Phoenix and the Fight over the Papago-Inner Loop: Race, Class, and the Making of a Suburban Metropolis, 1969-1979

Few postwar cities grew as quickly as Phoenix, as suburban, pro-growth policies created a sprawling metropolitan area, but also problems like acute traffic congestion, which policymakers attempted to solve with an urban freeway. The Papago Freeway revolt highlights that transportation policy, like other aspects of suburbanization, had deep roots in intentional and incidental race and class discrimination at all levels of government and private decisions. Moreover, the debate reveals the changing relationship between the federal government and cities under President Nixon and the incendiary political, social, and cultural forces fracturing metropolitan America. The revolt led to design changes that mitigated some of the negative impacts of the freeway, but the Papago still resulted in inequitable outcomes for minorities and low-income populations in the inner city. Most important, it shows that ignoring historical inequities in policy decisions runs the risk of continuing or, worse, exacerbating them.

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IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN TRANSPORTASI PUBLIK DALAM MENGATASI KEMACETAN DAN KEPADATAN LALU LINTAS DI MEDAN

JURNAL MANAJEMEN TRANSPORTASI DAN LOGISTIK ◽

10.25292/j.mtl.v4i2.73 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 147

Author(s):

Suci Ramadhani Siregar ◽

Wardaya Wardaya ◽

Darmawan Tas’an

Keyword(s):

Inner City ◽

Traffic Congestion ◽

Public Awareness ◽

Transportation Policy ◽

City Government ◽

Traffic Density ◽

Analytic Hierarchy ◽

Traffic Jam ◽

Analysis And Evaluation ◽

Hierarchy Process

The purpose of this reserach is to find the alternative policy that should be taken by the Medan City Government, describes the causes of traffic density and traffic congestion and to evaluate the implementation of the Medan City Government policy in facing the problems of transportation and traffic congestion of Medan City. The study was conducted at (a) the inner city corridor road: Jalan Mohd. Yamin and Jalan Balai Kota (b) outter corridor road: Jalan Yos Sudarso, Jalan Letda Sujono, Jalan Jamin Ginting, Jalan S.M. Raja, and Jalan Gatot Subroto (c) the outer ring road is Jalan Karya Jasa. Data collection from various sources and processed for analysis and evaluation using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The sample is taken by purposive way where the selected respondent has competence in reviewing policy to resolve traffic jam. Based on research results, the density and traffic congestion can be resolve with more effective transportation policy, consistent enforcement of rules by the policy implementers and public awareness to obey the rules of transportation policy that have been made.

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Inequality, policy polarization and the income gap in turnout

Party Politics ◽

10.1177/13540688211011924 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 135406882110119

Author(s):

Matthew Polacko

Keyword(s):

Income Inequality ◽

Low Income ◽

Party Systems ◽

Individual Level ◽

Income Gap ◽

Income Groups ◽

Logistic Regressions ◽

Negative Impacts ◽

The Impact ◽

The Relationship

Previous research into the relationship between income inequality and turnout inequality has produced mixed results, as consensus is lacking whether inequality reduces turnout for all income groups, low-income earners, or no one. Therefore, this paper builds on this literature by introducing supply-side logic, through the first individual-level test of the impact that income inequality (moderated by policy manifesto positions) has on turnout. It does so through multilevel logistic regressions utilizing mixed effects, on a sample of 30 advanced democracies in 102 elections from 1996 to 2016. It finds that higher levels of income inequality significantly reduce turnout and widen the turnout gap between rich and poor. However, it also finds that when party systems are more polarized, low-income earners are mobilized the greatest extent coupled with higher inequality, resulting in a significantly reduced income gap in turnout. The findings magnify the negative impacts income inequality can exert on political behavior and contribute to the study of policy offerings as a key moderating mechanism in the relationship.

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Examining social determinants by locale to inform community linkages

European Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/eurpub/ckaa166.264 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽

Author(s):

J Davis

Keyword(s):

Social Determinants ◽

Low Income ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Rank Order ◽

Disabled Persons ◽

Behavioral Risk ◽

Exploratory Research ◽

Frequency Distributions ◽

Individual Level ◽

Negative Impacts

Abstract Achieving a long-lasting impact on health outcomes requires focus not just on patient care, but also on community approaches aimed at improving population health through addressing gaps in Social Determinants of Health (SDOH). SDOH have been found to disproportionately affect those in low-income brackets and the disabled to varying degrees based on locale. The purpose of this exploratory research was to determine 1) which SDOH have the greatest negative impact on disabled and elderly populations within four targeted states (Iowa, Ohio, Minnesota, Wisconsin) and 2) if there is a difference in negative SDOH impact between metro and non-metro locales. Individual-level data were obtained from disabled persons aged 65 years or older who responded to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's 2017 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) survey. Utilizing these data, frequency distributions were obtained using SPSS. Rank order variation in SDOH was observed among four Midwestern states and between metro vs. non-metro geographic regions. Frequency distributions assisted in identifying the greatest negative impacting SDOH on elderly disabled populations. An examination of the rank order tables allowed the investigator to accurately assess the rank of negative impacts. There were variabilities in responses to questions with moving two or more times within 12 months having the lowest negative impact. When regrouped based upon SDOH negative impacts, were you able to pay your bills was the most frequent SDOH across all states. Feeling unsafe or extremely unsafe in your neighborhood was the highest negatively impacted SDOH within states. Cited determinants in three categories were highest in Ohio. Ohio also had the highest proportion of negatively impacted SDOH across all states. No money for balanced meals was a close second SDOH across states. Key messages Social Determinants Impacting Elderly Disabled. Impact of Social Determinants by Geography.

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The "Hustle": Socioeconomic Deprivation, Urban Drug Trafficking, and Low-Income, African-American Male Gender Identity

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.93.6.1050 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 93 (6) ◽

pp. 1050-1054

Author(s):

Tony Larry Whitehead ◽

James Peterson ◽

Linda Kaljee

Keyword(s):

African American ◽

Inner City ◽

Low Income ◽

African American Males ◽

Drug Trafficking ◽

The United States ◽

Economic Support ◽

Power Base ◽

Considerable Morbidity ◽

Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Objective. Drug trafficking seems to be both prevalent and associated with considerable morbidity and mortality among inner-city African-American males. Survey data has indicated the possible importance of economic need in the rapid emergence of drug trafficking in this population. In the present study, an historical-cultural approach is used to examine this economic relationship further and to explore the role that drug trafficking plays in a society that has permitted its successful and rapid growth. Methodology. Data were obtained from interviews of approximately 600 African-Americans residing in inner-city neighborhoods in Washington, DC and Baltimore during nine drug- and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related studies conducted over 4 years. Results and conclusions. From the perspective of the study participants, the need to provide economic support for one's family as well as to achieve some sense of status, respect, and reputation among one's peers are two core constructs of masculine identity in the United States. The historical and worsening inequities in access to economic resources and power by African-American males are viewed as significantly reducing the opportunity for economic success through more social or legal enterprises. Pursuit of nonmainstream activities (such as drug trafficking) is perceived as offering an opportunity for economic advancement and for establishing a power base for individuals who have been denied access to mainstream opportunities.

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Repairing the damage: cleaning up hazardous coal ash can create jobs and improve the environment

10.47923/2021.14314 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jeremy Richardson ◽

◽

Eric Dixon ◽

Ted Boettner ◽

Keyword(s):

Water Pollution ◽

Air Pollution ◽

Life Cycle ◽

Low Income ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Coal Ash ◽

Local Communities ◽

Work Place ◽

Communities Of Color ◽

Negative Impacts

Although coal has powered the nation for generations and today offers well-paying jobs—often the best opportunities in more rural areas—coal negatively affects human health and the environment at every point in its life cycle: when it is mined, processed, transported, burned, and discarded (Freese, Clemmer, and Nogee 2008). Local communities— often low-income communities and/or communities of color—have for decades borne the brunt of these negative impacts, including air pollution, water pollution, and work- place injuries, illnesses, and fatalities.

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FINANCIAL STABILITY AND FINANCIAL INCLUSION: THE CASE OF SME LENDING

The Singapore Economic Review ◽

10.1142/s0217590818410035 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 63 (01) ◽

pp. 111-124 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

PETER J. MORGAN ◽

VICTOR PONTINES

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Financial Services ◽

Financial Stability ◽

Developing Economies ◽

Empirical Studies ◽

Bank Lending ◽

Financial Inclusion ◽

Nonperforming Loans ◽

Z Scores ◽

Negative Impacts

Developing economies are seeking to promote financial inclusion, i.e., greater access to financial services for low-income households and firms. This raises the question of whether greater financial inclusion tends to increase or decrease financial stability. A number of studies have suggested both positive and negative impacts on financial stability, but very few empirical studies have been made. This study focuses on the implications of greater financial inclusion for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) for financial stability. It estimates the effects of measures of the share of bank lending to SMEs on two measures of financial stability — bank nonperforming loans and bank Z scores. We find some evidence that an increased share of lending to SMEs aids financial stability by reducing non-performing loans (NPLs) and the probability of default by financial institutions.

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Low-income Inner-City Fathers and Breastfeeding—Where's the Program for Us?

Breastfeeding Medicine ◽

10.1089/bfm.2012.0147 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 8 (6) ◽

pp. 507-508 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Elizabeth Banks ◽

Steve Killpack ◽

Lydia Furman

Keyword(s):

Inner City ◽

Low Income

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DAMPAK POLUSI PARTIKEL DEBU DAN GAS KENDARAAN BERMOTOR PADA VOLUME DAN KAPASITAS PARU

JURNAL BIOMEDIK (JBM) ◽

10.35790/jbm.1.2.2009.814 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Jehosua Sinolungan

Keyword(s):

Air Pollution ◽

Global Health ◽

Inner City ◽

Key Words ◽

Urban Environment ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Environmentally Friendly ◽

Dust Particles ◽

Key Words Air Pollution ◽

Negative Impacts

Abstract: The increasing number of vehicles which increase air pollution has negative impacts on global health, especially that of lung problems. Nowadays, people’s mobility is fast and variable, needing better and more environmentally friendly transportation, without neglecting the socio-economic aspect. These are the reasons to develop better and more environmentally related transportation facilities. By understanding air pollution mechanisms, and kinds of particles and pollutants from vehicles, we will appreciate and pay more attention to our environment, especially in urban areas. Collaboration among health and government related departments has to be improved to regulate the use of inner city vehicles, so that it can decrease lung problems. Key words: air pollution, transportation, dust particles, urban environment. Abstrak: Bertambahnya jumlah kendaraan bermotor seiring dengan bertambahnya polusi udara, dan menimbulkan masalah global, yang berdampak negatif antara lain masalah kesehatan paru. Mobilitas manusia semakin beragam sehingga diperlukan dukungan sistem transportasi yang makin baik pula serta akrab lingkungan, tanpa mengabaikan segi sosio-ekonomi. Oleh karena itu sistem transportasi ini perlu dikembangkan menjadi sistem transportasi yang berkelanjutan. Diharapkan dengan mengetahui batasan polusi udara, jenis, serta dampak partikel debu dan gas kendaraan bermotor bagi kesehatan manusia akan membuat kita lebih mencintai dan memperhatikan lingkugan hidup kita, khususnya sekitar perkotaan. Perana kerjasama lintas sektoral untuk mengatasi polusi partikel debu dan gas buangan perlu ditingkatkan Pengaturan kendaraan layak beroperasi akan menekan mening-katnya kasus infeksi atau gangguan saluran napas. Kata kunci: polusi udara, transportasi, partikel debu, lingkungan perkotaan.

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