scholarly journals Mechanisms and Dynamics in the Interplay of Trust and Distrust: Insights from Project-based Collaboration

2021 ◽  
pp. 017084062110402
Author(s):  
Angelos Kostis ◽  
Maria Bengtsson ◽  
Malin Harryson Näsholm
Keyword(s):  
Critical Role ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Interorganizational Trust ◽  
Complex Products ◽  
Conceptual Distinction ◽  
Interorganizational Projects ◽  
Complex Solutions ◽  
Behavioral Mechanisms ◽  
Organizing Principles

Trust and distrust are two distinct organizing principles that play a critical role in interorganizational projects where highly interdependent organizations collaborate to build tailor-made and technologically-complex solutions. Whereas an emerging body of research has debated the conceptual distinction between trust and distrust, this paper emphasizes the processual nature of trusting and distrusting and the interplay between them. Drawing upon insights from project-based collaboration in a complex products and systems (CoPS) industry, we explore the distinct cognitive and behavioral mechanisms through which trust and distrust work, and orient firms towards optimism and watchfulness in the interaction. Our findings show that trust and distrust can act both as substitutes and complements through three interconnected dynamics—undermining, enabling and compensating. These dynamics develop and recursively interrelate through interfirm interactions within single projects and in the broader network. We conclude by presenting our contributions to interorganizational trust literature and by proposing that the interplay of trust and distrust can have both positive and negative effects on the pursuit of project-based relationships.

Cognitive Control along the Language Spectrum: From the Typical Bilingual Child to Language Impairment

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (04) ◽  
pp. 256-271
Author(s):  
Klara Marton ◽  
Thorfun Gehebe ◽  
Lia Pazuelo
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Language Impairment ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Bilingual Children ◽  
Interference Control ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Control Functions ◽  
Language Deficit

AbstractCognitive control refers to the ability to perform goal-directed behaviors in the presence of other compelling actions or in the face of habitual practices. Cognitive control functions play a critical role in children's language processing and literacy development. In recent years, many clinicians have expanded their assessment and treatment to target specific cognitive skills. Our goal is to provide a review of recent findings on cognitive control functions in children with different language status (i.e., monolingual and bilingual children with and without language impairment). While children with language impairment show performance deficits in specific cognitive functions (e.g., working memory updating and interference control), typically developing bilingual children often outperform their monolingual peers in cognitive control tasks. However, the relationship between bilingualism and cognitive control has been controversial. Several factors that influence these variations are discussed. Given the findings on the joint impact of bilingualism and language impairment on cognitive control functions, we identify conditions in which bilingualism attenuates the negative effects of the language deficit and conditions in which language impairment has a stronger effect than bilingualism. Critical issues of bilingual assessment, suggestions, and future directions are discussed.

scholarly journals Physiological Mechanisms Regulating Lens Transport

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrienne A. Giannone ◽  
Leping Li ◽  
Caterina Sellitto ◽  
Thomas W. White
Keyword(s):  
Hydrostatic Pressure ◽  
Intracellular Signaling ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Optical Quality ◽  
Pressure Gradients ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Sodium Transporters ◽  
Spatial Differences ◽  
Tissue Aging

The transparency and refractive properties of the lens are maintained by the cellular physiology provided by an internal microcirculation system that utilizes spatial differences in ion channels, transporters and gap junctions to establish standing electrochemical and hydrostatic pressure gradients that drive the transport of ions, water and nutrients through this avascular tissue. Aging has negative effects on lens transport, degrading ion and water homeostasis, and producing changes in lens water content. This alters the properties of the lens, causing changes in optical quality and accommodative amplitude that initially result in presbyopia in middle age and ultimately manifest as cataract in the elderly. Recent advances have highlighted that the lens hydrostatic pressure gradient responds to tension transmitted to the lens through the Zonules of Zinn through a mechanism utilizing mechanosensitive channels, multiple sodium transporters respond to changes in hydrostatic pressure to restore equilibrium, and that connexin hemichannels and diverse intracellular signaling cascades play a critical role in these responses. The mechanistic insight gained from these studies has advanced our understanding of lens transport and how it responds and adapts to different inputs both from within the lens, and from surrounding ocular structures.

Information Technology Support for Interorganizational Knowledge Transfer

2004 ◽  
pp. 262-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.K. Khandelwal ◽  
Petter Gottschalk
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Management ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
Law Firms ◽  
Technology Support ◽  
Knowledge Management Practice ◽  
Interorganizational Trust ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Knowledge Intensive

This chapter explores some important and contemporary issues concerning the knowledge-based view of the firm. Law firms represent an industry that seems very well suited to knowledge management investigation. Law firms are knowledge intensive, and the use of advanced technology may well transform these organizations in the future. This chapter reports empirical results from Norwegian and Australian law firms on their use of IT to support their knowledge management practice. IT plays a critical role in inter firm knowledge management efforts. This interorganizational study documents that the extent of knowledge cooperation had a significant impact on the use of IT to support interorganizational knowledge management. The extent of interorganizational trust did not have any significant impact.

Impact of Foreign Worker Migration on Wage and Labor Market in Thailand

2015 ◽  
pp. 66-79
Author(s):  
Siriwan Saksiriruthai
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Migrant Worker ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Foreign Worker ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Foreign Labor ◽  
Native Workers ◽  
The Impact

This chapter focuses on Thailand's foreign labor migration, which has played a critical role in the economic development of Thailand. Emphasizing both positive and negative effects of foreign migration to the Thai labor market, Thailand economy, and sustainability in economic development, this chapter separates foreign migrant workers into two types, legal and illegal, and analyzes the impact of each type of migrant worker on wages, labor market, Thai economy, innovation, and sustainability. While foreign skilled laborers, who usually receive formal work permits from the Thai government, as well as capital and native workers are complements, the unskilled or low-skilled workers, usually from neighbor countries, as well as capital and native workers, are substitutes. Furthermore, the impact of each group of foreign migrants on economic development and government reactions (as reflected in migration policies) is also elaborated before discussion for migration and development in the long term.

Symbolic Awards in Buyer–Supplier Relations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth Beer ◽  
Hyun-Soo Ahn ◽  
Stephen Leider
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Problem Definition ◽  
Practical Relevance ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Bottom Line ◽  
Managerial Implications ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Behavioral Mechanisms ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
High Effort

Problem definition: Giving out a symbolic “supplier of the year” or “outstanding supplier” award can be beneficial for a buyer as it may incentivize a supplier to exert higher efforts. However, when a good supplier is scarce, the award announces which supplier is particularly good and may increase the cost of building and maintaining the relationship. This paper studies both positive and negative effects of a symbolic award and offers explanations on underlying behavioral mechanisms. Academic/practical relevance: We show that symbolic awards can effectively incentivize suppliers to provide high effort, improving a buyer’s bottom line. This is particularly relevant in cases in which certain aspects of a buyer–supplier relationship are not contractible and suppliers have discretion over the quality provided. The award format significantly influences the award’s effectiveness. Methodology: We develop a game-theoretical model that captures a supplier’s utility for the award in a competitive setting and test the predictions of the model with laboratory experiments. Results: Our experimental results confirm that private symbolic awards have motivating effects and lead to higher buyer profits. When the awards are public, this profit premium diminishes as buyers pay higher prices to get the good suppliers. When the buyer is given the option to make the award public or private, buyers prefer that awards are public over private, anticipating a negative supplier response to their choice of the private award format. Managerial implications: Expressing praise or gratitude for a supplier’s efforts can be highly beneficial for a buyer. However, when there is scarcity of good suppliers, buyers should expect increased competition and accompany the award with efforts to preserve the relationship. Finally, if buyers choose to offer a distinctive award format, private recognitions may be perceived as greedy or self-interested and backfire.

scholarly journals The role of IGF1 in the in vivo production of bovine embryos from superovulated donors

Reproduction ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 137 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
M A Velazquez ◽  
J Zaraza ◽  
A Oropeza ◽  
R Webb ◽  
H Niemann
Keyword(s):  
Critical Role ◽  
Ovarian Response ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Embryo Viability ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Oocyte Competence ◽  
Embryo Yield ◽  
Igf1 Receptor ◽  
Female Cattle

IGF1 plays an important role in bovine follicular growth, acquisition of oocyte competence and embryo viability. Current data also indicate a critical role for IGF1 in both the ovarian response and the embryo yield following the superovulatory treatments. IGF1 can have either positive or negative effects on embryo viability which is related to the concentration of IGF1 induced by superovulation treatment. These effects impact either on oocyte competence or directly on the embryo. Concentrations in the physiological range appear to result in the production of higher quality embryos, mainly due to the mitogenic and the anti-apoptotic activities of IGF1. However, high superovulatory responses are associated with decreased embryo viability and a concomitant increase in apoptosis. Studies in mice suggest that this increase in apoptosis is related to the downregulation of the IGF1 receptor in the embryo associated with high IGF1 concentrations. Strategies capable of controlling the IGF1 concentrations could be one approach to improve superovulation responses. A range of possible approaches for research within the IGF system in gonadotrophin-stimulated cattle is discussed in this review, including the possible use of superovulated female cattle as an alternative animal experimental model for research on reproductive disorders in humans associated with abnormal IGF1 concentrations.

scholarly journals The evolution of deception

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 201032
Author(s):  
Ştefan Sarkadi ◽  
Alex Rutherford ◽  
Peter McBurney ◽  
Simon Parsons ◽  
Iyad Rahwan
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Sharing ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
University Of Alabama ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Default Theory ◽  
Social Good ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Public Goods Games ◽  
The Social ◽  
Digital Commons

Deception plays a critical role in the dissemination of information, and has important consequences on the functioning of cultural, market-based and democratic institutions. Deception has been widely studied within the fields of philosophy, psychology, economics and political science. Yet, we still lack an understanding of how deception emerges in a society under competitive (evolutionary) pressures. This paper begins to fill this gap by bridging evolutionary models of social good— public goods games (PGGs)—with ideas from interpersonal deception theory (Buller and Burgoon 1996 Commun. Theory 6 , 203–242. ( doi:10.1111/j.1468-2885.1996.tb00127.x )) and truth-default theory (Levine 2014 J. Lang. Soc. Psychol. 33 , 378–392. ( doi:10.1177/0261927X14535916 ); Levine 2019 Duped: truth-default theory and the social science of lying and deception . University of Alabama Press). This provides a well-founded analysis of the growth of deception in societies and the effectiveness of several approaches to reducing deception. Assuming that knowledge is a public good, we use extensive simulation studies to explore (i) how deception impacts the sharing and dissemination of knowledge in societies over time, (ii) how different types of knowledge sharing societies are affected by deception and (iii) what type of policing and regulation is needed to reduce the negative effects of deception in knowledge sharing. Our results indicate that cooperation in knowledge sharing can be re-established in systems by introducing institutions that investigate and regulate both defection and deception using a decentralized case-by-case strategy. This provides evidence for the adoption of methods for reducing the use of deception in the world around us in order to avoid a Tragedy of the Digital Commons (Greco and Floridi 2004 Ethics Inf. Technol. 6 , 73–81. ( doi:10.1007/s10676-004-2895-2 )).

scholarly journals The Effect of Gamification on Psychological and Behavioral Outcomes: Implications for Cruise Tourism Destinations

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 3002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Byeong Cheol Lee
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Behavioral Outcomes ◽  
Flow Experience ◽  
Knowledge Gain ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Psychological Outcome ◽  
Heritage Sites ◽  
Cruise Tourism ◽  
Tourism Destinations

The purpose of this study is to empirically examine the effect of gamification on tourist psychological outcome and knowledge gain in the context of cultural heritage sites, which are popular cruise tourism destinations. A comprehensive literature review revealed the critical role of gamification in facilitating psychological (enjoyment, flow experience, and loyalty) and behavioral outcomes (knowledge gain) at cultural heritage sites. Using a field experiment, this study employed a gamified app as a manipulation. A total of 342 gamified app users (n = 165) or non-users (n = 177) were selected by stratified random sampling method from among college students majoring in tourism and cruise management in South Korea. After screening the data, a Hayes’ PROCESS modeling technique was mainly utilized to test the proposed hypotheses based on 331 cases. The results showed that gamification had a strong influence on knowledge gain about cultural heritage attractions. On the other hand, gamification had negative effects on enjoyment and flow experience. More importantly, gamification had a negative indirect effect on loyalty toward cultural heritage attractions. These findings imply the usefulness of gamified apps to convey memorable and real-time information and knowledge to users in cultural heritage sites.

scholarly journals Depressive Symptoms Longitudinally Mediate the Negative Effects of HbA1c on Memory Change Over 6 Years

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 167-167
Author(s):  
A Zarina Kraal ◽  
Vicki Ellingrod ◽  
Laura Zahodne
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Word List ◽  
Dried Blood Spots ◽  
Blood Collection ◽  
Baseline Hba1c ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Behavioral Mechanisms

Abstract Elevated glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) has been associated with worse episodic memory in Type 2 diabetes. Prospective links between HbA1c and incident depressive symptoms suggest that behavioral mechanisms may underlie this association. Elevations in HbA1c may lead to depressive symptoms via biochemical changes directly caused by Type 2 diabetes or through distress associated with managing the treatment demands of the disease. This study aimed to determine whether depressive symptoms longitudinally mediate associations between HbA1c and episodic memory over 6 years. Participants (N=2,155) comprised adults aged 51+ with self-reported Type 2 diabetes and clinically elevated HbA1c (≥5.7%) at the time the Health and Retirement Study initiated blood collection. A longitudinal mediation model quantified associations between baseline HbA1c and 6-year change in episodic memory through 4-year change in depressive symptoms, controlling for baseline socio-demographics, other health conditions, and medication adherence. HbA1c was assayed from dried blood spots. Depressive symptoms were self-reported twice over four years. Episodic memory, assessed three times over six years, was a z-score composite of immediate and delayed recall of a word list. Increased depressive symptoms four years after baseline partially mediated the negative association between baseline HbA1c and 6-year memory decline. Depressive symptoms partially mediated the concurrent association between HbA1c and memory at baseline. This longitudinal study provides evidence that the deleterious effects of HbA1c on subsequent episodic memory may operate partly through behavioral mechanisms. Depressive symptoms may represent a critical target for interventions to reduce the enduring negative effects of hyperglycemia on memory aging in Type 2 diabetes.

scholarly journals Acetylation of β-Catenin by p300 Regulates β-Catenin-Tcf4 Interaction

2004 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 3404-3414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence Lévy ◽  
Yu Wei ◽  
Charlotte Labalette ◽  
Yuanfei Wu ◽  
Claire-Angélique Renard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Androgen Receptor ◽  
Transcriptional Activity ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Lysine Acetylation ◽  
Transcriptional Coactivator ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Activation Of Transcription ◽  
Coactivator P300

ABSTRACT Lysine acetylation modulates the activities of nonhistone regulatory proteins and plays a critical role in the regulation of cellular gene transcription. In this study, we showed that the transcriptional coactivator p300 acetylated β-catenin at lysine 345, located in arm repeat 6, in vitro and in vivo. Acetylation of this residue increased the affinity of β-catenin for Tcf4, and the cellular Tcf4-bound pool of β-catenin was significantly enriched in acetylated form. We demonstrated that the acetyltransferase activity of p300 was required for efficient activation of transcription mediated by β-catenin/Tcf4 and that the cooperation between p300 and β-catenin was severely reduced by the K345R mutation, implying that acetylation of β-catenin plays a part in the coactivation of β-catenin by p300. Interestingly, acetylation of β-catenin had opposite, negative effects on the binding of β-catenin to the androgen receptor. Our data suggest that acetylation of β-catenin in the arm 6 domain regulates β-catenin transcriptional activity by differentially modulating its affinity for Tcf4 and the androgen receptor. Thus, our results describe a new mechanism by which p300 might regulate β-catenin transcriptional activity.

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