Measuring the Passenger Car Equivalent of Small Cars and SUVs on Rainy and Sunny Days

2018 ◽  
Vol 2672 (31) ◽  
pp. 110-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Majid Zahiri ◽  
Xiqun (Michael) Chen
Keyword(s):  
Field Investigation ◽  
Urban Traffic ◽  
Heterogeneous Traffic ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Mixed Traffic ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Passenger Car ◽  
Passenger Car Equivalent ◽  
The Government ◽  
Rainy Days

Traffic volume is a fundamental measurement in traffic analyses. In mixed traffic, vehicles vary in size, length, headway, spacing, and acceleration/deceleration. Therefore, if we can categorize the vehicles in mixed traffic in greater detail, the estimated passenger car equivalent (PCE) number will be more accurate. Practical and appropriate methods that convert different vehicles into the equivalent number of passenger cars need to be employed to determine PCE factors for heterogeneous traffic. Following economic growth and increased use of motor vehicles in developing countries, the purchase of sports utility vehicles (SUVs) continues to grow, though the government encourages people to buy small cars because of the limited road capacity, as well as air pollution problems. In this research, we categorize passenger cars into three subsets: small cars (hatchback cars without a trunk), SUVs, and standard cars (taxis and typical family cars). A field investigation shows that the penetration rates of these passenger cars are 12%, 23%, and 55%, respectively (10% are other vehicles) in Hangzhou, China. We also measure the PCE value for small cars and SUVs using the mean time headway method. Because different countries have different weather conditions, we continue to measure the PCE values for sunny days and moderate rainy days. The results show that PCE values for small cars and SUVs are 0.87 and 1.26 on sunny days, and 0.87 and 1.31 on rainy days, respectively. By using the PCE with high precision, urban managers can accomplish the analysis of urban traffic with greater accuracy.

scholarly journals The effect of the traffic composition on the urban traffic capacity. Passenger car equivalent coefficients

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dmitri Nemchinov ◽  
Dmitri Martiakhin ◽  
Pavel Pospelov ◽  
Tatiana Komarova ◽  
Alexandr Mikhailov
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Flow ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Urban Traffic ◽  
Heavy Vehicles ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Passenger Car ◽  
Traffic Capacity ◽  
Equivalent Number ◽  
Passenger Car Equivalent ◽  
Traffic Composition

Predicting the traffic capacity and its elements requires bringing the traffic flow represented by various vehicles to uniformity expressed in the equivalent number of passenger cars, through the use of the passenger car equivalent coefficients (PCE). The currently used in Russian Federation passenger car equivalent coefficients are taken on the basis of studies of the capacity of the Russian Federation, carried out in the 70s - 80s of the last century on rural roads, where most of the vehicles were heavy vehicles. Currently, the traffic flow is mostly represented by passenger cars. The riding qualities of cars, especially trucks, have changed significantly. This situation is especially common to Moscow. In this regard, the question of clarifying the traffic flow composition and revising the passenger car equivalent coefficients becomes relevant. The article presents the methodology and results of studies carried out on the route sections between road crossings to determine the passenger car equivalent coefficients and the traffic composition in Moscow.

Determining Passenger Car Equivalent for Motorcycle at Mid-Block of Sesetan Road

2015 ◽  
Vol 776 ◽  
pp. 95-100
Author(s):  
I. Gusti Raka Purbanto
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Heavy Vehicles ◽  
Highway Capacity ◽  
Passenger Car ◽  
Highway Capacity Manual ◽  
The Road ◽  
Traffic Conditions ◽  
Mode Share ◽  
Passenger Car Equivalent ◽  
On The Road

Motorcycle dominates traffic in Bali, particularly in urban roads, which occupy more than 85% of mode share. The three types of vehicles, i.e. motorcycles, heavy and light vehicles share the roadways together. Under mixed traffic conditions, motorcycle may be travelling in between and alongside two consecutive motor vehicles. Considering such a situation, passenger car equivalent values should be examined thoroughly. This study aims to determine passenger car equivalent (PCEs) of motorcycle at mid-block of Sesetan Road. Three approaches are used to examine the PCEs values. This study found that the PCE of motorcycles are in a range between 0.2 and 0.4. This values are about the same to the existing PCE of the Indonesian Highway Capacity Manual (1997). This study also pointed out that motorcyclists and car drivers may behave differently to the existence of motorcycles. Car drivers are more aware than motorcyclists on the existence of motorcycle on the road. Further, more samples are required to obtain comprehensive results. In addition, the presence of heavy vehicles need to be considered for future study.

scholarly journals Concept of queue clearance rate for estimation of equivalency factors at priority junctions

2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (7) ◽  
pp. 593-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mithun Mohan ◽  
Satish Chandra
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Clearance Rate ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Traffic Volume ◽  
Heterogeneous Traffic ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Passenger Car ◽  
Traffic Conditions ◽  
Equivalency Factors ◽  
Equivalent Number

Traffic in developing countries is often distinguished from others for its diversity in vehicular composition and passenger car equivalents (PCE) becomes essential in such conditions for expressing traffic volume in terms of equivalent number of passenger cars. The PCE estimation at two-way stop-controlled intersections in developing countries is further complicated by the lack of movement priority and lane discipline. The study introduces a method to find PCE factors based on the time taken by a queue of vehicles to completely clear the intersection and composition of the queue. The method is validated through simulations in VISSIM software and was then used to derive PCE factors for three intersections in India. Although the method is developed and tested to estimate PCE factors under highly heterogeneous traffic at priority junctions in India, it is quite general in nature and can be used in traffic conditions found in developed countries as well.

Does Separating Trucks from Other Traffic Improve Overall Safety?

2005 ◽  
Vol 1922 (1) ◽  
pp. 156-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominique Lord ◽  
Dan Middleton ◽  
Jeffrey Whitacre
Keyword(s):  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Mixed Traffic ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Truck Traffic ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Construction Costs ◽  
Passenger Car ◽  
Good Opportunity ◽  
Crash Data ◽  
Vehicle Type

Decision makers have long speculated that building separate roads for trucks and passenger cars, or at least separating these into their own lanes, would accomplish two major objectives: (a) roadways would be made safer for passenger cars and (b) roadways designed specifically for a select class of vehicles rather than for all vehicles might represent overall savings in construction costs. This paper addresses the first objective. Recent studies on the evaluation of safety effects of truck traffic levels on general freeway facilities have not provided a clear understanding of how they affect the number of crashes. In some cases, studies have been contradictory. In addition, no studies have specifically compared passenger car–only with mixed-traffic freeway facilities. The research on which this paper is based aimed to assess whether more homogeneous flows of traffic by vehicle type are safer than the current mixed-flow scenario. An exploratory analysis of crash data was conducted on selected freeway sections of the New Jersey Turnpike for 2002. These sections operate as a dual–dual freeway facility: divided inner and outer lanes. At these locations, the inner lanes have the special characteristic of being for passenger cars only (homogeneous traffic). The selected sections, therefore, offer a very good opportunity to compare the crash experience between passenger car–only and mixed-traffic rural freeway facilities. The results of the study show that outer lanes experience more crashes, both when raw numbers are used and when exposure is included in the analysis. It was shown that truck-related crashes contribute significantly to the total number of crashes on the outer lanes. In fact, trucks are overinvolved in crashes given the exposure on these sections. Although the outcome of this study suggests that separating truck traffic from passenger cars for freeway facilities improves safety, further work is needed to understand the contributing factors leading to truck-related crashes in the outer lanes.

scholarly journals Delay-based Passenger Car Equivalent at Signalized Intersections in Iran

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Habibollah Nassiri ◽  
Sara Tabatabaie ◽  
Sina Sahebi
Keyword(s):  
Signalized Intersections ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Heavy Vehicles ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Highway Capacity ◽  
Passenger Car ◽  
Highway Capacity Manual ◽  
Operational Characteristics ◽  
Passenger Car Equivalent ◽  
Traffic Operation

Due to their different sizes and operational characteristics, vehicles other than passenger cars have a different influence on traffic operations especially at intersections. The passenger car equivalent (PCE) is the parameter that shows how many passenger cars must be substituted for a specific heavy vehicle to represent its influence on traffic operation. PCE is commonly estimated using headway-based methods that consider the excess headway utilized by heavy vehicles. In this research, the PCE was estimated based on the delay parameter at three signalized intersections in Tehran, Iran. The data collected were traffic volume, travel time for each movement, signalization, and geometric design information. These data were analysed and three different models, one for each intersection, were constructed and calibrated using TRAF-NETSIM simulation software for unsaturated traffic conditions. PCE was estimated under different scenarios and the number of approach movements at each intersection. The results showed that for approaches with only one movement, PCE varies from 1.1 to 1.65. Similarly, for approaches with two and three movements, the PCE varies from 1.07 to 1.99 and from 0.76 to 3.6, respectively. In addition, a general model was developed for predicting PCE for intersections with all of the movements considered. The results obtained from this model showed that the average PCE of 1.5 is similar to the value recommended by the HCM (Highway Capacity Manual) 1985. However, the predicted PCE value of 1.9 for saturated threshold is closer to the PCE value of 2 which was recommended by the HCM 2000 and HCM 2010.

scholarly journals ANALISIS PEMILIHAN MODA TRANSPORTASI MENUJU BANDARA SOEKARNO HATTA MENGGUNAKAN MOBIL PENUMPANG DAN KERETA API

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dhinahadi Vitriyana ◽  
Eva Azhra Latifa
Keyword(s):  
High Volume ◽  
Likert Scale ◽  
Difference Model ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Passenger Car ◽  
Bachelor Degree ◽  
User Perceptions ◽  
Binary Logit ◽  
Train Services ◽  
The Government

ABSTRACTInadequate access to Soekarno Hatta Airport, only via Prof. Sedyatmo Tollroad and the high volume of vehicles especially passanger car often cause traffic jams during rush hour. The government added access to Soekarno Hatta Airport by operating airport trains. This research aims to analyze the characteristics of passenger car users and airport train users, analyze the opportunity of mode choice between that two modes, and determine the airport trains service according to the users. The data obtained by distributing questionnaires to passenger car users and airport train users. The characteristics of users of each mode were analyzed using descriptive statistics. To determine the probability of moda choice, the binary logit difference model is used with the help of multiple linear regression. Airport train user perceptions of airport train facilities and services were analyzed using a Likert scale. The characteristics of passenger car users are women, age <25 years old, educated bachelor degree, income <Rp. 3,000,000 with the purpose of a family visit. The characteristics of airport train users are men, aged <25 years old, educated bachelor degree, earn Rp. 3,000,000 - Rp. 5,000,000 that travel with the aim of business/work. Probabilities for passenger cars were 85.98%, while airport train probabilities were 14.014%. The level of airport train services in aspect of safety and convenience is in a good category, and aspects of comfort and reliability are categorized very wellKey words : binary logit difference, characteristic of trip users, Likert scale, transportation moda choiceABSTRAKAkses menuju Bandara Soekarno Hatta yang belum memadai yaitu hanya via Jalan Tol Prof. Sedyatmo dan tingginya volume kendaraan jenis mobil penumpang sering mengakibatkan terjadinya kemacetan lali lintas pada jam-jam sibuk. Pemerintah menambah akses menuju Bandara Soekarno Hatta dengan mengoperasikan kereta api bandara. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis karakteristik pelaku perjalanan mobil penumpang dan kereta api bandara, menganalisis peluang pemilihan moda antara kedua moda tersebut, dan menentukan kelayanan kereta api bandara menurut masyarakat pengguna. Data diperoleh dasi hasil penyebaran kuesioner kepada pengguna kereta api bandara danmobil penumpang. Karakteristik pelaku perjalanan masing-masing moda dianalisis menggunakan statistik deskriptif. Untuk mengetahui peluang pemilihan moda digunakan model logit biner selisih dengan bantuan persamaan regresi linear berganda. Persepsi pengguna kereta api bandara terhadap fasilitas dan kelayanan kereta api bandara dianalisis menggunakan skala Likert. Karakteristik umum pengguna mobil penumpang adalah wanita, berusia <25 tahun, berpendidikan S1/D4, berpendapatan <Rp. 3.000.000 dengan tujuan perjalanan kunjungan keluarga. Karakteristik umum pengguna KA bandara adalah laki-laki, usia <25 tahun, berpendidikan S1/D4, berpendapatan Rp. 3.000.000 – Rp. 5.000.000 yang melakukan perjalanan dengan tujuan dinas/bisnis/kerja. Peluang mobil penumpang yang diperoleh sebesar 85,986%, sedangkan peluang KA bandara 14,014%. Tingkat pelayanan KA bandara dalam aspek keamanan dan kemudahan berkategori baik, dan aspek kenyamanan dan keandalan berkategori sangat baik.Katakunsi : karakteristik pelaku perjalanan, logit biner selisih, pemilihan moda transportasi, skala Likert

A Study on Consumer Behaviour of Passenger Car Segments through Logistic egression Modelling

Metamorphosis ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Balakrishnan Menon
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Automobile Industry ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Practical Knowledge ◽  
Investment Policy ◽  
General Motors ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Passenger Car ◽  
The Government ◽  
Modelling Approach

The automobile industry in India was highly protected in favour of domestic car manufacturers till the late 1980s. The Government of India’s drastic shift towards economic liberalization and Foreign Direct Investment Policy transformed the automobile industry, since the early 1990s. The ensuing decade witnessed many foreign car manufacturers entering the Indian automobile industry with their models and brands. World leaders in passenger cars such as Toyota, Honda, General Motors, Ford, and Hyundai set up manufacturing hubs in India, cashing on the liberalized Foreign Direct Investment Policy of the Government of India. These manufacturers captured the hearts and minds of Indian car customers, with their choicest of car models with high technological and innovative product offerings, with quality and reliability. This transformed the automobile scene from a seller’s market to buyer’s market. Car customers had started developing their own personal preferences and purchasing patterns, which were hitherto unknown in the Indian automobile segment. This study focused on the influences of various attributes and factors in the consumer purchase behaviour of passenger cars. The logistic modelling approach evaluated as to why the car customers prefer different car segmented models in comparison to a base category model. The article attempted to build a passenger car purchase modelling approach, to evaluate consumer behavioural preferences, which eventually influences the purchase behaviour of passenger car owners. The results of the research would contribute to the practical knowledge base of the automobile industry, specifically to the passenger car segments. The model developed has also a great contributory value addition, to the manufacturers and dealers, for evolving a customized marketing strategy approach.

Limitations of Passenger-Car Equivalent Derivation for Traffic Streams with More Than One Truck Type

2003 ◽  
Vol 1852 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio Henrique Demarchi ◽  
José Reynaldo Setti
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Mixed Traffic ◽  
Heavy Vehicles ◽  
Passenger Car ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Traffic Stream ◽  
Passenger Car Equivalent ◽  
Traffic Composition ◽  
The One ◽  
The Impact

Heavy vehicles can have a major impact on traffic streams, particularly on grades. Traditionally, these impacts have been expressed in terms of a passenger-car equivalent (PCE), which is used to convert a mixed traffic stream into a hypothetical passenger-car stream. When the stream contains more than one truck type and truck characteristics differ significantly, it would be desirable to derive PCEs for each truck type. Limitations of current methods of PCE derivation are discussed, and it is demonstrated that PCEs derived individually for each truck type account for only part of the impact caused by trucks on traffic. As a result, distortions are created in the estimation of equivalent flow rates when the traffic composition is different from the one used in the derivation of PCEs. A work-around solution based on the estimation of an aggregate PCE is discussed, and a quantitative analysis of the errors associated with the use of each type of PCE is presented. The results indicate that the errors in the estimation of equivalent flow rates are negligible for densities less than 10 veh/(km-lane) but increase significantly with the increase in density. Equivalent flow rates calculated with aggregate PCEs are not exempt from errors, especially if the traffic mix is different from the one used for the base stream, but these errors were found to be smaller than those caused by the use of PCEs derived individually for each truck type.

scholarly journals Evolution of national annual pollutant emission from motor vehicles in Poland

2017 ◽  
Vol 171 (4) ◽  
pp. 92-96
Author(s):  
Katarzyna BEBKIEWICZ ◽  
Zdzisław CHŁOPEK ◽  
Krystian SZCZEPAŃSKI ◽  
Magdalena ZIMAKOWSKA-LASKOWSKA
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Model ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Passenger Car ◽  
Ignition System ◽  
Vehicle Traffic ◽  
Urban Rural

The work analyses the national annual emission of pollutants from passenger cars in Poland, in the years 2000–2015, including the classification of combustion engines relative to the ignition system. The study was carried out in accordance with the methodology used in the COPERT 4 software. The vehicle traffic model was analysed under the following conditions: urban, rural and on motorways and expressways. The national annual pollutant emission was found to change substantially alongside the changes in vehicle properties over the period analysed; the effect varied due to the performance of respective substances. The relative annual national emission of the various pollutants compared to the situation in 2000 were determined. There was a clear declining trend, from 2008 onwards, in the relative annual emission of pollutants from a representative passenger car; this was valid for all substances.

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