scholarly journals Evolution of national annual pollutant emission from motor vehicles in Poland

2017 ◽  
Vol 171 (4) ◽  
pp. 92-96
Author(s):  
Katarzyna BEBKIEWICZ ◽  
Zdzisław CHŁOPEK ◽  
Krystian SZCZEPAŃSKI ◽  
Magdalena ZIMAKOWSKA-LASKOWSKA
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Model ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Passenger Car ◽  
Ignition System ◽  
Vehicle Traffic ◽  
Urban Rural

The work analyses the national annual emission of pollutants from passenger cars in Poland, in the years 2000–2015, including the classification of combustion engines relative to the ignition system. The study was carried out in accordance with the methodology used in the COPERT 4 software. The vehicle traffic model was analysed under the following conditions: urban, rural and on motorways and expressways. The national annual pollutant emission was found to change substantially alongside the changes in vehicle properties over the period analysed; the effect varied due to the performance of respective substances. The relative annual national emission of the various pollutants compared to the situation in 2000 were determined. There was a clear declining trend, from 2008 onwards, in the relative annual emission of pollutants from a representative passenger car; this was valid for all substances.

scholarly journals PASSENGER CARS AND HEAVY DUTY VEHICLES EXHAUST EMISSIONS UNDER REAL DRIVING CONDITIONS

2014 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 47-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Merkisz-Guranowska ◽  
Jacek Pielecha
Keyword(s):  
Research Work ◽  
Exhaust Emissions ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
University Of Technology ◽  
Road Testing ◽  
System Project ◽  
Heavy Duty Vehicles

In the assumptions regarding to the transport policy both at the level of country and Europe there is the concept of sustainable development of transport. Warsaw University of Technology in cooperation with Poznan University of Technology performs research work concerning the shaping of environmentally friendly transport system – Project EMITRANSYS. In this project, one of the conditions is to reduce exhaust emissions by means of transport. The paper presents the reasons for the testing of the exhaust emissions under Real Driving Emissions testing (RDE). Research potential of Institute of Combustion Engines and Transport at Poznan University of Technology in the area of road testing of passenger and heavy-duty vehicles has been presented in the paper. Example test results have been shown in the aspect of the emission-related classification of vehicles.

scholarly journals Effect of average velocity of passenger cars on national annual emission of pollutants

2017 ◽  
Vol 171 (4) ◽  
pp. 121-126
Author(s):  
Katarzyna BEBKIEWICZ ◽  
Zdzisław CHŁOPEK ◽  
Krystian SZCZEPAŃSKI ◽  
Magdalena ZIMAKOWSKA-LASKOWSKA
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Average Velocity ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Traffic Conditions ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Traffic Speed

The paper presents the results of the study on the sensitivity of the national annual emission of pollutants from passenger cars to their average velocity under the following traffic conditions: urban, rural, and on motorways and expressways. The study was carried out in accordance with the methodology used in the COPERT 4 software. The effect of traffic speed within cumulated categories of passenger cars on the national emission of pollutants was analyzed. The national annual pollutant emission of pollutants was found to be substantially affected by the average car velocity, this effect being largely differentiated due to the character of road traffic. The type of the dependence of the national annual pollutant emission on the average velocity is similar for all substances, especially under traffic conditions in rural areas as well as on highways and expressways. A distinct minimum of the national pollutant emission was found at a velocity of about 70 km/h under rural conditions.

Measuring the Passenger Car Equivalent of Small Cars and SUVs on Rainy and Sunny Days

2018 ◽  
Vol 2672 (31) ◽  
pp. 110-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Majid Zahiri ◽  
Xiqun (Michael) Chen
Keyword(s):  
Field Investigation ◽  
Urban Traffic ◽  
Heterogeneous Traffic ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Mixed Traffic ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Passenger Car ◽  
Passenger Car Equivalent ◽  
The Government ◽  
Rainy Days

Traffic volume is a fundamental measurement in traffic analyses. In mixed traffic, vehicles vary in size, length, headway, spacing, and acceleration/deceleration. Therefore, if we can categorize the vehicles in mixed traffic in greater detail, the estimated passenger car equivalent (PCE) number will be more accurate. Practical and appropriate methods that convert different vehicles into the equivalent number of passenger cars need to be employed to determine PCE factors for heterogeneous traffic. Following economic growth and increased use of motor vehicles in developing countries, the purchase of sports utility vehicles (SUVs) continues to grow, though the government encourages people to buy small cars because of the limited road capacity, as well as air pollution problems. In this research, we categorize passenger cars into three subsets: small cars (hatchback cars without a trunk), SUVs, and standard cars (taxis and typical family cars). A field investigation shows that the penetration rates of these passenger cars are 12%, 23%, and 55%, respectively (10% are other vehicles) in Hangzhou, China. We also measure the PCE value for small cars and SUVs using the mean time headway method. Because different countries have different weather conditions, we continue to measure the PCE values for sunny days and moderate rainy days. The results show that PCE values for small cars and SUVs are 0.87 and 1.26 on sunny days, and 0.87 and 1.31 on rainy days, respectively. By using the PCE with high precision, urban managers can accomplish the analysis of urban traffic with greater accuracy.

scholarly journals The influence of limitations and technical systems on the limitation of emissions of toxic combustion components from combustic engines

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 473-477
Author(s):  
Marek Idzior ◽  
Edward Czapliński
Keyword(s):  
Emission Reduction ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Diagnostic System ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Drive Motor ◽  
Technical Solutions

The article discusses aspects related to legal solutions in the European Union, which have a direct impact on reducing the emission of toxic exhaust components from internal combustion engines, which are used to drive motor vehicles. Problems related to technical solutions that limit the negative impact of exploited cars on pollution of the natural environment have been presented. The development and impact of the OBD diagnostic system and the influence of non-engine equipment on emission reduction have been described. Carried out tests of a selected group of passenger cars during the obligatory check tests identified a group of vehicles that did not meet the legislator's requirements regarding the permissible values of toxic exhaust components.

scholarly journals Estimating pollutant emission from motor vehicles in the years 2000–2015

2017 ◽  
Vol 171 (4) ◽  
pp. 62-67
Author(s):  
Katarzyna BEBKIEWICZ ◽  
Zdzisław CHŁOPEK ◽  
Krystian SZCZEPAŃSKI ◽  
Magdalena ZIMAKOWSKA-LASKOWSKA
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
Heavy Duty ◽  
Commercial Vehicles ◽  
Vehicular Emission ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Year 2000 ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Eu

National annual emission from motor vehicles were estimated with the use, for the first time in Poland, of the COPERT software programme developed in support of official reporting under the EU cooperation framework. The quantification of vehicular emission covered the period 2000–2015. The results were analysed for the following cumulated vehicle categories: passenger cars, light commercial vehicles, heavy duty vehicles, urban buses, coaches, motorcycles and mopeds. The national annual emission from motor vehicles in Poland was found to be markedly declining. The relative national annual emission of individual pollutants was balanced against the situation in the year 2000. Starting from 2006, a distinct decreasing trend was observed for the relative national annual emission of pollutants from a representative motor vehicle; this was valid for all the substances except for nitrous oxide alone.

scholarly journals Comparison of pollutant emission associated with the operation of passenger cars with internal combustion engines and passenger cars with electric motors

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Bebkiewicz ◽  
Zdzisław Chłopek ◽  
Hubert Sar ◽  
Krystian Szczepański
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Compression Ignition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engines ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Traffic Conditions ◽  
Compression Ignition Engines

AbstractEnergy consumption and pollutant emission aspects were ascertained for cars under traffic conditions: in cities, outside cities, on motorways and expressways, with the use of data from the inventory of emissions from road transport in Poland in 2018. The values of characteristics of energy consumption under model traffic conditions, as well as pollutant emissions and energy consumption of cars with internal combustion engines and cars with electric motors, constituted the basis for further analyses and conclusions about the characteristics of the vehicles under the study in terms of energy consumption and pollutant emissions. As a result of the research, it was found in the case of the use of electric drives, a very significant decrease in energy consumption—by 70% and the emission of non-methane volatile organic compounds—at the level of 90%. In the case of the emission of nitrogen oxides, there is a great advantage in relation to cars with compression-ignition engines, while the emission of nitrogen oxides from cars with spark-ignition engines is about two times lower. It was found that the emission of particulate matter for electric cars is about three times higher than for cars with compression-ignition engines and almost six times higher than for cars with spark-ignition engines. On the other hand, the impact on carbon dioxide emissions is small—less than 10%.

scholarly journals THE USE OF MOTORBIKE AS A MEANS OF GOOD TRANSPORTATION IN GRAB EXPRESS SERVICE AS SEEN FROM THE TRANSPORTATION LAW

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilda Yunita Sabrie ◽  
Dina Kusuma Ratih ◽  
Prawitra Thalib
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Weather Factors ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Delivery Services ◽  
Freight Forwarding ◽  
Bad Weather ◽  
Type Motor

The demand for goods delivery services in Indonesia is very large. Through this service, an item can easily move from one location to another and can be utilized so that the item has more value. Freight forwarding services can not be separated from the role of motor vehicles used as a means of transport. When viewed from the classification of its type, motor vehicles consist of motorcycles, passenger cars, freight cars, bus cars and special vehicles. In the relevant regulations stipulate that the goods delivery service must be carried out using the goods car. The obligation to use the goods car that has been regulated by law is not without reason. By using freight cars, bad weather factors and shock factors due to damaged road conditions can be avoided. This can minimize the risk of damage to the goods. But in practice it is often found that the delivery of goods is done using another mean of transporation that is motorcycle. The use of motorcycles is considered more effective and efficient because it can reach even remote areas. Although assessed so, the use of motorcycles can not avoid if there are two factors as mentioned above. Then this can lead to the risk of damage to the goods. Meanwhile, the delivery of goods must be implemented properly so that the goods can be saved and secured to the destination. 

The Impact of Exhaust Emission from Combustion Engines on the Environment: Modelling of Vehicle Movement at Roundabouts

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Madziel ◽  
A. Jaworski ◽  
D. Savostin-Kosiak ◽  
K. Lejda
Keyword(s):  
Vehicle Emissions ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Exhaust Emission ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Vehicle Traffic ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Vehicle Movement

Due to the increased emission of harmful exhaust components, in particular CO2 (carbon dioxide), CO (carbon monoxide), THC (total hydrocarbons), by motor vehicles, especially in the centres of urban agglomerations, it is necessary to create traffic simulation models that allow to estimate the emissions from road transport. One of the places where the largest accumulation of vehicles in cities occurs are intersections. This contributes to increasing the number of stops and repetitions of the acceleration and braking cycle, which has a direct impact on vehicle emissions. At the same time, roundabouts are intersections with specific traffic movement characteristics, therefore it is necessary to calibrate the simulation model beforehand. The aim of the study was to develop a methodology for modeling vehicle traffic at the roundabout and compare the combustion engines emissions resulting from vehicle movement on the example of the selected roundabout case studies. Vehicle traffic modeling was performed in the Vissim traffic microsimulation program based on real data. The comparison concerned the emissions for a two-lane and a turbo roundabout for the assumed traffic volume scenarios for properly calibrated simulation models. The results show that the performance of the simulation allows for the analysis of emissions and determination of its size for each of the roundabout inlets. It is also possible to determine the general dependencies e.g. the length of the queue of vehicles in relation to the emission of the analysed exhaust components. The analysis can be used as an introduction to changes in the guides for designing road intersections concerning vehicle emissions.

scholarly journals Study on sensitivity of national annual pollutant emission from passenger cars to traffic patterns

2017 ◽  
Vol 171 (4) ◽  
pp. 170-174
Author(s):  
Katarzyna BEBKIEWICZ ◽  
Zdzisław CHŁOPEK ◽  
Grzegorz STOSIO ◽  
Krystian SZCZEPAŃSKI ◽  
Magdalena ZIMAKOWSKA-LASKOWSKA
Keyword(s):  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
Emission Model ◽  
Total Emission ◽  
Traffic Patterns ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Traffic Pattern ◽  
Traffic Conditions ◽  
Total Length ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Selection Of

The paper presents the results of the study on the sensitivity of the national annual pollutant emission from passenger cars to traffic patterns. The study was carried out in accordance with the methodology applied in the COPERT 4 software. The traffic pattern was modelled as the share of road lengths under various traffic conditions: urban, rural and on motorways and expressways, in the total length of trips covered by vehicles. A relatively small and less varied sensitivity of the national annual pollutant emission from passenger cars to the traffic pattern was found due to the substance emitted. This was considered to be a valuable proposal for the selection of parameters for the total emission model of vehicular pollutants, in view of the difficulty of estimating the share of road lengths under model traffic conditions.

scholarly journals Passenger cars in the rapex notifications

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 198-201
Author(s):  
Marcin Pigłowski
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Country Risk ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Alert System ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Passenger Car ◽  
Rapid Alert System

In the study presented similarities within 1533 notifications on passenger cars (subcategory of category motor vehicles)in the Rapid Alert System for Dangerous Non-food Products (RAPEX) in 2006-2017. The studies took into account passenger car brands and year, submitting country, origin country, risk type and entity taking measures. The cluster analysis using two-way joining in Statistica 12 was applied. The most frequently the following brands were notified: Renault, Peugeot, Citroën (originated from France) and Mercedes (from Germany). The number of notifications increased from 2006 to 2017. The passenger cars in the RAPEX were most commonly notified by Germany (it related to Mercedes). The most commonly risks, which were notified were injuries and also fire. The measures against to notified cars were usually taken by economic operator (manufacturer, distributor or importer).

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