Glucose sparing by glycogenolysis (GSG) determines the relationship between brain metabolism and neurotransmission

2022 ◽  
pp. 0271678X2110643
Author(s):  
Douglas L Rothman ◽  
Gerald A Dienel ◽  
Kevin L Behar ◽  
Fahmeed Hyder ◽  
Mauro DiNuzzo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Mechanistic Explanation ◽  
Glycogen Metabolism ◽  
Tree Shrews ◽  
Metabolic Fluxes ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
The Relationship

Over the last two decades, it has been established that glucose metabolic fluxes in neurons and astrocytes are proportional to the rates of the glutamate/GABA-glutamine neurotransmitter cycles in close to 1:1 stoichiometries across a wide range of functional energy demands. However, there is presently no mechanistic explanation for these relationships. We present here a theoretical meta-analysis that tests whether the brain’s unique compartmentation of glycogen metabolism in the astrocyte and the requirement for neuronal glucose homeostasis lead to the observed stoichiometries. We found that blood-brain barrier glucose transport can be limiting during activation and that the energy demand could only be met if glycogenolysis supports neuronal glucose metabolism by replacing the glucose consumed by astrocytes, a mechanism we call Glucose Sparing by Glycogenolysis (GSG). The predictions of the GSG model are in excellent agreement with a wide range of experimental results from rats, mice, tree shrews, and humans, which were previously unexplained. Glycogenolysis and glucose sparing dictate the energy available to support neuronal activity, thus playing a fundamental role in brain function in health and disease.

The Relationship between Economics Growth and Energy Consumption in China-A Empirical Analysis Based on Energy Kuznets Curve

2014 ◽  
Vol 1073-1076 ◽  
pp. 2457-2461
Author(s):  
Chang Sheng Li ◽  
Qing Ling Li ◽  
Zhong Min Lei ◽  
Han Yang ◽  
Hui Qing Qu
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Total Energy ◽  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
Total Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Relative High Level

These paper investigated the relationship between economics development and energy demands based on Energy Kuznets Curve (EFC) in China. The results show that, the prospects of economics and energy demand in China in further will undergo three important stages to 2050.The peak of energy demand maybe around 2035 and the corresponding total energy demand maybe amount 5.7 billion tce. In 2035, the GDP per capital maybe about 17000 (2005 US$) and the urbanization will reach a relative high level. It is urgent for China to take actions to curb the increasing total energy consumption.

scholarly journals The role of nanotechnology in revolutionizing energy sector

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirjana Maksimović ◽  
Miodrag Forcan
Keyword(s):  
Energy Demand ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Energy Sector ◽  
Main Concern ◽  
Renewable Materials ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
Produce Change ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Entire Energy ◽  
Sustainable Energy Systems

The need for modernization of the existing energy sector is driven by globally increasing energy demand, rising carbon emissions, global warming, and climate change. The world tends towards the sustainable and more environmentally friendly energy sector that will meet future energy demands by reducing the usage of raw and non-renewable materials and resources and decreasing energy consumption and pollution. Nanotechnology, as one of the key technologies of the 21st Century, holds the potential to revolutionize the entire energy sector, contributing to the development of more efficient and sustainable energy systems. The implementation of nanotechnology in the energy sector is in the various stages of research, development, and deployment. Nanotechnology’s solutions and approaches can help create innovative ways to produce, change, distribute, store and consume energy. This paper attempts to summarize some of the current nanotechnology applications in energy sector, emphasizing the associated benefits as well as risks and concerns. Present nanotechnology-based solution and approaches used in the energy sector confirms nanotechnology's potential to revolutionize the entire energy sector. Alongside the growing use of nanomaterials and nanoproducts, uncertainties on the nanotechnology potentially harmful influence on the environment, health, and safety rise as well, representing a main concern related to nanotechnology applications. In addition to the technological feasibility of the nanotechnology implementation in the energy sector, a wide range of other conditions, such as political, economical and social, influence the rate of implementation and acceptance of nanotechnological innovations in the energy sector.

scholarly journals How the Gut Microbiome Links to Menopause and Obesity, with Possible Implications for Endometrial Cancer Development

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (13) ◽  
pp. 2916
Author(s):  
Malou P. H. Schreurs ◽  
Peggy J. de Vos van Steenwijk ◽  
Andrea Romano ◽  
Sabine Dieleman ◽  
Henrica M. J. Werner
Keyword(s):  
Endometrial Cancer ◽  
Systemic Inflammation ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Microbiome Diversity ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Menopausal State ◽  
Cancer Studies

Background: Interest is growing in the dynamic role of gut microbiome disturbances in human health and disease. No direct evidence is yet available to link gut microbiome dysbiosis to endometrial cancer. This review aims to understand any association between microbiome dysbiosis and important risk factors of endometrial cancer, high estrogen levels, postmenopause and obesity. Methods: A systematic search was performed with PubMed as primary database. Three separate searches were performed to identify all relevant studies. Results: Fifteen studies were identified as highly relevant and included in the review. Eight articles focused on the relationship with obesity and eight studies focused on the menopausal change or estrogen levels. Due to the heterogeneity in patient populations and outcome measures, no meta-analysis could be performed. Both the menopausal change and obesity were noted to enhance dysbiosis by reducing microbiome diversity and increasing the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio. Both also incurred estrobolome changes, leading to increased systemic estrogen levels, especially after menopause. Furthermore, microbiome dysbiosis was reported to be related to systemic inflammation through toll-like receptor signaling deficiencies and overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Conclusions: This review highlights that the female gut microbiome is intrinsically linked to estrogen levels, menopausal state and systemic inflammation, which indicates gut microbiome dysbiosis as a potential hallmark for risk stratification for endometrial cancer. Studies are needed to further define the role the gut microbiome plays in women at risk for endometrial cancer.

scholarly journals Morbid exercise behaviour and eating disorders: A meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 206-224
Author(s):  
Manuel Alcaraz-Ibáñez ◽  
Adrian Paterna ◽  
Álvaro Sicilia ◽  
Mark D. Griffiths
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Dietary Restraint ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Random Effects Models ◽  
Exercise Behaviour ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractBackground and aimsThis study examined the relationship between self-reported symptoms of morbid exercise behaviour (MEB) and eating disorders (ED) using meta-analytic techniques.MethodsWe systematically searched MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Web of Science, SciELO and Scopus. Random effects models were used to compute pooled effect sizes estimates (r). The robustness of the summarized estimates was examined through sensitivity analyses by removing studies one at a time.ResultsSixty-six studies comprising 135 effect-sizes (N = 21,816) were included. The results revealed: (a) small-sized relationship in the case of bulimic symptoms (r = 0.19), (b) small- (r = 0.28) to medium-sized relationships (r = 0.41) in the case of body/eating concerns, and (c) medium-sized relationships in the case of overall ED symptoms (r = 0.35) and dietary restraint (r = 0.42). Larger effect sizes were observed in the case of overall ED symptoms in clinical, younger, and thinner populations, as well as when employing a continuously-scored instrument for assessing ED or the Compulsive Exercise Test for assessing MEB. Larger effect sizes were also found in female samples when the ED outcome was dietary restraint.ConclusionsThe identified gaps in the literature suggest that future research on the topic may benefit from: (a) considering a range of clinical (in terms of diagnosed ED) and non-clinical populations from diverse exercise modalities, (b) addressing a wide range of ED symptomatology, and (c) employing longitudinal designs that clarify the temporal direction of the relationship under consideration.

Drivers of franchisor growth: a meta-analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 196-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Kang ◽  
Anthony K. Asare ◽  
Thomas Brashear-Alejandro ◽  
Ping Li
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Track Record ◽  
Brand Reputation ◽  
Bivariate Correlation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose This study aims to help resolve some of the inconsistencies of the relationships between franchisor growth and its drivers in prior literature. Design/methodology/approach First, this study provides a meta-analysis with bivariate correlation analysis and moderation analysis. It then offers an additional analysis of secondary data to shed further light on the relationship between franchisor growth and its drivers. Findings This study confirms the diverse nature of the relationship between the various measures of growth and drivers. It finds that proportion of outlets franchised and brand reputation have the strongest relationships with geographic dispersion; age and proportion of outlets franchised have the strongest relationships with outlet growth rate; and size has the strongest relationship with the number of new outlets. In addition, these multiple relationships are moderated by all three research characteristics that this study investigates, including data source, time frame and industry context. Research limitations/implications This meta-analysis merely offers an examination of the most commonly studied drivers and not a complete review of all potentially important variables. It calls for further research that examines the factors that lead to franchisor growth and performance in general. Practical implications Managers of young franchisors do not need to rush to expand their business across a wide range of geographic regions. Young franchisors instead should focus initially on gaining maturity, developing their business concept, building an attractive track record and improving their brand reputation. Beyond a strong brand and well-developed business concept, franchisors can attract potential franchisees by reassuring them and making them feel secure about their investment. Originality/value This study includes a bivariate analysis that was used to conduct a meta-analysis and also an empirical analysis of secondary data. By conducting the secondary data analysis, we were able to examine the extent to which the meta-analysis results of this study could be extended beyond the time period for papers included in the meta-analysis.

scholarly journals Incidence of psychological illness after coronavirus outbreak: a meta-analysis study

2021 ◽  
pp. jech-2020-215927 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fang Cheng Fan ◽  
Shu Yao Zhang ◽  
Yong Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Disorders ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Psychological Problems ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Prevalence Of Depression ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
The Relationship

BackgroundThe COVID-19 has had an enormous impact worldwide and is still spreading. Globally confirmed infections have surpassed 41.1 million, of which more than 1 million resulted in deaths. Considering the relationship between public health disasters and emotional disorders, it is essential to examine psychological well-being related to this pandemic.MethodWe performed a systematic search on psychological problems from PubMed to 10 October 2020, and conducted a meta-analysis using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis V.3 software.ResultsThe results showed a 19.4% and 26.8% pooled incidence for depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), respectively, during the SARS and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)-related coronavirus outbreaks. However, overall prevalence of depression was somewhat higher at 27.0% during the COVID-19 period. The pooled incidence of PTSD during COVID-19 compared with SARS and MERS outbreaks, was lower, at 16.4%.ConclusionThe results suggest that there are shared and distinct psychological responses following SARS, MERS and COVID-19, and show pessimistic estimates of a wide range of potentially upcoming psychological problems.

scholarly journals The covariance between metabolic rate and behaviour varies across behaviours and thermal types: meta-analytic insights

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberley Mathot ◽  
Niels Dingemanse ◽  
Shinichi Nakagawa
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Performance Model ◽  
Energy Gain ◽  
Energy Budgets ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Net Energy Gain ◽  
Exploration Activity

Energy metabolism has received much attention as a potential driver of repeatable among-individual differences in behaviour (animal personality). Several factors have been hypothesized to mediate this relationship. We performed a meta-analysis of >70 studies comprised of >8000 individuals reporting relationships between measures of maintenance metabolic rates (i.e., basal metabolic rate, resting metabolic rate, and standard metabolic rate) and behaviour. We evaluated support for three hypothesized mediators: 1) type of behaviour, 2) opportunities for energy re-allocation, and 3) magnitude of energetic constraints. Relationships between measures of maintenance metabolic rate (MR) and behaviour are predicted to be strongest for behaviours with strong consequences for energy turnover (acquisition or expenditure). Consistent with this, we found that behaviours with known consequences for energy gain (e.g., foraging, dominance, boldness) or expenditure (e.g., maximum sprint speed, sustained running speed, maximum distance travelled, etc.) had strong positive correlations with MR, while behaviours with putatively weak and/or inconsistent associations with net energy gain or loss (e.g., exploration, activity, sociability) were not correlated with MR. Greater opportunities for energy reallocation are predicted to weaken relationships between MR and behaviour by creating alternative pathways to balance energy budgets . We tested this by contrasting relationships between MR and behaviour in ectotherms versus endotherms, as thermoregulation in endotherms creates additional opportunities for energy reallocation compared with ectotherms. As predicted, the relationship between behaviour and metabolic rate (MR) was stronger in ectotherms compared with endotherms. However, statistical analyses of heterogeneity among effect sizes from different species did not support energy re-allocation as the main driver of these differences. Finally, we tested whether conditions where animals face greater constraints in meeting their energy budgets (e.g., field versus lab, breeding versus non-breeding) increased the strength of relationship between MR and behaviour. We found that the relationship between MR and behaviour was unaffected by either of these modifiers. This meta-analysis provides two key insights. First, we observed positive relationships of similar magnitude between MR and behaviours that bring in net energy, and behaviours that cost net energy. This result is only consistent with a performance energy management model. Given that the studies included in our meta-analysis represent a wide range of taxa, this suggests that the performance model may be the most common model in general. Second, we found that behaviours with putatively weak or inconsistent consequences for net energy gain or expenditure (exploration, activity, sociability) show no relationship with MR. This provides the first systematic demonstration of the central importance of the ecological function of traits in mediating relationships between MR and behaviour.

Relationship between total plasma homocysteine and the risk of aneurysms – a meta-analysis

VASA ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Hanji Zhang ◽  
Dexin Yin ◽  
Yue Zhao ◽  
Yezhou Li ◽  
Dejiang Yao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Total Plasma ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Randomized Controlled Studies ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Healthy Participants

Summary: Our meta-analysis focused on the relationship between homocysteine (Hcy) level and the incidence of aneurysms and looked at the relationship between smoking, hypertension and aneurysms. A systematic literature search of Pubmed, Web of Science, and Embase databases (up to March 31, 2020) resulted in the identification of 19 studies, including 2,629 aneurysm patients and 6,497 healthy participants. Combined analysis of the included studies showed that number of smoking, hypertension and hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) in aneurysm patients was higher than that in the control groups, and the total plasma Hcy level in aneurysm patients was also higher. These findings suggest that smoking, hypertension and HHcy may be risk factors for the development and progression of aneurysms. Although the heterogeneity of meta-analysis was significant, it was found that the heterogeneity might come from the difference between race and disease species through subgroup analysis. Large-scale randomized controlled studies of single species and single disease species are needed in the future to supplement the accuracy of the results.

A Meta-Analysis of Interviews and Cognitive Ability

2013 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 157-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip L. Roth ◽  
Allen I. Huffcutt
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Incremental Validity ◽  
Employment Interviews ◽  
Moderator Analysis ◽  
The Future ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
The Relationship

The topic of what interviews measure has received a great deal of attention over the years. One line of research has investigated the relationship between interviews and the construct of cognitive ability. A previous meta-analysis reported an overall corrected correlation of .40 ( Huffcutt, Roth, & McDaniel, 1996 ). A more recent meta-analysis reported a noticeably lower corrected correlation of .27 ( Berry, Sackett, & Landers, 2007 ). After reviewing both meta-analyses, it appears that the two studies posed different research questions. Further, there were a number of coding judgments in Berry et al. that merit review, and there was no moderator analysis for educational versus employment interviews. As a result, we reanalyzed the work by Berry et al. and found a corrected correlation of .42 for employment interviews (.15 higher than Berry et al., a 56% increase). Further, educational interviews were associated with a corrected correlation of .21, supporting their influence as a moderator. We suggest a better estimate of the correlation between employment interviews and cognitive ability is .42, and this takes us “back to the future” in that the better overall estimate of the employment interviews – cognitive ability relationship is roughly .40. This difference has implications for what is being measured by interviews and their incremental validity.

The Relationship Between Immorality and Cleansing

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 303-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jedidiah Siev ◽  
Shelby E. Zuckerman ◽  
Joseph J. Siev
Keyword(s):  
Effect Size ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Weighted Mean ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. In a widely publicized set of studies, participants who were primed to consider unethical events preferred cleansing products more than did those primed with ethical events ( Zhong & Liljenquist, 2006 ). This tendency to respond to moral threat with physical cleansing is known as the Macbeth Effect. Several subsequent efforts, however, did not replicate this relationship. The present manuscript reports the results of a meta-analysis of 15 studies testing this relationship. The weighted mean effect size was small across all studies (g = 0.17, 95% CI [0.04, 0.31]), and nonsignificant across studies conducted in independent laboratories (g = 0.07, 95% CI [−0.04, 0.19]). We conclude that there is little evidence for an overall Macbeth Effect; however, there may be a Macbeth Effect under certain conditions.

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