Exploring the Elements and Determinants of the Value of Time for Manual Driving and Autonomous Driving using a Qualitative Approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 2674 (12) ◽  
pp. 542-552
Author(s):  
Viktoriya Kolarova
Keyword(s):  
Travel Behavior ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Autonomous Driving ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Value Of Time ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Travel Time Savings ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Car Driving

Autonomous driving is expected to change individual travel behavior significantly. The main reason postulated is an increase in comfort and feasibility of on-board activities which will potentially change the way people perceive time spent in a vehicle and consequently their mode preferences. Understanding how value of time (VoT) might change and what will determine such change can be crucial when assessing the impact of vehicle automation. Recent studies address potential changes that automation might have on VoT based on analyses of time use and perception in current modes of transport or focusing only on the utility of driving autonomously. However, there is a lack of research addressing both—the utility of car driving compared with the utility of riding autonomously—from the user perspective. To address this research question, focus group discussions with car drivers were conducted. The data was analyzed using a thematic qualitative text analysis. The results suggest that the utility of car driving today, including aspects of driving pleasure, various (passive) activities performed in the car, and also driving as an activity itself, will counterbalance to a certain extent the effect of the benefits of autonomous driving, such as improved travel experience and feasibility of activities. Moreover, context-related and individual characteristics shape these effects. This paper summarizes the main study results, including potential short- and long-term travel behavior changes resulting from the availability of autonomous driving. Lastly, implications from the qualitative research for quantitative studies on value of travel time savings for autonomous vehicles are discussed.

The Impact of Mental States on Semi-autonomous Driving Takeover Performance: A Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 1372-1376
Author(s):  
Gaojian Huang ◽  
Christine Petersen ◽  
Brandon J. Pitts
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Autonomous Driving ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Manual Control ◽  
Monitoring Systems ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Impact

Semi-autonomous vehicles still require drivers to occasionally resume manual control. However, drivers of these vehicles may have different mental states. For example, drivers may be engaged in non-driving related tasks or may exhibit mind wandering behavior. Also, monitoring monotonous driving environments can result in passive fatigue. Given the potential for different types of mental states to negatively affect takeover performance, it will be critical to highlight how mental states affect semi-autonomous takeover. A systematic review was conducted to synthesize the literature on mental states (such as distraction, fatigue, emotion) and takeover performance. This review focuses specifically on five fatigue studies. Overall, studies were too few to observe consistent findings, but some suggest that response times to takeover alerts and post-takeover performance may be affected by fatigue. Ultimately, this review may help researchers improve and develop real-time mental states monitoring systems for a wide range of application domains.

Quantifying the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Passenger Vehicle Drivers’ Willingness to Pay for Travel Time Savings and Reliability

2021 ◽  
pp. 036119812110388
Author(s):  
Tristan Cherry ◽  
Mark Fowler ◽  
Claire Goldhammer ◽  
Jeong Yun Kweun ◽  
Thomas Sherman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Willingness To Pay ◽  
Travel Time ◽  
Travel Behavior ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Consumer Preferences ◽  
Stated Preference ◽  
Travel Time Reliability ◽  
Travel Time Savings ◽  
Time Savings ◽  
The Impact

The COVID-19 pandemic has fundamentally disrupted travel behavior and consumer preferences. To slow the spread of the virus, public health officials and state and local governments issued stay-at-home orders and, among other actions, closed nonessential businesses and educational facilities. The resulting recessionary effects have been particularly acute for U.S. toll roads, with an observed year-over-year decline in traffic and revenue of 50% to 90% in April and May 2020. These disruptions have also led to changes in the types of trip that travelers make and their frequency, their choice of travel mode, and their willingness to pay tolls for travel time savings and travel time reliability. This paper describes the results of travel behavior research conducted on behalf of the Virginia Department of Transportation before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in the National Capital Region of Washington, D.C., Maryland, and Northern Virginia. The research included a stated preference survey to estimate travelers’ willingness to pay for travel time savings and travel time reliability, to support forecasts of traffic and revenue for existing and proposed toll corridors. The survey collected data between December 2019 and June 2020. A comparison of the data collected before and during the pandemic shows widespread changes in travel behavior and a reduction in willingness to pay for travel time savings and travel time reliability across all traveler types, particularly for drivers making trips to or from work. These findings have significant implications for the return of travelers to toll corridors in the region and future forecasts of traffic and revenue.

Could a New Mode Alternative Modify Psycho-Attitudinal Factors and Travel Behavior?

2019 ◽  
Vol 2673 (9) ◽  
pp. 94-106
Author(s):  
Eleonora Sottile ◽  
Francesco Piras ◽  
Italo Meloni
Keyword(s):  
Travel Behavior ◽  
Latent Variables ◽  
Mode Choice ◽  
Choice Models ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Light Rail ◽  
Attitudinal Factors ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

There is ample consensus that, besides objective characteristics, psycho-attitudinal factors play a key role in influencing people’s mode choice. Hybrid choice models use these theoretical frameworks so as to include latent constructs for capturing the impact of subjective factors on mode choice. But recent work in transportation research raised the question about the ability of hybrid choice models to derive policy implications that aim to change travel behavior, given the focus on cross-sectional data. To address this problem we designed a survey for collecting longitudinal data (socio-economic and psycho-attitudinal) to evaluate, on the one hand, the long-term effects on travel mode choice of the implementation of a new light rail line in the metropolitan area of Cagliari (Italy), on the other to detect any changes in the psycho-attitudinal factors and socio-economic characteristics after implementation of those measures. In particular, the objective of the study is to analyze whether these changes in individual characteristics are able to affect mode choice from a modeling perspective, through the specification and estimation of hybrid models. Our results show that latent variables were not significantly different over waves, showing that the impact of the psychological construct remained stable over time, even after the introduction of the new light rail. Additionally, we found some evidence that the variables that explain the latent variables could change over time.

scholarly journals Effects of Individual and Environmental Factors on GPS-Based Time Allocation in Urban Microenvironments Using GIS

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Audrius Dėdelė ◽  
Auksė Miškinytė ◽  
Irma Česnakaitė ◽  
Regina Gražulevičienė
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Exposure Assessment ◽  
Time Allocation ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Personal Exposure ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Time Activity ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Impact

Time-activity patterns are an essential part of personal exposure assessment to various environmental factors. People move through different environments during the day and they have different daily activity patterns which are significantly influenced by individual characteristics and the residential environment. In this study, time spent in different microenvironments (MEs) were assessed for 125 participants for 7 consecutive days to evaluate the impact of individual characteristics on time-activity patterns in Kaunas, Lithuania. The data were collected with personal questionnaires and diaries. The global positioning system (GPS) sensor integrated into a smartphone was used to track daily movements and to assess time-activity patterns. The study results showed that behavioral and residential greenness have a statistically significant impact on time spent indoors. These results underline the high influence of the individual characteristics and environmental factors on time spent indoors, which is an important determinant for exposure assessment and health impact assessment studies.

scholarly journals Simulation of the Daily Activity Plans of Travelers Using the Park-and-Ride System and Autonomous Vehicles: Work and Shopping Trip Purposes

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 2912 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jairo Ortega ◽  
Jamil Hamadneh ◽  
Domokos Esztergár-Kiss ◽  
János Tóth
Keyword(s):  
Travel Time ◽  
Travel Behavior ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Daily Activity ◽  
Transport Mode ◽  
Park And Ride ◽  
Activity Chain ◽  
Private Car ◽  
Transport Modes ◽  
The Impact

The preferences of travelers determines the utility of daily activity plans. Decision-makers can affect the preference of travelers when they force private car users to use park-and-ride (P&R) facilities as a way of decreasing traffic in city centers. The P&R system has been shown to be effective in reducing uninterrupted increases in traffic congestion, especially in city centers. Therefore, the impacts of P&R on travel behavior and the daily activity plans of both worker and shopper travelers were studied in this paper. Moreover, autonomous vehicles (AVs) are a promising technology for the coming decade. A simulation of the AV as part of a multimodal system, when the P&R system was integrated in the daily activity plans, was carried out to determine the required AV fleet size needed to fulfill a certain demand and to study the impacts of AVs on the behavior of travelers (trip time and distance). Specifically, a group of travelers, who use private cars as their transport mode, was studied, and certain modifications to their daily activity plans, including P&R facilities and changing their transport mode, were introduced. Using the MATSim open-source tool, four scenarios were simulated based on the mentioned modifications. The four scenarios included (1) a simulation of the existing transport modes of the travelers, (2) a simulation of their daily activity plans when their transport modes were changed to AVs, (3) a simulation of the travelers, when P&R facilities were included in their activity chain plans, and (4) a simulation of their daily activity plans, when both P&R and AVs were included in their activity chain plans. The result showed that using the P&R system increased overall travel time, compared with using a private car. The results also demonstrated that using AVs as a replacement for conventional cars reduced travel time. In conclusion, the impact of P&R and AVs on the travel behavior of certain travelers was evaluated in this paper.

scholarly journals The effect of commitment, leadership and compensation on job satisfaction and performance of government apparatus in West Sulawesi Province

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Atika Atika ◽  
Basri Modding ◽  
Baharuddin Sammaila ◽  
Hamzah Hafied
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Organizational Performance ◽  
Structural Equation Model ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Fundamental Problem ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Study Results ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Impact

<p>The apparatus performance is a fundamental problem affecting the organizational performance of West Sulawesi Province Government. Many factors affect it, both individual characteristics and organizational, especially commitment, leadership, compensation and job satisfaction. This study analyzes the effect of organizational commitment, leadership and compensation on job satisfaction and the impact on apparatus performance. The study was conducted on 358 respondents of Government apparatus in West Sulawesi Province. The data was collected by five point Likert scale and analyzed by Structural Equation Model (SEM). The study results found that commitment and leadership affect on job satisfaction and apparatus performance. While compensation only affects job satisfaction and does not affect on performance apparatus.</p>

scholarly journals Vehicle Electrification Impacts on Energy Consumption for Different Connected-Autonomous Vehicle Scenario Runs

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Ehsan Sabri Islam ◽  
Ayman Moawad ◽  
Namdoo Kim ◽  
Aymeric Rousseau
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Travel Behavior ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Autonomous Vehicle ◽  
Transportation System ◽  
Regional Energy ◽  
Energy Impact ◽  
Potential Factors ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

Transportation system simulation is a widely accepted approach to evaluate the impact of transport policy deployment. In developing a transportation system deployment model, the energy impact of the model is extremely valuable for sustainability and validation. It is expected that different penetration levels of Connected-Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs) will impact travel behavior due to changes in potential factors such as congestion, miles traveled, etc. Along with such impact analyses, it is also important to further quantify the regional energy impact of CAV deployment under different factors of interest. The objective of this paper is to study the energy consumption of electrified vehicles in the future for different penetration levels of CAVs deployment in the City of Chicago. The paper will further provide a statistical analysis of the results to evaluate the impact of the different penetration levels on the different electrified powertrains used in the study.

scholarly journals The Influence of Introducing Autonomous Vehicles on Conventional Transport Modes and Travel Time

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
pp. 4163
Author(s):  
Jamil Hamadneh ◽  
Domokos Esztergár-Kiss
Keyword(s):  
Travel Time ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Travel Behavior ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Fleet Size ◽  
The Public ◽  
Levels Of Automation ◽  
Multi Agent ◽  
Transport Modes ◽  
The Impact

Introducing autonomous vehicles (AVs) on the market is likely to bring changes in the mobility of travelers. In this work, extensive research is conducted to study the impact of different levels of automation on the mobility of people, and full driving automation needs further study because it is still under development. The impacts of AVs on travel behavior can be studied by integrating AVs into activity-based models. The contribution of this study is the estimation of AVs’ impacts on travelers’ mobility when different travel demands are provided, and also the estimation of AVs’ impact on the modal share considering the different willingness of pay to travel by AVs. This study analyses the potential impacts of AVs on travel behavior by investigating a sample of 8500 travelers who recorded their daily activity plans in Budapest, Hungary. Three scenarios are derived to study travel behavior and to find the impacts of the AVs on the conventional transport modes. The scenarios include (1) a simulation of the existing condition, (2) a simulation of AVs as a full replacement for conventional transport modes, and (3) a simulation of the AVs with conventional transport modes concerning different marginal utilities of travel time in AVs. The simulations are done by using the Multi-Agent Transport Simulation (MATSim) open-source software, which applies a co-evolutionary optimization algorithm. Using the scenarios in the study, we develop a base model, determine the required fleet size of AVs needed to fulfill the demand of the different groups of travelers, and predict the new modal shares of the transport modes when AVs appear on the market. The results demonstrate that the travelers are exposed to a reduction in travel time once conventional transport modes are replaced by AVs. The impact of the value of travel time (VOT) on the usage of AVs and the modal share is demonstrated. The decrease in the VOT of AVs increases the usage of AVs, and it particularly decreases the usage of cars even more than other transport modes. AVs strongly affect the public transport when the VOT of AVs gets close to the VOT of public transport. Finally, the result shows that 1 AV can replace 7.85 conventional vehicles with acceptable waiting time.

scholarly journals Dampak Jaminan Fidusia Kredit Kendaraan Bermotor yang Tidak Didaftarkan terhadap Penerimaan Negara Bukan Pajak

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 828
Author(s):  
Akhmad Yasin
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
State Revenue ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Tax State ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Legal Consequences ◽  
State Revenues

AbstractMotor vehicles ownership through finance companies can be realized after going through a series of procedures before a notary and fiduciary registration office. However, this series of procedures are not done by finance companies in providing motor vehicle financing to consumers. Increasing consumer financing to the public for motor vehicles ownership should also increase the number of non-tax state revenues from fiduciary guarantees.The study purpose is to know the legal consequences for fiduciary recipients who did not register their fiduciary guarantees and to know the impact of unregistered fiduciary guarantees on non-tax state revenue (PNBP). The formulation of the problem in the research question is how the legal consequences for fiduciary recipients who do not register their fiduciary guarantees and how the impact of unregistered fiduciary guarantees on non-tax state revenue (PNBP). The research method used is descriptive qualitative normative legal research using secondary data. The study results found that fiduciary finance companies/recipients did not register their fiduciary guarantee, so they committed illegal acts by utilizing third parties to execute motorized vehicles that were not actually burdened with fiduciary guarantees. The executor's right to fiduciary recipient is legally flawed because he does not hold a fiduciary guarantee certificate as a result of not registering a motorized vehicle as a fiduciary guarantee. The impact on state finances because they were not registering motor vehicles as fiduciary guarantees at the fiduciary registration office resulting in non-tax revenue (PNBP) being not optimal for the state. Key words: fiduciary guarantees, motor vehicles, and nontax state revenues. AbstraksiKepemilikan kendaraan bermotor melalui perusahaan pembiayaan dapat diwujudkan setelah melalui serangkaian prosedural di hadapan notaris dan kantor pendaftaran fidusia. Namun, serangkaian prosedural ini tidak dilakukan oleh perusahaan pembiayaan dalam penyediaan pembiayaan kendaraan bermotor kepada konsumen. Peningkatan pembiayaan konsumen kepada masyarakat terhadap kepemilikan kendaraan bermotor seharusnya juga ikut meningkatkan jumlah penerimaan negara bukan pajak dari jaminan fidusia.Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui akibat hukum bagi penerima fidusia yang tidak mendaftarkan jaminan fidusianya dan untuk mengetahui dampak jaminan fidusia yang tidak didaftarkan terhadap penerimaan negara bukan pajak (PNBP). Perumusan masalah dalam pertanyaan penelitian adalah bagaimana akibat hukum bagi penerima fidusia yang tidak mendaftarkan jaminan fidusianya dan bagaimana dampak jaminan fidusia yang tidak didaftarkan terhadap penerimaan negara bukan pajak (PNBP). Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif yang bersifat deskriptif kualitatif menggunakan data sekunder. Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa perusahaan pembiayaan/penerima fidusia yang tidak mendaftarkan jaminan fidusianya, sehingga mereka melakukan perbuatan melawan hukum dengan memanfaatkan pihak ketiga untuk mengeksekusi kendaraan bermotor yang sebenarnya tidak dibebani jaminan fidusia. Hak eksekutorial penerima fidusia cacat hukum karena tidak memegang sertifikat jaminan fidusia akibat tidak didaftarkannya kendaraan bermotor sebagai jaminan fidusia. Dampak bagi keuangan negara akibat dari tidak didaftarkannya kendaraan bermotor sebagai jaminan fidusia di kantor pendaftaran fidusia mengakibatkan tidak optimalnya penerimaan negara bukan pajak (PNBP) bagi negara. Kata kunci: jaminan fidusia, kendaraan bermotor dan penerimaan negara bukan pajak.

Leadership in Community-Based Participatory Research: Individual to Collective

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 11-24
Author(s):  
Maria Mayan ◽  
Sanchia Lo ◽  
Merin Oleschuk ◽  
Anna Paucholo ◽  
Daley Laing
Keyword(s):  
Participatory Research ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Community Based Participatory Research ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Collaborative Partnerships ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Collaborative Process ◽  
Formation Stage ◽  
The Impact

 Multi-sector collaborative partnerships hold much promise in tackling seemingly intractable and complex social issues. However, they often encounter many challenges in achieving their goals. Leadership can play an important role in reducing the impact of factors that threaten a multi-sector partnership’s success. Community-based participatory research (CBPR) partnerships are collaborative and, in many cases, multi-sectored. While there is a developing literature and practice on multi-sector, collaborative partnerships, leadership in CBPR is relatively unexplored, especially at various partnership stages (i.e., formation, implementation, maintenance, and accomplishment of goal). Through the method of focused ethnography, we explored the research question “How is leadership exercised during the formation stage of a CBPR partnership?” Eighteen partners (government, community, and university sectors) were interviewed about the leadership during the formation stage of their partnership, and data were qualitatively content-analyzed. Partners explained that leadership was exercised during the formation stage through (1) individual characteristics, (2) actions, and (3) as a collective. Our findings illustrate that CBPR leadership shares many of the characteristics of traditional leadership and adapts them to support the collaborative process of CBPR, leading to a collective form of leadership. These findings have implications for the study and practice of CBPR leadership.

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