Beyond the positive reinforcement of aggression

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janis Jung ◽  
Barbara Krahé ◽  
Robert Busching
Keyword(s):  
Aggressive Behaviour ◽  
Positive Reinforcement ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Peer Acceptance ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Control Beliefs ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
External Control ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence

Being surrounded by peers who are accepting of aggression is a significant predictor of the development and persistence of aggression in childhood and adolescence. Whereas past research has focused on social reinforcement mechanisms as the underlying processes, the present longitudinal study analysed the role of external control beliefs as an additional mediator explaining the link between peers’ acceptance of aggression and the development of aggressive behaviour. Drawing on a large community sample of N = 1,466 male and female children and adolescents from Germany aged between 10 and 18 years, results of latent structural equation modeling were consistent with the hypotheses that peer acceptance of aggression would predict external control beliefs in the social domain, which in turn, should predict aggressive behaviour over time. Additional multigroup analyses showed that the predicted pathways were consistent across gender and age groups.

scholarly journals Multidimensional Factor Structure of the Modified Child Rearing Practices Report questionnaire (CRPR-Q) in a sample of Portuguese mothers: A bifactor approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-311
Author(s):  
Olívia Ribeiro ◽  
Maryse Guedes ◽  
Manuela Veríssimo ◽  
Kenneth H. Rubin ◽  
António J. Santos
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Invariance ◽  
Parenting Practices ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Parental Attitudes ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Child Rearing ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Factorial Structure

Parental attitudes toward child socialization influence their child-rearing practices, the quality of parent-child relationships, and children’s developmental outcomes. The Modified Child Rearing Practices Questionnaire (CRPR-Q) has been widely used to assess parenting practices across children’s development. However, the few studies investigating its two-factorial structure (nurturance and restrictiveness) have shown inconsistent findings and have not explored measurement invariance across children’s sex and age groups. The aims of this study were to (1) further investigate the factorial structure of the CRPR-Q, by using bifactor solutions (b-confirmatory factor analysis [B-CFA] and b-exploratory structural equation modeling [B-ESEM]) and (2) examine the measurement invariance of CRPR-Q across children’s sex and age groups. A community sample of 589 Portuguese mothers of children aged 3 to 15 years completed the CRPR-Q. Our findings revealed that the B-ESEM model best fit the data. A clear differentiation between the two a priori factors (nurturance and restrictiveness) was found. However, our findings suggest the need to control for content specificity and rely on a broader perspective regarding the nurturance factor. Measurement invariance was observed across children’s sex but not across children’s age groups. These findings contribute to a more in-depth understanding of the underlying relationships among the CRPR-Q items.

The Affiliative Role of Empathy in Everyday Interpersonal Interactions

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Whitney R. Ringwald ◽  
Aidan G.C. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Interpersonal Behavior ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Student Sample ◽  
Ecological Momentary

Empathy theoretically serves an affiliative interpersonal function by satisfying motives for intimacy and union with others. Accordingly, empathy is expected to vary depending on the situation. Inconsistent empirical support for empathy’s affiliative role may be due to methodology focused on individual differences in empathy or differences between controlled experimental conditions, which fail to capture its dynamic and interpersonal nature. To address these shortcomings, we used ecological momentary assessment to establish typical patterns of empathy across everyday interactions. Associations among empathy, affect, and interpersonal behavior of self and interaction partner were examined in a student sample (N=330), then replicated in a pre-registered community sample (N=279). Multi-level structural equation modeling was used to distinguish individual differences in empathy from interaction-level effects. Results show people are more empathetic during positively-valanced interactions with others perceived as warm and when expressing warmth. By confirming the typically affiliative role of empathy, existing research to the contrary can be best understood as exceptions to the norm.

Age and gender differences in socially aversive (“dark”) personality traits

2021 ◽  
pp. 089020702098843
Author(s):  
Johanna Hartung ◽  
Martina Bader ◽  
Morten Moshagen ◽  
Oliver Wilhelm
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Dark Triad ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Measurement Models ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Latent Means

The strong overlap of personality traits discussed under the label of “dark personality” (e.g., psychopathy, spitefulness, moral disengagement) endorses a common framework for socially aversive traits over and beyond the dark triad. Despite the rapidly growing research on socially aversive traits, there is a lack of studies addressing age-associated differences in these traits. In the present study ( N = 12,501), we investigated the structure of the D Factor of Personality across age and gender using local structural equation modeling, thereby expressing the model parameters as a quasi-continuous, nonparametric function of age. Specifically, we evaluated loadings, reliabilities, factor (co-)variances, and means across 35 locally weighted age groups (from 20 to 54 years), separately for females and males. Results indicated that measurement models were highly stable, thereby supporting the conceptualization of the D factor independent of age and gender. Men exhibited uniformly higher latent means than females and all latent means decreased with increasing age. Overall, D and its themes were invariant across age and gender. Therefore, future studies can meaningfully pursue causes of mean differences across age and between genders.

Parenting quality, adversity, and conduct problems in adolescence: Testing process-oriented models of resilience

1993 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 663-682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott D. Gest ◽  
Jennifer Neemann ◽  
Jon J. Hubbard ◽  
Ann S. Masten ◽  
Auke Tellegen
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation Modeling ◽  
Conduct Problems ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Extended Family ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Moderating Effects ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Effective Parenting ◽  
Parenting Quality

AbstractStructural equation modeling was used (a) to determine the extent to which parent-related and non-parent-related adversity were associated with increases in conduct problems between childhood and adolescence and (b) to evaluate the possible preventive, compensatory, and moderating effects of parenting quality in this regard. Subjects were 180 boys and girls from the Project Competence longitudinal study of adversity, competence, and resilience (Garmezy & Tellegen, 1984). Conduct problems, parenting quality, and socioeconomic status were assessed when subjects were in the third through sixth grades, and adversity and conduct problems were assessed again 7 years later. Results were consistent with the view that parentrelated adversity experienced between the two assessment times was associated with a small increase in conduct problems. Adversity involving siblings, extended family, and friends was not associated with changes in conduct. Effective parenting was associated with less parent-related adversity during adolescence. Effective parenting, however, did not directly compensate for the negative effects of adversity; nor did it moderate the effects of adversity. Structural equation modeling was helpful in testing for several of these effects simultaneously. Short-term longitudinal studies with baseline measures, more frequent assessments, and adequate sample size are necessary to clarify the processes suggested by these results.

scholarly journals Using structural equation modeling in the understanding of functional disability in older adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darlene Mara dos Santos Tavares ◽  
Nayara Gomes Nunes Oliveira ◽  
Flavia Aparecida Dias Marmo ◽  
Joilson Meneguci
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Sedentary Behavior ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Functional Disability ◽  
Depressive Symptomatology ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Likelihood Method ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Cross Sectional

Objective: to analyze functional disability and its associated factors among community-dwelling older adults. Method: a cross-sectional study, conducted with 1,635 older adults distributed in the following age groups: 60 to 69, 70 to 79, and 80 years old or more, living in a health macro-region of the state of Minas Gerais. Descriptive and trajectory analysis was carried out (p<0.05). The parameters were estimated by the Maximum Likelihood method. Results: the highest percentage was female, with a monthly income of 1 minimum wage and living with a companion. In the age groups from 60 to 69 and from 70 to 79 years old, older adults with a partner predominated; and, among those aged 80 years old or more, widowed individuals prevailed. In the three groups, functional disability occurred hierarchically. Lower schooling, frailty and depressive symptomatology were factors directly associated with functional disability in the advanced activities; frailty and sedentary behavior were directly associated with functional disability in the instrumental activities. In the older adults aged between 60 and 69 years old and from 70 to 79 years old, sedentary behavior was associated with greater dependence on the basic activities. Conclusion: the expanded understanding of the factors in the functional disability of the older adults, according to age group, helps the health professional in the development of preventive measures for this disease.

Early Maladaptive Schemas as Predictors of Interpersonal Orientation and Peer Connectedness in University Students

2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (8) ◽  
pp. 1377-1394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gyesook Yoo ◽  
Ju Hee Park ◽  
Hey Jung Jun
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Emerging Adulthood ◽  
Peer Relationships ◽  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Early Maladaptive Schemas ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Maladaptive Schemas ◽  
Interpersonal Orientation

In this study we examined whether or not early maladaptive schemas regarding disconnection and rejection influenced peer connectedness of university students in emerging adulthood. We also investigated the mediating role of interpersonal orientation on these relationships. The participants were 304 students at universities in Korea, aged between 18 and 25 years. Results of structural equation modeling demonstrated that the defectiveness/shame schema had an indirect, negative effect on peer connectedness via interpersonal orientation, and the abandonment/instability schema had an indirect, positive influence on peer connectedness. The social isolation/alienation schema negatively and directly affected peer connectedness. Our findings suggest that when a sense of disconnection and rejection develops during childhood and adolescence, individuals show a relatively stable tendency to either avoid or overvalue interpersonal relationships. This may lead to difficulties in establishing peer relationships in emerging adulthood.

scholarly journals Physical Fitness Is Longitudinally Associated With Academic Performance During Childhood and Adolescence, and Waist Circumference Mediated the Relationship

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Antunes Lima ◽  
Lisbeth Runge Larsen ◽  
Anna Bugge ◽  
Lars Bo Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Academic Performance ◽  
Waist Circumference ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Composite Score ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Jump Height ◽  
Shuttle Run

Purpose: The current investigation aimed to investigate the longitudinal association between physical fitness and academic performance over 3 years in adolescents. A secondary aim was to determine to what extent waist circumference mediated the association between physical fitness and academic performance. Methods: For the current study, 1020 students from first grade [mean age: 7.87 (0.34) y] to fifth grade [mean age: 11.87 (0.37) y] were monitored annually for 3 years (2010–2013). Physical fitness was assessed using the Andersen test, 5 × 5-m shuttle run, jump height, and grip strength tests and by constructing a composite score combining all 4 fitness tests. Academic performance was assessed by national standardized tests in Danish language and math. Generalized structural equation modeling was used to evaluate the relationships between these variables. Results: The Andersen test (standardized β = 0.15 SD), shuttle run (β = −0.18 SD), jump height (β = 0.10 SD), and the fitness composite score (β = 0.23 SD) were positively associated with academic performance over 3 years. In addition, waist circumference partially mediated the association between physical fitness and academic performance. Conclusion: Thus, physical fitness abilities should be stimulated during childhood and early adolescence because of their positive association with academic performance.

Perception and Intention of Youth's Towards Online Shopping

2016 ◽  
pp. 28-37
Author(s):  
Ajitabh Dash
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Online Shopping ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Tam Model ◽  
Technological Acceptance Model ◽  
Acceptance Model ◽  
Consumer's Perception

This study aims to investigate youth consumer's perception and intention towards online shopping through integration of technological acceptance model (TAM). Data were collected from 263 young people residing in Bhubaneswar city of Odisha, a state in the eastern region of India through a structured questionnaire during May/June 2015. The structural Equation modeling was employed to analyze the data and validate the research model. The results of this study indicated that different perception variables have different relationships with behavioral intention of youths towards online shopping. The results from this study will be useful for e-commerce companies in formulating appropriate marketing strategies, as well as developing appropriate applications that will attract more consumers by increasing their benefit perception. This study is confined to the response of 263 young people residing in Bhubaneswar city of Odisha. In future of similar types of study may be conducted in either part of the state as well as country with a relatively larger sample size including customers from different age groups. Although past literatures have focused on technological aspects of online shopping, few studies have examined the perception and intention of youth towards online shopping. Furthermore, most studies on online shopping perception have focused on the relationships between technology adoption factors and perception of users. This study provides a basis for further refinement of TAM model to predict behavioral intentions of consumers towards online shopping.

scholarly journals Reporting Skill: The Missing Ingredient in Concussion Reporting Intention Assessment

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 416-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dee Warmath ◽  
Andrew P. Winterstein
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analyses ◽  
Concussion Knowledge ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Reporting Intentions

Background: Extant literature suggests that a substantial portion of athletes may not report a possible concussion and that concussion knowledge is insufficient to predict concussion reporting behavior. One area that has not been explored is reporting skill; that is, mastery of the actions required to report a concussion. This study evaluated the relationship between reporting skill and reporting intention, introducing a measure of the reporting skill construct. Hypotheses: Reporting intentions will be more closely associated with reporting skill than with concussion/symptom knowledge. The relationship between concussion (or symptom) knowledge and reporting intentions will differ by level of reporting skill. Study Design: Repeated cross-sectional study. Level of Evidence: Level 2. Methods: A set of items was administered to young adults aged 18 to 24 years from the Survey Sampling International panel. Exploratory/confirmatory factor analyses were conducted on 2 waves of data to develop the scale (n = 899). Hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling on the responses from the third wave of participants (n = 406). Results: Knowing the actions to take in reporting was more important than having knowledge of concussions or concussion symptoms. Reporting skill, not concussion or concussion symptom knowledge, was associated with higher intentions to report symptoms. Among those with higher levels of reporting skill, concussion symptom knowledge (but not general concussion knowledge) was associated with higher intentions to report symptoms. Conclusion: Reporting skill is an important and, until now, missing ingredient in the concussion literature and practice. Clinical Relevance: Incorporating reporting skill development in concussion education and team activities to teach athletes how to report is likely to improve actual reporting intentions. While further study is needed with particular sports and additional age groups, reporting skill holds promise as a new avenue for increased concussion reporting.

Factors Influencing the Use of Smartphones for Programing: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (05) ◽  
pp. 2050032
Author(s):  
Asim Suleman A. Alwabel ◽  
Said S. Al-Gahtani ◽  
Ahmed Talab
Keyword(s):  
Technology Acceptance ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
End Users ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
External Control ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Hand Tool ◽  
Acceptance Model

The ubiquitous application of smartphones and their advanced development have created an opportunity for using them as coding platforms. In this study, we compared between the use of personal computers (PCs) and smartphones to investigate the factors affecting the use of smartphones in programing. The behavioral intentions of smartphone end-users are inspired by the ease of use perception, enjoyment perception, programing anxiety, perception of external control, and smartphone design aesthetics. Although the [Formula: see text] value of the smartphone model was lower than that of the PC model, the end-users’ adoption decisions could have shifted toward accepting the use of smartphones for programing had their decisions been free of enforcement. In this study, design aesthetics and programing anxiety were introduced to Technology Acceptance Model 3 in an Arabic environment. Additionally, the model was creatively applied for guiding practitioners in two situations. First, when organizations are in the quest for emerging technology to replace the legacy technology, they might apply the presented side-by-side comparison of the use of PCs with that of smartphones in programing. Second, at a time when decision makers analyze what might hinder the adoption of a recently introduced technology, the model can be a successful hand tool guiding the top management in identifying technology acceptance interventions, an approach this research revealed. Furthermore, in this paper, the research implications and recommendations are presented for technology practitioners and designers.

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