
Self Report Data ◽  
Study Participants

BACKGROUND - Height and body mass are often self-reported by study participants. However, the accuracy of this data compared to measured values is limited in tactical trainee populations. This study's purpose was to compare the accuracy of self-reported height and body mass to measured values within a US law enforcement cadet population, and determine how these estimations affected BMI classifications. METHODS - Self-reported and measured body height and body mass for twenty-six (n = 26) male and female cadets (males - age: 31.32 ± 10.04 years; measured height: 178.07 ± 9.87 cm; measured body mass: 92.44 ± 19.37 kg; females - age: 25.67 ± 1.53 years; measured body height: 168.17 ± 4.01cm; measured body mass: 78.94 ± 11.30 kg) were analyzed. RESULTS - Significant differences between estimated and measured height (p < 0.001), body mass (p < 0.05), but not BMI (p = 0.281) were revealed. CONCLUSION - Self-reported body height and body mass were not accurately reported when compared to measured values. However, reported resulted in accurate BMI classifications.

Integrating a Performance-Based Observation Measure of Functional Status into a Population-Based Longitudinal Study of Aging

2003 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcia Finlayson ◽  
Betty Havens ◽  
Margo B. Holm ◽  
Toni Van Denend
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Functional Status ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Performance Measure ◽  
The Self ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Past ◽  
Report Data ◽  
Self Report Data

ABSTRACTOver the past 15 to 20 years there has been discussion and debate in the gerontological literature about the relative merits of self-report versus performance-based observational (PBO) measures of functional status. In 2001 the Aging in Manitoba Longitudinal Study had the opportunity to add a PBO measure of functional status and use it together with two self-report measures on a sub-sample of 138 participants. The PBO measure that was used was the Performance Assessment of Self-Care Skills, Version 3.1 (Home). Using ranks of the proportion of participants who were independent in nine different tasks, no significant correlations were found between the performance measure scores and either of the self-report measures. This finding suggests that using self-report data rather than performance data could lead program developers and policy makers to different conclusions about the extent of need for assistance among older adults.

scholarly journals Taking A Closer Look At The Bayesian Truth Serum: A Registered Report

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp Schönegger ◽  
Steven Verheyen
Keyword(s):  
Self Report ◽  
Original Result ◽  
Incentive Compatible ◽  
The Past ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
Report Data ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Expected Earnings ◽  
Altered Response ◽  
Self Report Data

Over the past decades, psychology and its cognate disciplines have undergone substantial reform, ranging from advances in statistical methodology to significant changes in academic norms. One aspect of experimental design that has received comparatively little attention is incentivisation, i.e. the way that participants are rewarded and incentivised monetarily for their participation. While incentive-compatible designs are in use in disciplines like economics, the majority of studies in psychology and experimental philosophy are constructed such that individuals’ incentives to maximise their payoffs in many cases counteract their incentives to state their true preferences honestly. This is in part because the subject matter is often self-report data about subjective topics. One mechanism that allows for the introduction of an incentive-compatible design in such circumstances is the Bayesian Truth Serum (Prelec, 2004), which rewards participants based on how surprisingly common their answer are. Recently, Schoenegger (2021) applied this mechanism in the context of Likert-scale self-reports, finding that the introduction of this mechanism significantly altered response behaviour. In this registered report, we further investigate this mechanism by (i) replicating the original result and (ii) teasing out whether the effect may be explainable by an increase in expected earnings or the addition of a prediction task. We take this project to help introduce incentivisation mechanisms into fields where they were not widely used before.

scholarly journals Juvenile crime drop: What is happening with youth in Spain and why?

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 306-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esther Fernández-Molina ◽  
Raquel Bartolomé Gutiérrez
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Crime Rates ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Juvenile Crime ◽  
Western World ◽  
Crime Trends ◽  
Crime Drop ◽  
Report Data ◽  
Self Report Data

One of the most robust findings in criminology is the fall in crime rates throughout the Western world. However, there is still much to be learnt about this and its causes. This case study analyses the Spanish juvenile crime trends and tests the explanatory capacity of the sociodemographic hypotheses. We use aggregate data provided by the police and self-report data. Our analysis could be of interest in a worldwide debate on the crime drop. Demographic changes and the economic situation have little relevance in explaining the changes. However, public policies seem to have had a greater impact on crime trends. Furthermore, gender equality can be considered a possible explanatory factor.

An online home for the homeless: A content analysis of the subreddit r/homeless

2021 ◽  
pp. 146144482110486
Author(s):  
Aparajita Bhandari ◽  
Billie Sun
Keyword(s):  
Online Community ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Self Report ◽  
The Public ◽  
Societal Issues ◽  
Qualitative Thematic Analysis ◽  
Care And Support ◽  
Report Data ◽  
Self Report Data ◽  
The Relationship

There is currently a little observational work exploring homeless peoples’ digital networking behaviors, with previous research relying on limited self-report data. This study fills this gap through a qualitative thematic analysis of the public subreddit r/homeless. We analyzed the 30 most commented posts on the subreddit from each month of 2019, examining a total of 360 posts. We find that r/homeless contributions primarily center around (a) commentary on social issues, (b) communication of needs and concerns, (c) offering of care and support, and (d) online community management and engagement, suggesting that homeless individuals not only leverage the r/homeless subreddit to gain support and information, but to generate discourse around larger societal issues. Evidence of both bridging and bonding ties was present on the subreddit, with bonding ties being especially valued and sought after by homeless users, contributing to the growing literature on the relationship between social capital, social media, and homelessness.

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