Sources of toleration: Individuals, cultures, institutions

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 360-369
Author(s):  
Volker Kaul
Keyword(s):  
Practical Reason ◽  
John Rawls ◽  
Institutional Design ◽  
Institutional Setting ◽  
Clash Of Civilizations ◽  
Institutional Frameworks ◽  
The People ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right ◽  
Different Sources

Nowadays the question of toleration is less related to an international clash of civilizations than to the clashes that take place within the states and polities themselves. The article addresses the sources of toleration in this new global scenario, starting from the following set of questions: Do the sources of toleration differ across time and space? Does toleration have different roots in different civilizational contexts, such as China, India or Islam? Or, is toleration the result of particular institutional frameworks and designs? In this case, does the concept of toleration vary from one institutional setting to the other? Do empires, republics and democracies give rise to different forms of toleration? And last but not least, isn’t toleration rather a matter of individual morality, as many liberal theories sustain? The article distinguishes between three different sources of toleration: individuals, cultures and institutions. Kant and contemporary liberals, as John Rawls who follows him, situate the source of toleration in the individual itself and the capacity for practical reason. More communitarian-oriented thinkers, as Michael Walzer, defend ‘a historical and contextual account of toleration and coexistence’, arguing that ‘the best political arrangement is relative to the history and culture of the people whose lives it will arrange’. The institutionalist account, which goes back to John Locke’s A Letter Concerning Toleration establishing the separation between state and church, holds that it is the right institutional design that grounds toleration. The article concludes that political strategies aiming to cultivate toleration must take into account the causes of intolerance.

scholarly journals Mudra (shishu) – an effective scheme in startups

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 222-226
Author(s):  
K.C. Kavipriya
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Individual Development ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Employment Opportunities ◽  
The People ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right ◽  
Small Scale Industries

Economic Development of a country depends upon the individual development; Creation of more Employment opportunities is the right way to strengthen our Economy. By way of strengthening Small scale units, ultimately more people will get Employment. More over Small scale Industries required less amount of Capital. These are the main reasons to start the scheme MUDRA. The scheme MUDRA was launched in the year 2015 by Government of India. In India most of the people are depending upon small scale businesses as their source of livelihood. Most of the individuals depend on un-organised sectors for loans and other credit facilities which have high rate of interest along with unbearable terms and conditions. Ultimately it will lead these poor people to fall in debts. This paper is an attempt to educate the readers about MUDRA Yojana.

scholarly journals An Existential Crisis? Freedom, Tolerance, Solidarity, Peace; Or, Why Europe is Valuable

2018 ◽  
pp. 115-137
Author(s):  
Joxerramon Bengoetxea
Keyword(s):  
European Integration ◽  
Practical Reason ◽  
Religious Pluralism ◽  
Institutional Design ◽  
Individual Freedom ◽  
Constitutional Treaty ◽  
Existential Crisis ◽  
Normative Systems ◽  
The Individual

This paper addresses Europe’s existential crisis. It does so by suggesting that, notwithstanding the relevance of the institutional design, the essence of the project of European integration is persons and peoples rather than states. It then discusses two speeches of important personalities speaking about Europe’s existential crisis. Next, it deals with the question of diversity since the motto of the failed constitutional treaty was precisely “united in diversity”. But this requires explaining the centrality of the individual in practical reason, and the importance of normative systems. The centrality of the individual, related to the value of freedom, is then placed in the context of plurality and diversity, directly addressing the theme of backlash forces in Europe through a map of such plurality in Europe; the socalled multiculturalism or ethno-religious pluralism. The paper concludes by suggesting a version of cosmopolitanism, hermeneutic pluralism, as the normative position to address the balance between individual freedom and solidarity or between “persons” and “peoples”.Received: 15 January 2018 Accepted: 9 May 2018 Published online: 31 October 2018

“Defend your right!” How the populist radical right uses references to rights and freedoms to discursively construct identities

2021 ◽  
pp. 2336825X2110529
Author(s):  
Alexander Alekseev
Keyword(s):  
Radical Right ◽  
Social Rights ◽  
Economic Rights ◽  
Social Actors ◽  
Populist Radical Right ◽  
The People ◽  
Marine Le Pen ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right ◽  
Discourse Historical Approach

The article explores how the European populist radical right uses references to rights and freedoms in its political discourse. By relying on the findings of the existing research and applying the discourse-historical approach to electoral speeches by Marine Le Pen and Jarosław Kaczyński, the leaders of two very dissimilar EU PRR parties, the Rassemblement National and the Prawo i Sprawiedliwość, the article abductively develops a functional typology of references to rights and freedoms commonly used in discourses of European PRR parties: it suggests that PRR discourses in Europe feature references to the right to sovereignty, citizens’ rights, social rights, and economic rights. Such references are used as a coherent discursive strategy to construct social actors following the PRR ideological core of nativism, authoritarianism, and populism. As the PRR identifies itself with the people, defined along nativist and populist lines, rights are always attributed to it. The PRR represents itself as the defender of the people and its rights, while the elites and the aliens are predicated to threaten the people and its rights. References to rights in PRR discourses intrinsically link the individual with the collective, which allows to construct and promote a populist model of ethnic democracy.

Measuring Agreement Among Ranks

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen Campbell Garwood ◽  
Alicia Graziosi Strandberg
Keyword(s):  
Specific Pattern ◽  
Comparison Methods ◽  
The People ◽  
Data Points ◽  
Good For ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Measuring Agreement ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Kendall’S W

Is it possible to compare rankings from different sources when the individual rankings of the top x elements differ? To investigate this question, 2015 sustainable rankings from 4 sources that have ranked the top globally most sustainable corporations are considered (Corporate Knights, Fortune's World's Most Admired Companies, Newsweek's Green Rankings, and Harris). These rankings are analyzed using common rank comparison methods (Spearman's ?, Kendall's t). Then, they are analyzed to see if the sources ranking the data are doing so at random or if there is a specific pattern of agreement (Kendall's W and a method by Alvo, Cabilio & Feigin (1982)). The insights from these methods as well as possible limitations are considered. A truly sustainable corporation would transcend all definitions and be good for the environment and the people relying on the company. This paper will attempt to identify data points that tend to cluster close together in one or more groups, thereby justifying the feasibility of identifying sets of companies that are truly the “most” sustainable.

The Missionary as an Anthropological Field-Worker

Africa ◽  
1931 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 164-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diedrich Westermann
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
New Order ◽  
Inner Life ◽  
Field Worker ◽  
The People ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Opening Paragraph ◽  
The Right

Opening ParagraphThe following remarks are not addressed to specialists, but to those Europeans and Africans working in Africa who have for professional reasons an interest in getting to know the native better and, if possible, in making this knowledge available to a wider circle. This applies pre-eminently to missionaries. They, more than any other body of men, have an interest in studying the people among whom they work. It is their aim to transform the inner life of the tribe and of the individual. They are co-operating in creating a new religious, moral, and often social order. Only those who know the traditional environment of the native have the opportunity and the right of effecting such a transformation, as they are thus in a position to forge links between the old and the new, and in consequence will make the new ideas develop naturally from the old ways of thought. Old traditions must not be pushed on one side and ignored, on the contrary they should be carefully studied to see if there is not embedded in them something that can be incorporated in the new order, or something that has to be transformed.

The Creation of a “True Antient and Indubitable” Right: The English Bill of Rights and the Right to Be Armed

1993 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 226-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joyce Lee Malcolm
Keyword(s):  
New Right ◽  
Bill Of Rights ◽  
The People ◽  
Conservative Revolution ◽  
Single Flower ◽  
The Creation ◽  
English Law ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Relationship

The seventh of the thirteen “ancient and indubitable” rights proclaimed in the English Declaration of Rights was neither ancient nor indubitable. It declared “that the Subjects which are Protestants may have Arms for their Defence suitable to their conditions, and as allowed by Law.” The right of ordinary subjects to possess weapons is perhaps the most extraordinary and least understood of English liberties. It lies at the heart of the relationship between the individual and his fellows and between the individual and his government. Few governments have ever been prepared to make such a guarantee, and, until 1689, no English parliamentary body was either. Its elevation that year to the company of ancient and indubitable rights unmasked the deep-seated distrust between the governing classes and the crown. Together with the equally novel article that gave Parliament greater control over standing armies, this right was meant to place the sword in the hands of Protestant Englishmen and the power over it in the hands of Parliament.The actual novelty of this right had eluded historians for a variety of reasons. First, its framers were taken at their word when they described it as ancient and indubitable. Indeed, Whig historians preferred to believe there had been a conservative revolution. Thomas Macaulay rejoiced that “not a single flower of the crown was touched. Not a single new right was given to the people. The whole English law, substantive and adjective, was, in the judgment of all the greatest lawyers … almost exactly the same after the Revolution as before it.

scholarly journals فلاحی ریاست میں عہدہ داروں کے چناؤکا معیار

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (- 1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abzahir Khan ◽  
Muhammad Ayub
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
The State ◽  
Mutual Relationship ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Collective Rights ◽  
Related Article ◽  
The People ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Masses

State is the basic requisite of any coordinated and civilized nation. The state must exist for maintaining harmony, adherence to law and mutual relationship within a nation. Each and every nation has undergone diverse experiences with respect to the state. However, the approach of a welfare state is found is the present day era. The approach of such a welfare state guarantees all the individual and collective rights of a nation. The main focus of a welfare state is human and humanities. All its potentials have to ensure the survival, safety of human beings and safeguarding his life, property and honor.         A welfare state holds various institutions which for the good and welfare of the masses. in order to run various administrator bodies, it requires competent and skilled persons. These persons and individuals should be equipped with integrity, power to work, moderations, competence, skill and experience in the concern faculty, so that they may put the institutions on the right direction and the people could benefit always.  In the perspective of the related article the standard of selecting office bearers in a welfare state has been dealt with.

scholarly journals The Work Of Sohfi Allahyar "Sabot Ul - Ojizin" Is In Harmony With Today's Times

2020 ◽  
Vol 02 (12) ◽  
pp. 141-145
Author(s):  
Khimmatova Zarina Akhtamovna ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Common People ◽  
Important Place ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
The People ◽  
Islamic Religion ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right

The article analyzes the solidarity of “Sabot ul – ojizin's” work with the present period, which took an important place in the history of Uzbek enlightenment in the second half of the XVII century and the beginning of the XVIII century in Central Asia, the major representative of the Naqshbandian sect, Sofi Allahyar's "Sabot ul – ojizin". The work of sohfi Allahyar "Sabot ul - ojizin" is a work created due to the spiritual need of his time. The main purpose of the creation of the work is to educate the perfect person, to strive for the perfection of the individual. It is up to the people to start them on the right path by revealing the Enlightenment of the Islamic religion, to encourage them not to fall under the influence of the ideas of the memorization of different currents and fanatic groups. In the article, the work studied the socio – philosophical views aimed at starting the people on the right path, and in turn revealed that at that time for material benefit, he was struggling with enlightenment, occupying the minds of the common people and distributing various superstitious teachings. The article analyzes the ideas put forward in the work" Sabot ul – ojizin", the philosophical views, the solidarity of such enlightened views as leading the people towards perfection with today's times.

Value and the Expressive Conditions of the Subjective Will

Hegel's Value ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 150-188
Author(s):  
Dean Moyar
Keyword(s):  
John Rawls ◽  
Equilibrium Model ◽  
Reflective Equilibrium ◽  
Intentional Action ◽  
Subjective Value ◽  
The World ◽  
Basic Argument ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right ◽  
Subjective Rights

This chapter analyzes the pivotal “Morality” section that makes subjective rights and universal welfare essential to the overall conception of justice. It is shown that Hegel’s analysis of the “deed” motivates the move to intentional action in which subjective value and the right to satisfaction come to the fore. The tension between objective and subjective value in the intention leads to the decisive conflict of abstract right and morality in the “right of necessity.” With the Basic Argument template it is shown why the right of necessity leads to an all-encompassing conception of value, the Good, that Hegel calls “the final purpose of the world.” The treatment of formal and true conscience is read in dialogue with the theory of justification that John Rawls calls reflective equilibrium. The chapter argues that conscience is the individual justification akin to reflective equilibrium, and that the transition out of “Morality” highlights the deficiencies of the individual (as opposed to institutional) reflective equilibrium model.

A New Paradigm for the Second Amendment

2004 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saul Cornell
Keyword(s):  
Bill Of Rights ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Contemporary Debate ◽  
Collective Rights ◽  
Second Amendment ◽  
The People ◽  
The Press ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right ◽  
State Militias

Second Amendment scholarship has become mired in an intellectual quagmire. Contemporary debate over this provision of the Bill of Rights has been cast in terms of a simple dichotomy: either the Second Amendment protects an expansive individual right similar in nature to freedom of the press or it protects a narrow right of the states to maintain a well-regulated militia. Partisans of the individual rights view argue that the Second Amendment was designed to affirm a basic individual right to own firearms for hunting, recreation, and personal protection. The other view of the amendment, often described as the collective rights view, argues that the amendment was about the allocation of military power in the federal system. According to this view, the Second Amendment was a modest concession to moderate Antifederalists who feared the power of the new federal government. By affirming the right of the people to bear arms as part of a well-regulated militia, Federalists assuaged lingering Antifederalist qualms about the future of the state militias.

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