scholarly journals Another Ten Years in Education

1986 ◽  
Vol 79 (4) ◽  
pp. 194-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Warnock

Opening remarks by the President, Sir John Walton: The Lloyd Roberts Lecture is one of the major events of the Society year. It is given in rotation at the invitation of the Royal College of Physicians of London, the Medical Society of London and the Royal Society of Medicine, and this year it is our turn. For those of you who do not know who Lloyd Roberts was — he died in 1920, at which time he was the Consulting Obstetric Physician, a very modern term indeed, to Manchester Royal Infirmary because, although he practised throughout his professional life as an obstetrician and gynaecologist, he was also a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of London and was particularly interested in medical aspects of obstetrics and gynaecology. He was one of that long line of medical polymaths who distinguished British medical affairs in the last century and in the early part of this century in that he had a major interest in literary matters. Quite apart from publishing his very well known Students' Guide to the Practice of Midwifery, he also published a revised edition of Sir Thomas Browne's Religio Medici, and was responsible for writing a major work on The Scientific Knowledge of Dante. A great collector of art treasures, including a specially fine collection of mezzotints, glass and books, he was in many, many ways a man of outstanding breadth of interest and culture. One of the most interesting things that was said about Lloyd Roberts in a very long obituary after he died was that, even if he had died thirty years earlier, his biography would have had a very large sale. Hospital work done, he was to be found by midday standing, always standing, compact, alert, close cropped, by his consulting room fire with a glass of milk warming in the fender and, amongst the instruments on the mantelpiece, there were walnuts, which he cracked at intervals with explosive violence. These served for lunch. One of his most famous quotes, which apparently has always been remembered, was that he used to say he was not a consultant but ‘a general specialist, with a leaning towards women’, and his definition of gynaecology was ‘anything either curable or lucrative’. But everyone said that he was a born healer and it did people good merely to see him, so that he was clearly one of the most notable members of our profession of the day. Now, who could we have chosen better than Baroness Warnock to deliver this year's Lloyd Roberts Lecture? Educated at Lady Margaret Hall, subsequently Fellow and Tutor of Philosophy at St Hugh's College and then later Headmistress of Oxford High School for six years, she has chaired many special enquiries of particular interest to this profession, such as the Committee of Enquiry into Special Education. She served on the Advisory Committee on Animal Experiments as Chairman until recently and we know very well of her work in chairing the Committee of Enquiry into Human Fertilization and Embryology. She has also found the time to write widely on Existentialism, Imagination and Education, and other topics. Now, if there has been an occasion when simultaneously a husband and wife have been respectively Head of House, one in Oxford and the other in Cambridge, then as a very new boy at Oxford it is not something which I personally have been aware. Interest in education makes it particularly fitting that she should have chosen tonight, following upon the lecture given in this series some fifteen years ago by Lord James of Rusholme, to talk about ‘Another ten years in education’.

Author(s):  
J. Schmitz ◽  
S. Desa

Abstract It is well-known that so-called Concurrent Engineering is a desirable alternative to the largely sequential methods which tend to dominate most product development methods. However, the proper implementation of a concurrent engineering method is still relatively rare. In order to facilitate the development of a reliable concurrent engineering product development method, we start with a careful definition of concurrent engineering and, after an extensive study of all of product development, we propose three criteria which ideal concurrent engineering must satisfy. However, for labor, time, and overall cost considerations, ideal concurrent engineering is infeasible. Instead, we propose a computer-based environment which, by being constructed in accordance with the three criteria, attempts to approach ideal concurrent engineering. The result is the Virtual Concurrent Engineering method and computer implementation environment. This product development method and computer-based implementation system provide the detailed, structured information and data needed to optimally balance the product with respect to the main product development parameters (e.g., manufacturing costs, assembly, reliability). This important information includes re-design suggestions to improve the existing design. The designer can directly apply these re-design suggestions for design optimization, or he can use the results as input into a more complex design optimization or design parameterization function of his own. To demonstrate Virtual Concurrent Engineering, we use it to refine earlier work done by the authors in the Design for Producibility of stamped products. We discuss, in some detail, the results of applying Design for Producibility to complex stampings, including process plans and product producibility computations.


The formula for pressure difference across a charged conducting liquid surface has conventionally been derived by adding a Maxwell stress term to the pressure-difference formula for the field-free case. As far as can be established, no derivation applying direct energy-based methods to the charged-surface case has ever been clearly formulated. This paper presents a first-principles variational derivation, starting from the laws of thermodynamics and modelled on Gibbs’s (1875) approach to the field-free case. The derivation applies to the static equilibrium situation. The method is to treat the charged liquid and its environment as a heterogeneous system in thermodynamic equilibrium, and consider the effects of a small virtual variation in the shape of the conducting-liquid surface. Expressions can be obtained for virtual changes in the free energies of relevant system components and for the virtual electrical work done on the system. By converting the space integral of the variation in electrostatic field energy to an integral over the surface of the liquid electrode, the usual pressure-difference formula is retrieved. It is also shown how the problem can be formulated, in various ways, as a free-energy problem in a situation involving electric stresses and capacitance. The most satisfactory approach involves the definition of an unfamiliar form of free energy, that can be seen as the electrical analogue of the Gibbs free energy and may have use in other contexts.


2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-46
Author(s):  
Irina Troitskaia ◽  
Alexander Avdeev

The purpose of this article is to analyze changes in the diagnosis of causes of death of the local population and to study the relationship of these changes with the development of medicine and unification of the definition of causes of death in Russia. The information base of the study is the registers of the two parishes in the Moscow County in the period from 1815 to 1918. The obtained results show a significant improvement in the diagnosing of causes of death in the second half of the XIX century, connected with the expansion of the network of medical institutions in the Moscow Province and the activity of the medical society in the development of the Russian nomenclature of diseases.


2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toby Morris ◽  
Suzanne M Mason ◽  
Chris Moulton ◽  
Colin O’Keeffe

IntroductionAvoidable attendances (AAs; defined as non-urgent, self-referred patients who could be managed more effectively and efficiently by other services) have been identified as a contributor to ED crowding. Internationally, AAs have been estimated to constitute 10%–90% of ED attendances, with the UK 2013 Urgent and Emergency Care Review suggesting a figure of 40%.MethodsThis pilot study used data from the Royal College of Emergency Medicine’s Sentinel Site Survey to estimate the proportion of AAs in 12 EDs across England on a standard day (20 March 2014). AAs were defined by an expert panel using questions from the survey. All patients attending the EDs were recorded with details of investigations and treatments received, and the proportion of patients meeting criteria for AA was calculated.ResultsVisits for 3044 patients were included. Based on these criteria, a mean of 19.4% (95% CI 18.0% to 20.8%) of attendances could be deemed avoidable. The lowest proportion of AAs reported was 10.7%, while the highest was 44.3%. Younger age was a significant predictor of AA with mean age of 38.6 years for all patients attending compared with 24.6 years for patients attending avoidably (p≤0.001).DiscussionThe proportion of AAs in this study was lower than many estimates in the literature, including that reported by the 2013 Urgent and Emergency Care Review. This suggests the ED is the most appropriate healthcare setting for many patients due to comprehensive investigations, treatments and capability for urgent referrals.The proportion of AAs is dependent on the defining criteria used, highlighting the need for a standardised, universal definition of an appropriate/avoidable ED attendance. This is essential to understanding how AAs contribute to the overall issue of crowding.


Author(s):  
Renee Sylvain

Moringe ole Parkipuny addressed the United Nations Working Group on Indigenous Populations (UNWGIP) in 1989 and, for the first time, opened up discussion of the idea that certain groups of hunter-gathers and pastoralists in Africa merited the status of indigenous peoples. Local activists and international organizations took up the cause in the following decades. Several international conferences resulted in new forms of activism, the reformulation of local identities, and a growing body of scholarship addressing African indigeneity. As NGOs built solidarity among relatively scattered groups of pastoralists and hunter-gatherers, often skeptical state governments initially resisted what they saw as demands for recognition of status and claims to “special rights.” Disagreements between state interests and newly organized indigenous groups were expressed at the United Nations during the process of adopting the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP); but as the idea of indigeneity evolved through such discussions, African governments gradually came on board. International activism and work done by the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights play significant roles in convincing African states to accept the concept of “indigenous peoples.” The issue of developing a definition of “indigenous peoples” appropriate for Africa remains unsettled and continues to present challenges. Mobilization among marginalized groups on the African continent itself, however, has presented NGOs, activists, states, and courts with the opportunity, through well-publicized struggles and several landmark legal cases, to refine the category to better fit with African contexts.


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