Food Insecurity and International Migration Flows

2021 ◽  
pp. 019791832110428
Author(s):  
Michael D. Smith ◽  
Dennis Wesselbaum
Keyword(s):  
Food Insecurity ◽  
International Migration ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Migration Flows ◽  
Aid Programs ◽  
Fixed Effects Regression

The driving forces of international migration are increasingly complex and interrelated. This article examines the relationship between food insecurity and regular, permanent international migration. The analysis draws on data from the first global measure of individual-level food insecurity combined with data on migration flows from 198 origin countries to 16 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development destination countries for 2014 and 2015. Using a fixed-effects regression model that resembles an augmented gravity equation controlling for various confounding factors, we show both a significant positive correlation between food insecurity at origin and out-migration and a positive correlation between out-migration and within-country inequality in food insecurity at origin. Our findings imply that people may react not only to the average prevalence of food insecurity but also to their relative position in the distribution of food insecurity within their origin country. This finding may help inform policymakers about potential threshold effects and guide the design of migration policies and aid programs. It also contributes to the study of international migration flows by presenting novel evidence for the role of food insecurity and within-country inequality in food insecurity as drivers of migration flows.

scholarly journals Global dynamics of international migration systems across South–South, North–North, and North–South flows, 1990–2015

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego F. Leal ◽  
Nicolas L. Harder
Keyword(s):  
International Migration ◽  
Network Effects ◽  
Global Dynamics ◽  
Core Set ◽  
Migration Dynamics ◽  
Key Drivers ◽  
Migration Flows ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Migration Systems

AbstractEvidence from 184 countries over the span of 25 years is gathered and analyzed to understand North–North, South–South, and North–South international migration flows. Conceptually, the analysis borrows from network theory and Migration Systems Theory (MST) to develop a model to characterize the structure and evolution of international migration flows. Methodologically, the Stochastic Actor-oriented Model of network dynamics is used to jointly model the three types of flows under analysis. Results show that endogenous network effects at the monadic, dyadic, and triadic levels of analysis are relevant to understand the emergence and evolution of migration flows. The findings also show that a core set of non-network covariates, suggested by MST as key drivers of migration flows, does not always explain migration dynamics in the systems under analysis in a consistent fashion; thus, suggesting the existence of important levels of heterogeneity inherent to these three types of flows. Finally, evidence related to the role of political instability and countries’ care deficits is also discussed as part of the analysis. Overall, the results highlight the importance of analyzing flows across the globe beyond typically studied migratory corridors (e.g., North–South flows) or regions (e.g., Europe).

scholarly journals The Determinants of International Migration in Early Modern Europe: Evidence from the Maritime Sector, c. 1700–1800

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-167
Author(s):  
Alexander Klein ◽  
Jelle van Lottum
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
International Migration ◽  
Early Modern Europe ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Chain Migration ◽  
Migration Flows ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Modern Europe ◽  
Geographical Characteristics

ABSTRACTThis article offers the first multivariate regression study of international migration in early modern Europe. Using unique eighteenth-century data about maritime workers, we created a data set of migration flows among European countries to examine the role of factors related to geography, population, language, the market, and chain migration in explaining the migration of these workers across countries. We show that among all factors considered in our multivariate analysis, the geographical characteristics of the destination countries, size of port towns, and past migrations are among the most robust and quantitatively the most important factors influencing cross-country migration flows.

Sharing the tracks to good tucker: identifying the benefits and challenges of implementing community food programs for Aboriginal communities in Victoria

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Murray ◽  
Emily Bonnell ◽  
Sharon Thorpe ◽  
Jennifer Browne ◽  
Liza Barbour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Aboriginal People ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Aboriginal Population ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Aboriginal Populations ◽  
Semistructured Interviews ◽  
Food Programs ◽  
Development Approach

Food insecurity is a significant issue in the Victorian Aboriginal population, contributing to the health disparity and reduced life expectancy. Community food programs are a strategy used to minimise individual level food insecurity, with little evidence regarding their effectiveness for Aboriginal populations. The aim of this study was to explore the role of community food programs operating for Aboriginal people in Victoria and their perceived influence on food access and nutrition. Semistructured interviews were conducted with staff (n = 23) from a purposive sample of 18 community food programs across Victoria. Interviews explored the programs’ operation, key benefits to the community, challenges and recommendations for setting up a successful community food program. Results were analysed using a qualitative thematic approach and revealed three main themes regarding key factors for the success of community food programs: (1) community food programs for Aboriginal people should support access to safe, affordable, nutritious food in a socially and culturally acceptable environment; (2) a community development approach is essential for program sustainability; and (3) there is a need to build the capacity of community food programs as part of a strategy to ensure sustainability. Community food programs may be an effective initiative for reducing food insecurity in the Victorian Aboriginal population.

scholarly journals “They Understand What You’re Going Through”: Experientially Similar Others, Anticipatory Stress, and Depressive Symptoms

2020 ◽  
pp. 215686932091077
Author(s):  
Matthew K. Grace
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Support Networks ◽  
Support Functions ◽  
Premedical Education ◽  
Egocentric Network ◽  
Fixed Effects Regression

Past research demonstrates that experientially similar others—people who have confronted the same stressor or who occupy the same social role—are uniquely equipped to provide empathic understanding and tailored coping strategies to individuals navigating comparable, taxing circumstances. Using the case of premedical education, fixed-effects regression analyses of egocentric network data (N = 286) indicate that premeds whose support networks include a greater proportion of premedical peers over time experience fewer depressive symptoms. However, among premeds who report greater anticipatory stress about failing to achieve medical school admission, the presence of additional peers in support networks strengthens the detrimental effects of anticipatory stress. Qualitative data (n = 39) shed light on this empirical puzzle. Although peers offer a broad spectrum of support functions, they can also accentuate stressors or serve as a basis for negative social comparison. These findings introduce new considerations for theorizing the role of similar other support in the stress process.

scholarly journals As Goes the City? Older Americans’ Home Upkeep in the Aftermath of the Great Recession

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 379-397
Author(s):  
Markus H Schafer ◽  
Jason Settels ◽  
Laura Upenieks
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Great Recession ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Physical Space ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Older Americans ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
Fixed Effects Regression ◽  
Community Dwelling Older Adults

Abstract The private home is a crucial site in the aging process, yet the upkeep of this physical space often poses a challenge for community-dwelling older adults. Previous efforts to explain variation in disorderly household conditions have relied on individual-level characteristics, but ecological perspectives propose that home environments are inescapably nested within the dynamic socioeconomic circumstances of surrounding spatial contexts, such as the metro area. We address this ecological embeddedness in the context of the Great Recession, an event in which some U.S. cities saw pronounced and persistent declines across multiple economic indicators while other areas rebounded more rapidly. Panel data (2005–6 and 2010–11) from a national survey of older adults were linked to interviewer home evaluations and city-level economic data. Results from fixed-effects regression support the hypothesis that older adults dwelling in struggling cities experienced an uptick in disorderly household conditions. Findings emphasize the importance of city-specificity when probing effects of a downturn. Observing changes in home upkeep also underscores the myriad ways in which a city’s most vulnerable residents— older adults, in particular—are affected by its economic fortunes.

scholarly journals Climate variability and international migration: an empirical analysis

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 434-468 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola D. Coniglio ◽  
Giovanni Pesce
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
International Migration ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Adaptation Strategy ◽  
Seasonal Effects ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Type Size ◽  
Migration Flows ◽  
Rich Countries

AbstractIs international migration an adaptation strategy to sudden or gradual climatic shocks? In this paper we investigate the direct and the indirect role of climatic shocks in developing countries as a determinant of out-migration flows toward rich OECD countries in the period 1990–2001. Contrarily to the bulk of existing studies, we use a macro approach and explicitly consider the heterogeneity of climatic shocks (type, size, sign of shocks and seasonal effects). Our results show that the occurrence of adverse climatic events in origin countries has significative direct and indirect effects on out-migration from poor to rich countries.

scholarly journals Health trends in the wake of the financial crisis—increasing inequalities?

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (18_suppl) ◽  
pp. 22-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth Nelson ◽  
Anne Grete Tøge
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Health Inequalities ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Family Type ◽  
Health Trends ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Self Rated Health ◽  
Fixed Effects Regression

Aim: The financial crisis that hit Europe in 2007–2008 and the corresponding austerity policies have generated concern about increasing health inequalities, although impacts have been less salient than initially expected. One explanation could be that health inequalities emerged first a few years into the crisis. This study investigates health trends in the wake of the financial crisis and analyses health inequalities across a number of relevant population subgroups, including those defined by employment status, age, family type, gender, and educational attainment. Methods: This study uses individual-level panel data (EU-SILC, 2010–2013) to investigate trends in self-rated health. By applying individual fixed effects regression models, the study estimates the average yearly change in self-rated health for persons aged 15–64 years in 28 European countries. Health inequalities are investigated using stratified analyses. Results: Unemployed respondents, particularly those who were unemployed in all years of observation, had a steeper decline in self-rated health than the employed. Respondents of prime working age (25–54 years) had a steeper decline than their younger (15–24) and older (55–64) counterparts, while single parents had a more favorable trend in self-rated health than dual parents. We did not observe any increasing health inequalities based on gender or educational attainment. Conclusions: Health inequalities increased in the wake of the financial crisis, especially those associated with employment status, age, and family type. We did not observe increasing health inequalities in terms of levels of educational attainment and gender.

Socioeconomic Driving Forces of International Migration

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis Wesselbaum
Keyword(s):  
International Migration ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Migration Decision ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Socioeconomic Variables ◽  
Education And Health ◽  
Linear Effects ◽  
Migration Flows ◽  
Shaped Pattern ◽  
Robust Evidence

Abstract This paper makes a contribution to the literature on the driving forces of international migration. In contrast to the existing literature we consider the effect of socioeconomic variables (population dynamics, education and health, and openness) on migration flows. Especially the effects of openness of a society have not received much attention in the scientific debate.We use a panel data set of bilateral migration flows between 16 destination and 198 origin countries over the time span from 1980 to 2015. Most importantly, we find that our socioeconomic variables significantly affect the migration decision. Including socioeconomic variables does affect the size of the effects of the commonly used variables in the literature.Further, we find robust evidence that the socioeconomic variables at hand have non-linear effects on migration. For example, we find that the effect of human capital on migration follows an inverted U-shaped pattern.

New Modes, New Challenges? The Influence of Extended Working Lives on the Late Employment Phase in Germany

2019 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 313-338
Author(s):  
Charlotte Fechter
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Active Ageing ◽  
Early Exit ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Old Age Security ◽  
Working Lives ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Fixed Effects Regression ◽  
Career Employment

Abstract In the past decade, old age security policies have aimed at providing incentives to prolong employment and change eligibility rules to reduce early retirement options; these are known as Active Ageing measures. Research reveals that extended working lives have altered exit patterns towards a prolongation of the late employment phase. This paper draws on conditions in the organisation of work in the late employment phase. Using fixed effects regression models with the SOEP v33 data, absolute changes in working hours at the individual level measure late career employment. The main results are in line with theoretical considerations and observe reduced hours worked on an individual level. Thus, the trend in reversing early exit patterns indicates a stronger organisation of late employment on the basis of flexible work. Moreover, while female labour participation is increasing, structural differences show a higher female attachment to features of labour flexibility. The conclusions presented concern the changing mode of the German conservative welfare state and reveal a higher degree of individualisation as a balancing mechanism in social policy. Zusammenfassung: Neue Modi, neue Herausforderungen? Der Einfluss verlängerter Lebensarbeitszeit auf die späte Erwerbsphase Älterer in Deutschland Alterssicherungspolitik der letzten Dekade fokussierte im Rahmen von Active Ageing Maßnahmen vor allem die Verlängerung von Erwerbsleben und die Verminderung der Anreize für Frühverrentungsoptionen. Forschung im Bereich der Alterssicherung zeigt, dass spätere Renteneintritte durch verlängerte Erwerbsarbeitszeit sichtbar sind. Der vorliegende Aufsatz reflektiert die strukturellen Bedingungen in der Organisation von Arbeit in der späten Erwerbsphase. Unter Anwendung von Regressionsmodellen mit fixen Effekten werden die SOEP v33 Daten genutzt, um absolute Veränderungen in Arbeitsstunden auf Individualebene zu messen. In Übereinstimmung mit den theoretischen Vorüberlegungen zeigt sich, dass sich Arbeitsstunden in der späten Erwerbsphase auf Individualebene reduziert haben. Die späte Erwerbsphase wird zunehmend über flexible Arbeitszeitmodelle organisiert. Darüber hinaus zeigen sich Unterschiede zwischen den Geschlechtern. Zwar steigt die Erwerbsquote älterer Frauen deutlich, jedoch ist die weibliche Arbeitsmarktbeteiligung in einem höheren Maß an flexible Arbeitsformen gebunden. Aus den Ergebnissen wird auf einen sich verändernden institutionellen Kontext des deutschen konservativen Wohlfahrtsstaats geschlossen, die auf ein höheres Maß an Individualisierung als sozialpolitischen Ausgleichsmechanismus hindeuten.

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