scholarly journals The Trouble with Race in Forensic Identification

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 804-828 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amade M’charek ◽  
Victor Toom ◽  
Lisette Jong

The capacity of contemporary forensic genetics has rendered “race” into an interesting tool to produce clues about the identity of an unknown suspect. Whereas the conventional use of DNA profiling was primarily aimed at the individual suspect, more recently a shift of interest in forensic genetics has taken place, in which the population and the family to whom an unknown suspect allegedly belongs, has moved center stage. Making inferences about the phenotype or the family relations of this unknown suspect produces suspect populations and families. We discuss the criminal investigation following the Marianne Vaatstra murder case in the Netherlands and the use of forensic (genetic) technologies therein. It is in many ways an interesting case, but in this paper, we focus on how race surfaced in science and society. We show that race materializes neither in the technologies used nor in the bodies at stake. Rather, race emerges through a material semiotic relation that surfaces in the translation that occurs as humans and things move across sites. We argue that race is enacted, firstly, in the context of legislation as biology reduced to bodily characteristics; secondly, in the forensic analyses as patterns of absent presence; and, thirdly, in society as a process of phenotypic othering.

2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 192-200
Author(s):  
K.A. Avsydykova ◽  
◽  
A.S. Yelamanova ◽  

The family is the main social institution that carries out spiritual, cultural, personal, physiological development of the individual. Global changes in recent years have led to the emergence of a family crisis, which has an impact on the institution of the family, family and marriage relations and causes public concern. The transformation of the Kazakhstan Family Institute has contributed to the emergence of negative trends, in addition to traditional types of family relations. One of them is an increase in the number of single- parent families consisting of single mothers.


2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 484-489
Author(s):  
Gustavo Barbalho Guedes EMILIANO ◽  
Fernando Souza MARINHO ◽  
Rogério Nogueira de OLIVEIRA

ABSTRACT Periapical X-rays are the most common complementary tests in the dental clinic. The indication of image tests in forensic identification depends on the produced X-rays quality. The image processing of conventional radiographs can improve image quality. This study aimed to report the potential contribution of image processing from radiographic films by digitally edited periapical radiographs for case reporting of positive identification. The results of anthropological examinations and dental arches of the victim matched the information transferred by the family of the missing person. The antemortem and postmortem periapical radiographs were digitized on photo scanner (Hewlett-Packard Development Company, HP ScanJet G4050 Photo, United States) and images were processed in Corel PaintShop Pro X4 editing software (Corel Corporation, v14, Canada). The comparison of antemortem and postmortem periapical radiographs digital images allowed to determine 8 concordant points in the contour and delimit the maxillary sinus as well as periodontal and dental structures of the tooth 17. Identification of the individual was possible by digital editing of radiographs in computer software. Editing allowed adjusting image brightness, contrast and sharpness, color temperature and saturation of tooth-jaw structures. Such technological feature effectively contributed to positive identification performed by Forensic Dentistry.


2021 ◽  
pp. 35-48
Author(s):  
Olga Popova

This article explores the normative problems of commodification of biomaterials in the process of development of genomics and genome medicine. It is demonstrated that in the era of advanced biocapitalism, when the relations between capital, knowledge and life become of particular importance, biomaterials undergo an economic turnover, are viewed as the objects of property and patent law, becoming the source of gaining profit. This results in the conflicts associated with the protection of rights of the individual, whose body is the source of biomaterials. In the context of consideration of the practices of commodification of biomaterials, the author reviews different modes of relations between the individual, science and society, with the characteristic to each of them articulation of the priority of personal or public good. The article provides the ethical analysis of incidents caused by the development of genetic technologies within the framework of the mode of confrontation between the individual and science, altruistic and compensatory modes, and mode of protection of civil rights. The conclusion is made that the developing processes of commodification require finding balance between the rights of the state and the interests of individuals, public good and personal values. The right to control own biomaterials and genetic information, voluntary and free transfer of biological materials, observance of biosafety and medical confidentiality – all these problems of the development of genomics require constant ethical monitoring in each specific case of using biomaterials.


2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (191) ◽  
pp. 256-258
Author(s):  
Maria Kozigora ◽  
◽  
Maria Zamelyuk ◽  
Tatyana Oksenchuk ◽  
◽  
...  

The article considers the main aspects of the influence of family relations on the development of personality, in particular, the younger student. Raising children is the most important area of our lives. Our children are future citizens of our country and citizens of the world. They will make history. Our children are future parents, they will also be the educators of their children. They must grow up to be wonderful citizens, good fathers and mothers. But that's not all: our children are our old age. Proper upbringing is our happy old age, bad upbringing is our future grief, it is our tears, it is our guilt before other people, before society. There are dozens, hundreds of professions, specialties, jobs: one builds a railway, another builds a house, a third grows bread, a fourth treats people, a fifth sews clothes. But there is the most universal, most complex and noble work, unique for all and at the same time original and unique in each family - it is a work of man. A distinctive feature of this work is that a person finds in it incomparable happiness. Continuing the human race, the father and mother repeat themselves in the child, and the moral responsibility for the person, for his future, depends on how conscious this repetition is. Every moment of that work, which is called education, is a work of the future and a look into the future. Raising children is a return of special forces, spiritual forces. We create a person with love - the love of father to mother and mother to father, love of father and mother to people, deep faith in the dignity and beauty of man. Beautiful children grow up in families where mother and father love each other and at the same time love and respect people. A person acquires value for society only when he becomes a person, and its formation requires purposeful, systematic influence. It is the family with its constant and natural nature of influence is designed to form character traits, beliefs, attitudes, worldview of the child. Therefore, the allocation of the educational function of the family as the main has a social meaning. For each person, the family performs emotional and recreational functions that protect a person from stressful and extreme situations. The comfort and warmth of a home, the realization of a person's need for trusting and emotional communication, compassion, empathy, support - all this allows a person to be more resistant to the conditions of modern restless life. Despite the large number of studies on the problem of raising children and youth, the socio-pedagogical conditions and factors of the educational process in the family, school and other social institutions are not analyzed in depth. Namely, they determine the strategy of education, which is outlined today in certain trends in the education of the individual in the modern conditions of Ukrainian reality.


2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 100-116
Author(s):  
F.S. Safuanov ◽  
S.S. Kulakov

A retrospective psychological analysis of materials of 102 civil matters (comprehensive judicial psychological-psychiatric examination, CJPPE) on judicial dispute about raising a child in case of separation of parents (53 fathers and 49 mothers) made it possible to identify the relationship between the individual psychological characteristics of parents and the structure of family conflict, as well as features of child-parent relationships. Revealed that the features of personal maturity in both sexes were positive and prognostically favorable both in terms of overcoming the negative effects of a divorce and in terms of preserving harmonious parent-child relationships. Negative and prognostically unfavorable predispositions can be attributed to demonstrative traits in parents of both sexes and a tendency toward affective rigidity in men. Parents with traits of personal immaturity constituted a separate group that did not intersect with carriers of other personality traits, and in general reflected the problem of unpreparedness for marriage and family relations.


Author(s):  
Аниса Асламбековна Попанова

В статье рассматривается вопрос о содержании и юридической технике закрепления в современном российском законодательстве личных неимущественных прав супругов. Целью работы является определение направлений возможной корректировки состава таких прав, чтобы они обеспечивали реализацию личности в семейных отношениях в контексте обеспечения стабильности института семьи. The article discusses the issue of the content and legal technique of securing the personal non-property rights of spouses in modern Russian legislation. The aim of the work is to determine the directions of possible adjustment of the composition of such rights so that they ensure the realization of the individual in family relations in the context of ensuring the stability of the institution of the family.


2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (38) ◽  
pp. 51-58
Author(s):  
Olga Donina ◽  
Alsu Salikhova ◽  
Irina Aryabkina ◽  
Margarita Kovardakova ◽  
Yulia Chernova

The article notes that each culture has its own «normative» model of the family, characterized by its defining parameters. These parameters reflect different indicators – descriptors – as attributes that determine the corresponding value and behavior in society. The types of family relationships identified by humanitarian science are revealed. It is proved that in a retrospective of the historical development of mankind, the relationships not only of the family and society, but also of the family and the individual changed, which depended on many factors. The article analyzes the negative trends of marriage and family relations, it is noted that along with the form of actual (civil) marriage, there is a tendency to the appearance of a large number of other forms of marriage unions: guest, concubinate, open marriage, business marriage, fictitious, creative union, polygyny, group marriage, same-sex cohabitation, virtual marriage (web-marriage), etc. This trend leads to a change in the content of the phenomenon of marriage, the adoption of actual marriage as a social norm. It is noted that today the semantic attitudes of a person are deformed and the concepts of the purpose and values of life are distorted, there is a noticeable turn of mass consciousness from the collectivist values of the family to the individual values of the person, which to a certain extent disorganizes both family life and social relations. It is noted that according to the results of the study, the authors of this article developed an educational module "Modern Family" for students of a different professional fields.


Skhid ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-60
Author(s):  
Bogdan Gulyamov

The theory of family is at the heart of classic Christian social doctrine, since family exemplifies every sociality such as an ecclesial community, a work collective, a local community, a nation, humanity. Modern family crisis leads to the transformation of the social teaching when interpersonal relations become an example. In particular, relations between a husband and a wife in a family, relations between a person and God, relations within a monastic community, relations within an ecclesial Eucharistic community become a general ideal proposed for the secular sociality. In the ethics of family life, the social teaching of Constantinopolitan Patriarchate places special emphasis on the absolute dignity of the individual from the moment of conception to natural death. Large attention is paid to the protection of children from various menaces in the society, effective measures are suggested in order to avoid the crimes against children. The apology of all aspects of sexual life of a family is also provided, various biases with regard to women and marriage are condemned. Generally, the social teaching of Constantinopolitan Patriarchate on a family is the expression of ethics of Christian realism where the recognition of the absoluteness of certain values is joined with the readiness to understand and forgive human errors. In the doctrine of the family, social doctrine from the standpoint of communitarianism passes to the adoption of the principles of Christian personalism.


2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabelle Albert ◽  
Dieter Ferring ◽  
Tom Michels

According to the intergenerational solidarity model, family members who share similar values about family obligations should have a closer relationship and support each other more than families with a lower value consensus. The present study first describes similarities and differences between two family generations (mothers and daughters) with respect to their adherence to family values and, second, examines patterns of relations between intergenerational consensus on family values, affectual solidarity, and functional solidarity in a sample of 51 mother-daughter dyads comprising N = 102 participants from Luxembourgish and Portuguese immigrant families living in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. Results showed a small generation gap in values of hierarchical gender roles, but an acculturation gap was found in Portuguese mother-daughter dyads regarding obligations toward the family. A higher mother-daughter value consensus was related to higher affectual solidarity of daughters toward their mothers but not vice versa. Whereas affection and value consensus both predicted support provided by daughters to their mothers, affection mediated the relationship between consensual solidarity and received maternal support. With regard to mothers, only affection predicted provided support for daughters, whereas mothers’ perception of received support from their daughters was predicted by value consensus and, in the case of Luxembourgish mothers, by affection toward daughters.


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