A Canine Venereal Tumor with Metastasis to the Brain

1970 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 498-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene W. Adams ◽  
Lynnard J. Slaughter
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Surgical Intervention ◽  
Modal Number ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
The Brain

A naturally occurring malignant canine venereal tumor in the vagina of a mature Collie dog did not regress following surgical intervention. The tumor progressed fatally over a period of 5 weeks and metastasized to the inguinal and iliac lymph nodes, spleen, eye, and brain. It had a modal number of 60 chromosomes of which 17 were metacentric.

Brain Drug Delivery: Overcoming the Blood-brain Barrier to Treat Tauopathies

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (13) ◽  
pp. 1448-1465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jozef Hanes ◽  
Eva Dobakova ◽  
Petra Majerova
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Neuronal Function ◽  
Brain Drug Delivery ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Blood Brain ◽  
Traditional Approaches ◽  
The Brain

Tauopathies are neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the deposition of abnormal tau protein in the brain. The application of potentially effective therapeutics for their successful treatment is hampered by the presence of a naturally occurring brain protection layer called the blood-brain barrier (BBB). BBB represents one of the biggest challenges in the development of therapeutics for central nervous system (CNS) disorders, where sufficient BBB penetration is inevitable. BBB is a heavily restricting barrier regulating the movement of molecules, ions, and cells between the blood and the CNS to secure proper neuronal function and protect the CNS from dangerous substances and processes. Yet, these natural functions possessed by BBB represent a great hurdle for brain drug delivery. This review is concentrated on summarizing the available methods and approaches for effective therapeutics’ delivery through the BBB to treat neurodegenerative disorders with a focus on tauopathies. It describes the traditional approaches but also new nanotechnology strategies emerging with advanced medical techniques. Their limitations and benefits are discussed.

Role of Flavonoids in Neurodegenerative Disorders with Special Emphasis on Tangeritin

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 581-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ambreen Fatima ◽  
Yasir Hasan Siddique
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
Plant Polyphenols ◽  
Promising Candidate ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
The Brain

Flavonoids are naturally occurring plant polyphenols found universally in all fruits, vegetables and medicinal plants. They have emerged as a promising candidate in the formulation of treatment strategies for various neurodegenerative disorders. The use of flavonoid rich plant extracts and food in dietary supplementation have shown favourable outcomes. The present review describes the types, properties and metabolism of flavonoids. Neuroprotective role of various flavonoids and the possible mechanism of action in the brain against the neurodegeneration have been described in detail with special emphasis on the tangeritin.

scholarly journals The Potential Effects of Phytoestrogens: The Role in Neuroprotection

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 2954
Author(s):  
Justyna Gorzkiewicz ◽  
Grzegorz Bartosz ◽  
Izabela Sadowska-Bartosz
Keyword(s):  
Neuroprotective Effect ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Estrogen Therapy ◽  
Neuroprotective Effects ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Epigenetic Effects ◽  
Estrogen Synthesis ◽  
Health Promoting ◽  
The Brain

Phytoestrogens are naturally occurring non-steroidal phenolic plant compounds. Their structure is similar to 17-β-estradiol, the main female sex hormone. This review offers a concise summary of the current literature on several potential health benefits of phytoestrogens, mainly their neuroprotective effect. Phytoestrogens lower the risk of menopausal symptoms and osteoporosis, as well as cardiovascular disease. They also reduce the risk of brain disease. The effects of phytoestrogens and their derivatives on cancer are mainly due to the inhibition of estrogen synthesis and metabolism, leading to antiangiogenic, antimetastatic, and epigenetic effects. The brain controls the secretion of estrogen (hypothalamus-pituitary-gonads axis). However, it has not been unequivocally established whether estrogen therapy has a neuroprotective effect on brain function. The neuroprotective effects of phytoestrogens seem to be related to both their antioxidant properties and interaction with the estrogen receptor. The possible effects of phytoestrogens on the thyroid cause some concern; nevertheless, generally, no serious side effects have been reported, and these compounds can be recommended as health-promoting food components or supplements.

scholarly journals Conceptual and Practical Issues in the Pharmacological Treatment of Brain Injury

1993 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald G. Stein ◽  
Marylou M. Glasier ◽  
Stuart W. Hoffman
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Chemical Activity ◽  
Behavioral Testing ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
New Information ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Injury And Repair ◽  
The Brain

It is only within the last ten years that research on treatment for central nervous system (CNS) recovery after injury has become more focused on the complexities involved in promoting recovery from brain injury when the CNS is viewed as an integrated and dynamic system. There have been major advances in research in recovery over the last decade, including new information on the mechanics and genetics of metabolism and chemical activity, the definition of excitotoxic effects and the discovery that the brain itself secretes complex proteins, peptides and hormones which are capable of directly stimulating the repair of damaged neurons or blocking some of the degenerative processes caused by the injury cascade. Many of these agents, plus other nontoxic naturally occurring substances, are being tested as treatment for brain injury. Further work is needed to determine appropriate combinations of treatments and optimum times of administration with respect to the time course of the CNS disorder. In order to understand the mechanisms that mediate traumatic brain injury and repair, there must be a merging of findings from neurochemical studies with data from intensive behavioral testing.

The topography, structure and incidence of mineralized bodies in the basal ganglia of the brain of cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis)

1995 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 276-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. F. Wadsworth ◽  
H. B. Jones ◽  
J. B. Cavanagh
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Natural Occurrence ◽  
Optic Chiasma ◽  
Cynomolgus Monkeys ◽  
Small Vessels ◽  
Mammillary Bodies ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Toxicological Studies ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Brain

Whole coronal slices from 6 levels of the brain of 16 cynomolgus monkeys (8 control and 8 treated by daily gavage with a novel pharmaceutical agent for one year) were examined histologically. Mineralized bodies were identified only in coronal sections passing through the optic chiasma and mammillary bodies. Identical mineralized structures were present in the basal ganglia of both control and treated animals. The majority were seen in the globus pallidus, occasionally in the putamen and once in the nearby caudate nucleus. These structures were partially ferruginated and also partially calcified. They appeared to arise in relation to small vessels. They are part of the naturally occurring background pathology of several species of non-human primates and the incidence in this study (3/8 control and 5/8 treated) was approximately what might be expected from reports in the literature. Mineralized bodies of the basal ganglia of primates represent a spontaneous lesion with a characteristic distribution. They may cause confusion in interpretation of toxicological studies if their natural occurrence is not appreciated.

scholarly journals STUDIES ON THE PATHOGENESIS OF KERNICTERUS

1953 ◽  
Vol 98 (5) ◽  
pp. 509-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Stephen Vogel
Keyword(s):  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Neuronal Damage ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Maximum Absorption ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Blood Brain ◽  
Absorption Of Light ◽  
The Brain

Kernicteric pigment was extracted by means of chloroform from the brains of 3 infants. Solutions of it gave a positive diazo reaction, and, as determined electrophotometrically, gave maximum absorption of light having a wavelength of 425 mµ, being identical in these properties with chloroform solutions of crystalline mesobilirubin. Experimental kernicterus was regularly induced by injecting crystalline mesobilirubin intracerebrally in newborn kittens, the pigment staining the cerebral tissues a bright canary-yellow and being deposited abundantly in the nerve cells, as microscopic examinations showed, although these latter were otherwise intact. Bilirubin, likewise injected intracerebrally in newborn kittens, had no such effects. The possibility is discussed that the blood-brain barrier is altered in some infants with hyperbilirubinemia in such a way that bilirubin crosses it and is then reduced within the brain to mesobilirubin thus giving rise to the cerebral pigmentation of kernicterus. The fact that the pigment itself does not seem to damage the neurons, as the present studies show, makes it necessary to seek some other cause for the neuronal damage that is sometimes seen, in association with the pigmentation, in the naturally occurring disease.

Neural glymphatic system: Clinical implications and potential importance of melatonin

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 551-565
Author(s):  
Ryan D Bitar ◽  
Jorge L Torres-Garza ◽  
Russel J Reiter ◽  
William T Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Subarachnoid Space ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Lymphatic Vessels ◽  
Amyloid Β ◽  
Secretory Product ◽  
Cervical Lymph Nodes ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Glymphatic System ◽  
The Brain

The central nervous system was thought to lack a lymphatic drainage until the recent discovery of the neural glymphatic system.  This highly specialized waste disposal network includes classical lymphatic vessels in the dura that absorb fluid and metabolic by-products and debris from the underlying cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the subarachnoid space. The subarachnoid space is continuous with the Virchow-Robin peri-arterial and peri-vascular spaces which surround the arteries and veins that penetrate into the neural tissue, respectively.  The dural lymphatic vessels exit the cranial vault via an anterior and a posterior route and eventually drain into the deep cervical lymph nodes. Aided by the presence of aquaporin 4 on the perivascular endfeet of astrocytes, nutrients and other molecules enter the brain from peri-arterial spaces and form interstitial fluid (ISF) that baths neurons and glia before being released into peri-venous spaces.  Melatonin, a pineal-derived secretory product which is in much higher concentration in the CSF than in the blood, is believed to follow this route and to clear waste products such as amyloid-β from the interstitial space. The clearance of amyloid-β reportedly occurs especially during slow wave sleep which happens concurrently with highest CSF levels of melatonin.  Experimentally, exogenously-administered melatonin defers amyloid-β buildup in the brain of animals and causes its accumulation in the cervical lymph nodes. Clinically, with increased age CSF melatonin levels decrease markedly, co-incident with neurodegeneration and dementia.  Collectively, these findings suggest a potential association between the loss of melatonin, decreased glymphatic drainage and neurocognitive decline in the elderly.

scholarly journals COL16A1 is differentially expressed in lymph node metastasis in human breast cancer.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahan Mamoor
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Metastatic Breast Cancer ◽  
Lymph Node ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Lymph Node Metastases ◽  
Metastatic Breast ◽  
Lymphoid Organ ◽  
Primary Tumors ◽  
Node Metastases ◽  
The Brain

Metastasis to the brain is a clinical problem in patients with breast cancer (1-3). Between the breast and the brain reside the secondary lymphoid organ, the lymph nodes. We mined published microarray data (4, 5) to compare primary and metastatic tumor transcriptomes for the discovery of genes associated with metastasis to the lymph nodes in humans with metastatic breast cancer. We found that collagen type XVI alpha 1 chain, COL16A1, was among the genes whose expression was most different in the lymph node metastases of patients with metastatic breast cancer as compared to primary tumors of the breast. COL16A1 mRNA was present at decreased quantities in lymph node metastases as compared to primary tumors of the breast. Importantly, expression of COL16A1 in primary tumors of the breast was correlated with patient overall survival, in lymph node negative patients but not in lymph node positive patients. Modulation of COL16A1 expression may be relevant to the biology by which tumor cells metastasize from the breast to the lymph nodes and the brain in humans with metastatic breast cancer.

scholarly journals COL6A1 is differentially expressed in lymph node metastasis in human breast cancer.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahan Mamoor
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Metastatic Breast Cancer ◽  
Lymph Node ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Lymph Node Metastases ◽  
Metastatic Breast ◽  
Lymphoid Organ ◽  
Primary Tumors ◽  
Node Metastases ◽  
The Brain

Metastasis to the brain is a clinical problem in patients with breast cancer (1-3). Between the breast and the brain reside the secondary lymphoid organ, the lymph nodes. We mined published microarray data (4, 5) to compare primary and metastatic tumor transcriptomes for the discovery of genes associated with metastasis to the lymph nodes in humans with metastatic breast cancer. We found that collagen type VI alpha 1 chain, COL6A1, was among the genes whose expression was most different in the lymph node metastases of patients with metastatic breast cancer as compared to primary tumors of the breast. COL6A1 mRNA was present at decreased quantities in lymph node metastases as compared to primary tumors of the breast. Importantly, expression of COL6A1 in primary tumors of the breast was correlated with patient post-progression survival, in lymph node negative patients but not in lymph node positive patients. Modulation of COL6A1 expression may be relevant to the biology by which tumor cells metastasize from the breast to the lymph nodes and the brain in humans with metastatic breast cancer.

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