The role of norm salience in aggression socialization among friends: Distinctions between physical and relational aggression

2019 ◽  
pp. 016502541985413
Author(s):  
Stephanie Correia ◽  
Mara Brendgen ◽  
Frank Vitaro
Keyword(s):  
Relational Aggression ◽  
Social Preference ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Moderating Effect ◽  
Relationally Aggressive ◽  
The Social ◽  
Peer Nomination ◽  
Aggressive Youth ◽  
Academic Year

Socialization among aggressive friends is believed to play a critical role in the development of aggressive behavior. This study examined the moderating effect of norm salience in the classroom on the association between reciprocal friends’ and children’s own physical, relational, and general aggression. A total of 713 children ( M = 10.32 years, SD = 0.99) in grades 4 to 6 completed a peer nomination inventory in the fall and spring of the same academic year. Norm salience was operationalized as the class- and sex-specific correlation between each form of aggression and social preference. Norm salience moderated relational aggression socialization among friends only for highly relationally aggressive girls. Specifically, socialization was exacerbated when norm salience was favorable and attenuated when norm salience was unfavorable, suggesting that highly relationally aggressive girls may possess skills allowing them to adapt to the social context in which they and their friends interact. In contrast, boys’ general aggression socialization was exacerbated when norm salience was neutral or unfavorable, suggesting that boys who affiliate with aggressive friends may be more susceptible to aggressive friends’ influence in general and especially in the context of potential peer rejection. No moderating effect of norm salience was found in regards to physical aggression socialization. Results suggest that interventions aimed at changing acceptability of aggression in the classroom may only be effective in specific subgroups of aggressive youth.

A Longitudinal Study of Relational Aggression and Victimisation in Early Adolescence: Gender Differences in the Moderating Effects of Social Status

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha Ferguson ◽  
Melanie J. Zimmer-Gembeck ◽  
Amanda L. Duffy
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Relational Aggression ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Social Preference ◽  
Social Process ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Bidirectional Associations

Relational aggression is defined as behaviours intended to harm others by damaging their relationships. Drawing from two theoretical perspectives, the social process model and the peer socialisation model, we tested how relational aggression and victimisation could influence each other over time, and examined peer status and gender as moderators of these bidirectional associations. We hypothesised that aggression would lead to increasing victimisation and victimisation to increasing aggression, and that the association from aggression to later victimisation would be weaker for more popular and preferred youth, especially girls. Participants were 328 Australian early adolescents (172 boys, 156 girls) in Grades 5, 6 or 7, who nominated classmates who were aggressive, victimised, popular, and preferred. Results showed support for the role of status and gender in the bidirectional associations between aggression and victimisation. Relational aggression was associated with more T2 relational victimisation only among adolescents who were low in popularity and among girls with low social preference. Victimisation was associated with T2 aggressive behaviour among more popular girls. Relational victimisation was also associated with less T2 aggression among popular boys. Findings highlight the complexities introduced by gender and social status for the unfolding of early adolescent relational aggression and victimisation.

The Role of the Medial Prefrontal Cortex in Moderating Neural Representations of Self and Other in Primates

2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Masaki Isoda
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Medial Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Self And Other ◽  
Neural Representations ◽  
The Social

As a frontal node in the primate social brain, the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) plays a critical role in coordinating one's own behavior with respect to that of others. Current literature demonstrates that single neurons in the MPFC encode behavior-related variables such as intentions, actions, and rewards, specifically for self and other, and that the MPFC comes into play when reflecting upon oneself and others. The social moderator account of MPFC function can explain maladaptive social cognition in people with autism spectrum disorder, which tips the balance in favor of self-centered perspectives rather than taking into consideration the perspective of others. Several strands of evidence suggest a hypothesis that the MPFC represents different other mental models, depending on the context at hand, to better predict others’ emotions and behaviors. This hypothesis also accounts for aberrant MPFC activity in autistic individuals while they are mentalizing others. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Neuroscience, Volume 44 is July 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

scholarly journals Faith Effect and Voice on Early Marriage in a Nigerian State

SAGE Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 215824402091951
Author(s):  
Jimoh Amzat
Keyword(s):  
Adolescent Girls ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Early Marriage ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Faith Leaders ◽  
The Social ◽  
Key Informant ◽  
Second Category ◽  
Depth Interviews

The rate of early marriage is 87% in northwest Nigeria, although it is 56% in Kaduna. One major issue is that early marriage is often rationalized as a religious norm. This study explores the role of faith leaders in advancing the cause of adolescent girls regarding the timing of marriage in Kaduna state. This qualitative study took place in three local government areas: Chikun (Mixed Christians and Muslims), Makarfi (majority Muslims), and Zangon-Kataf (majority Christians) were purposively selected to have a variety of mixed religious contexts. Using purposive sampling methods, the researcher conducted 24 focus group discussions with adolescent girls, 24 in-depth interviews with faith leaders, and 12 key informant interviews with other stakeholders. The study used a framework method for analyzing qualitative data. The study found that faith leaders play essential roles in rationalizing or discouraging early marriage through preaching and other activities. The study identifies three categories of faith leaders concerning early marriage. Some are proactive, discoursing about it. The second category is the passive faith leaders, somehow indifferent but has never preached against or in favor of early marriage. The last set consists of faith leaders promoting early marriage—who think early marriage is still beneficial. The study recommends that considering the social position of faith leaders and critical role in sanctioning marital unions, they could be considered as a vital link in efforts to curtail early marriage.

Relational Aggression in Sibling Relationships

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Campione-Barr ◽  
Sonia E. Giron ◽  
Christopher Odudu
Keyword(s):  
Relational Aggression ◽  
Physical Aggression ◽  
Sibling Relationships ◽  
Sibling Relationship ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Relationally Aggressive ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Developmental Course

Given the uniqueness of siblings, it is important to consider the presence and role of relational aggression within the sibling relationship. Due to the time spent together and the information disclosed between siblings, during conflict, such information could be used in threatening or relationally aggressive ways. Relationally aggressive actions do not pose a threat to end the sibling relationship, making it a safe relationship to practice such strategies. While parents are likely to be aware of physical aggression between siblings, and attempt to stop it, relational aggression may be difficult for parents to catch and address, reinforcing its effectiveness as a strategy of control. This chapter describes the developmental course of relational aggression within the sibling relationship, as well as associations between relational aggression in the sibling relationship and relationships with others. Finally, we highlight the conclusions and limitations of this research and offer ideas for future research directions.

Affiliation With Antisocial Crowds and Psychosocial Outcomes in a Gang-Impacted Urban Middle School

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 559-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Schwartz ◽  
Andrea Hopmeyer ◽  
Tana Luo ◽  
Alexandra C. Ross ◽  
Jesse Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Middle School ◽  
Psychosocial Adjustment ◽  
Grade Point Averages ◽  
Grade Point ◽  
Urban Middle School ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
Peer Nomination ◽  
School Records ◽  
Academic Year

This longitudinal study examined the psychosocial adjustment of adolescents who affiliate with antisocial crowds in a gang-impacted urban environment. We followed 405 adolescents (219 boys, 186 girls; average age of 11.51 years, SD = .61; 84% Latino, 9% Asian, and 7% other or unclassified) for one academic year. These youth attended a middle school located in an economically distressed neighborhood with documented high rates of gang violence. We assessed crowd membership with a structured focus group procedure. In addition, we administered a peer nomination inventory to assess aggression and social standing, obtained self-reports of depressive symptoms, and derived grade point averages (GPA) directly from school records. Adolescents used gang-related imagery to describe antisocial crowds in their school, referring to “cholos” and “taggers.” Membership in these crowds was associated with aggression and low GPA but, paradoxically, predicted small decreases in depression and increases in popularity over time. Taken together, our results highlight the complex role of affiliations with antisocial crowds in high-risk settings.

Hospitable universities and integration of refugees: First responses from Austria and Poland

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 248-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Kontowski ◽  
Madelaine Leitsberger
Keyword(s):  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Human Right ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
European Universities ◽  
Public Role ◽  
The Social ◽  
Academic Year

European universities responded in different ways to the ‘refugee crisis’ of 2015. Some subscribed to the agenda of higher education (HE) as a universal human right, while others stressed different long-term benefits of offering access to it. Yet, the unprecedented sense of moral urgency that guided immediate declarations of support and subsequent actions has largely remained unaddressed. With the crisis becoming a new reality for many countries, HE has a role to play in the social inclusion of refugees, even in countries that were not attractive destinations for refugees in the past. In this article, we provide an overview of the reasons why HE institutions supported refugees, and present the results of an empirical study of Poland and Austria during the 2015–2016 academic year. We then evaluate those first responses utilizing parts of Ager and Strang’s framework of integration, and discuss issues of institutional readiness, capabilities and the public role of HE stemming from this comparison. Our findings suggest that reasons such as acknowledgement of basic rights, or utilizing social capital are insufficient to explain and understand strong integrative support measures. We propose that refugee support by HE institutions is both better understood and promoted through the language of hospitality.

scholarly journals The Role of Cloud Computing for the Enhancement of Teaching and Learning in Saudi Arabian Universities in Accordance with the Social Constructivism Theory: A Specialist’s Point of View

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
pp. 70
Author(s):  
Farhan Yetaim Alenezi
Keyword(s):  
Cloud Computing ◽  
Social Constructivism ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Saudi Arabian ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Learning Enhancement ◽  
The Social ◽  
E Learning ◽  
Academic Year

This study aims to evaluate the role of Cloud Computing in enhancing teaching and learning in Saudi Arabian government universities in the backdrop of the four principles of Social Constructivism Theory - social interaction, previous experience, activity of a learner, and the development of mental skills; all these have to be examined form the specialist’s point of view as he will be responsible for integrating technology into the processes for supporting the whole ecosystem. The study was conducted at 29 Saudi Arabian government universities, using a quantitative approach based on a Questionnaire. The study sample consisted of 84 Deans and Vice Deans of E-learning across all Saudi government universities, in the Academic Year 2016/2017. The results revealed a significant role for Cloud Computing for teaching and learning enhancement in the Saudi Arabian universities in accordance with the construct outlined above.

Social Philosophy, Communities, and the Epistemic Shifts

2011 ◽  
pp. 3153-3158
Author(s):  
Angela Lacerda Nobre
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Social Philosophy ◽  
Management Theory ◽  
Traditional Management ◽  
Control Paradigm ◽  
The Social ◽  
Alternative Approaches ◽  
And Control

It is critical to distinguish between mainstream traditional management theory and the myriad of complementary approaches that have contributed to the development of alternative approaches to organisational and management theory. The dominant stream of management theory is still largely influenced by the command and control paradigm developed over a century ago by early theorists such as Weber, Taylor, and Fayol. Though the control paradigm today is closely connected to a technocratic and functionalistic perspective of management science, there is a growing awareness of the dangers of assuming a reductive and limited view of organisational complexity. In other words, it is important to recognise the role of bureaucratic, functional, and procedural-like aspects of organisational life, though it is critical to complement these perspectives with richer and more human-centred interpretations of organisational reality. This critical role is performed by, among others, communities of practice theory (Lave & Wenger, 1991; Wenger, 1999; Wenger, McDermott & Snyder, 2002; Brown & Duguid, 1991). In order to better understand the developments in terms of management thinking, it is relevant to revise the sequence of the different schools of thought that influenced the social sciences throughout the 20th century.

Social Philosophy, Communities, and the Epistemic Shifts

2011 ◽  
pp. 481-486
Author(s):  
Angela Lacerda Nobre
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Social Philosophy ◽  
Management Theory ◽  
Traditional Management ◽  
Control Paradigm ◽  
The Social ◽  
Alternative Approaches ◽  
And Control

It is critical to distinguish between mainstream traditional management theory and the myriad of complementary approaches that have contributed to the development of alternative approaches to organisational and management theory. The dominant stream of management theory is still largely influenced by the command and control paradigm developed over a century ago by early theorists such as Weber, Taylor, and Fayol. Though the control paradigm today is closely connected to a technocratic and functionalistic perspective of management science, there is a growing awareness of the dangers of assuming a reductive and limited view of organisational complexity. In other words, it is important to recognise the role of bureaucratic, functional, and procedural-like aspects of organisational life, though it is critical to complement these perspectives with richer and more human-centred interpretations of organisational reality. This critical role is performed by, among others, communities of practice theory (Lave & Wenger, 1991; Wenger, 1999; Wenger, McDermott & Snyder, 2002; Brown & Duguid, 1991). In order to better understand the developments in terms of management thinking, it is relevant to revise the sequence of the different schools of thought that influenced the social sciences throughout the 20th century.

Service Providers as Digital Media Infrastructure

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Harris
Keyword(s):  
Digital Media ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Social Practices ◽  
Internet Infrastructure ◽  
Ethnographic Approach ◽  
The Social ◽  
Media Systems

This chapter documents the critical role of service providers in the development of today's digital media systems. It illustrates how an ethnographic approach to media infrastructures helps to connect hard infrastructural forms, such as wires, transmissions towers, and buildings, with soft infrastructural forms, including institutions, protocols, and social practices. It then focuses on circumvention practices in Turkey. The work of Turkey's cybercafé operators forms a key component of Internet infrastructure, critically shaping the social topography of media in the country. The cafés and their operators coordinate disparate technologies and communities and are sites where different protocols are negotiated. At the same time, in these locations, state infrastructural control, surveillance, and censorship can be undermined.

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