Finding the Subway Disruption Regimes of Switching Subway to Uber in Toronto

2020 ◽  
Vol 2674 (12) ◽  
pp. 303-311
Author(s):  
Jason Hawkins ◽  
Khandker Nurul Habib
Keyword(s):  
Upper Bound ◽  
Transportation Network ◽  
Government Agencies ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
Service Delay ◽  
Critical Attention ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Threshold Regression Model ◽  
Threshold Point ◽  
Made In

The evolving relationship between public transit and transportation network companies (TNCs), such as Uber and Lyft, is of great interest to government agencies and has seen much critical attention in the academic literature. In this paper, we focus on the demand for TNC trips (also known as ride-hailing trips) during the disruption of the subway service. We combined a detailed dataset of Uber trips made in Toronto, Canada during the period September 2016 to August 2018 and subway disruption data provided by the Toronto Transit Commission. These data were used to examine the question: how long are subway users willing to wait during a disruption before switching modes? This question was framed as a threshold point, and an innovative structural threshold regression model was used to obtain an answer. Controlling for environmental and location-specific factors in the model, it was revealed that subway users in Toronto tend to switch to Uber after a service delay of as little as 3 min, with an average result of 7 min and an upper bound of 12 min.

Supportive care with art therapy, for patients in isolation during stem cell transplant

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra Agnese ◽  
Teresa Lamparelli ◽  
Andrea Bacigalupo ◽  
Paola Luzzatto
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Art Therapy ◽  
Stem Cell Transplant ◽  
Hemopoietic Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Transplant ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Meaningful Connections ◽  
Art Therapist ◽  
Made In

AbstractObjective:The aim of the art therapy study was twofold: 1) to identify the specific factors of the art therapy experience perceived as helpful by patients undergoing an allogenic hemopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT); and 2) to establish an appropriate criterion for referral to art therapy among this population.Method:Between 2006 and 2010, a dedicated art therapist met all the patients who were referred to her by the hematologist. The art therapy approach and techniques are described. Outcome was evaluated by self-assessment, based on written questionnaires that were given to the patients before discharge.Results:Seventy-four patients followed the weekly individual sessions during isolation and filled out the questionnaire. All of them defined the art therapy experience as “helpful” and specified in which way it had been helpful. Through a thematic analysis of the patients' written comments, three specific aspects of art therapy, which the patients found most helpful, were identified: (1) being able to calm down from anxiety, through the use of art therapy techniques (77.02%); (2) feeling free to express and share difficult feelings, which they had not communicated verbally (75.67%); and (3) establishing meaningful connections with their loved ones, through images made in art therapy (36.48%). Case illustrations are provided.Significance of results:The results suggest that referral to art therapy from the team might be helpful and appropriate: (1) when patients are anxious; (2) when they are uncommunicative and hide their feelings; and (3) when they feel disconnected from their loved ones at home.

scholarly journals Secularizing Effects of Christian Mission: Fifty Years After Elmer Miller’s “The Christian Missionary, Agent of Secularization”

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-76
Author(s):  
Maryse Kruithof
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
American Anthropologist ◽  
Christian Mission ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
The Past ◽  
Primary Driver ◽  
Christian Missionary ◽  
Mission Field ◽  
Made In

Abstract It has been suggested that Christianity is inextricably linked with secularization due to its emphasis on purification and rationalization. But if we believe secularization in Europe is at least partly caused by internal developments within Christianity, may we then assume that secularization emerges wherever Christian missionaries are successful? Has the Christian mission unwittingly instigated secularization in its mission fields? This literature review analyses the argument that American anthropologist Elmer Miller made in the article “The Christian Missionary, Agent of Secularization” (1970) and explores whether his thesis has been confirmed in academic literature during the past fifty years. Miller presents rationalization as the primary driver of secularization and explains how missionaries have played a decisive role in this process. This paper demonstrates that while rationalization has often been mentioned as an effect of the Christian mission in other sources, the process has rarely been linked to secularization in the mission field.

The Conundrum of Valuing a Company`s Intellectual Capital

2010 ◽  
pp. 1848-1861
Author(s):  
Luiz Antonio Joia ◽  
Paulo Sérgio da Silva Sanz
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Intellectual Capital ◽  
Intangible Assets ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
Study Methodology ◽  
Relationship Capital ◽  
A Company ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Made In

Since the early 1990s, research has been conducted in an attempt to establish a viable and reliable manner of measuring the intangible assets, also referred to as the intellectual capital, of companies. Several models have been devised, most of them using indicators to evaluate the intangible assets of a given undertaking. In this chapter, exploratory field study methodology is used to analyse the behaviour of the “customer retention” indicator, which has been widely used to evaluate a company’s relationship capital. Two of the largest Brazilian e-retailing groups are analysed in order to obtain an in-depth insight into the behaviour of their frequent customers via their digital channel. Conclusions are presented, indicating that the role of frequent customers in e-retailing companies can sometimes be widely divergent from that presented in existing academic literature. Finally, recommendations are made in order to reach a clearer understanding of the conundrum of valuing a company’s intellectual capital via taken-for-granted indicators.

scholarly journals The effective public enforcement of the prohibition of anti-competitive agreements: which factors influence the high percentage of annulments of Dutch cartel fines?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annalies Outhuijse
Keyword(s):  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Competition Law ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Public Enforcement ◽  
Member States ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Case Characteristics

Abstract The Dutch enforcement of the European and Dutch cartel prohibition is characterized by high rates of litigation and successful litigation. Several studies have devoted attention to these phenomena, all unraveling parts of the puzzle as to how the occurrence of these percentages can be explained. The subject of this article, an analysis of the factors which influence the rate of successful litigation, is however missing in this body of literature. To begin with, a theoretical framework of possible influencing factors is designed on the basis of relevant academic literature. In order to evaluate whether the factors identified in the literature can explain the Dutch practice, an assessment is carried out using several means, including a further analysis of the Dutch cartel practice, interviews with involved stakeholders, and comparisons with other Member States and Dutch market supervisors. The article concludes that specific factors that are woven into the Dutch practice (including specific court, party, and case characteristics), in combination with the nature of competition law, influence the Dutch annulment rate.

A verification method for identifying critical segments considering highly correlated characteristics of traffic flow

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (03) ◽  
pp. 2050048
Author(s):  
Zundong Zhang ◽  
Mengyao Zhu ◽  
Jeff Ban ◽  
Yifan Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Flow ◽  
Transportation Network ◽  
Ego Networks ◽  
Verification Method ◽  
Traffic State ◽  
Traffic Systems ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Adjacent Segments ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Made In

Since critical segments on a transportation network vary over time and are determined by the nature of traffic systems, the identification of critical segments is the basis for realizing area-wide traffic coordination control and regional traffic state optimization. For decades, the identification of critical segments of dynamic traffic flow networks has attracted wide attention. In recent years, some important advances have been made in the related research on the identification of critical segments using the theory of percolation which validates the impact of critical segments by increasing the speed value of critical segments. However, most of them failed to take into account highly correlated characteristics between adjacent segments, which causes identification results cannot be validated effectively and efficiently. In this paper, we improve the existing critical segments identification methods by considering the highly correlated characteristics. A verification method based on ego-networks is proposed that improves the ego-networks speed of critical segments to verify the accuracy of identification results. The experiment shows the method can verify the validity of critical segments recognition results more accurately.

scholarly journals A New Perspective on Poland’s Policy towards Russia in 2005–2007: a Middle Power Attempts to Engage a Rising Major Power

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Marijuš Antonovič
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Balance Of Power ◽  
Neoclassical Realism ◽  
Major Power ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
Middle Power ◽  
Law And Justice ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Middle Powers ◽  
Made In

Abstract Scholars of middle powers have been trying to solve its definitional issues and some progress has been made in the systemic approach. This article shows that further advancement may be gained by employing neoclassical realism in studying middle powers’ foreign policy behaviour. This done by analysing Poland’s policy towards Russia in 2005–2007. It is widely accepted in academic literature that Poland in 2005–2007, during the rule of the Law and Justice Party, pursued a confrontational policy towards Russia. However, this article challenges such widespread views. It demonstrates that Poland’s policy towards Russia was actually simultaneously based on balancing and engagement. Using a neoclassical realist framework and data gathered from interviews with Poland’s main foreign policymakers at that time, this article shows that the balancing was caused by the power asymmetry and differing interests between Russia and Poland, whereas the engagement – by the Polish policymakers’ attempts to influence Russia’s intentions towards Poland and by their perceived situation in the European balance of power.

scholarly journals Differentiating between access, interaction and participation

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nico Carpentier
Keyword(s):  
Media Studies ◽  
Title Page ◽  
Academic Context ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
Conceptual Clarity ◽  
Made In

<div class="page" title="Page 2"><div class="section"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>Participation has regained a remarkable presence in academic debates within Communication and Media Studies, amongst other fields and disciplines. At the same time, the concept of participation has remained vague because of its frequent and diverse usages and its intrinsically political nature, which renders it difficult to use in an academic context. Conceptual clarity is generated through a combination of negative-relationist and inter- disciplinary strategies. The former means that an argument is made in favour of a more focussed meaning of participation, on the basis of a comparison with two other concepts, access and interaction. The interdisciplinary strategy consists of a broad theoretical re-reading that focuses on the academic literature in which these distinc- tions are made, or where the independent nature of one of the three concepts is particularly emphasized. At the end of this text, the different meanings of access, interaction and participation are structured and integrated in a model, which is labelled the AIP model. P</span></p></div></div></div></div>

scholarly journals Where to cut to delay a pandemic with minimum disruption? mathematical analysis based on the SIS model

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Paolo Bartesaghi ◽  
Ernesto Estrada
Keyword(s):  
Upper Bound ◽  
Time Delays ◽  
Transportation Network ◽  
Network Capacity ◽  
Sis Model ◽  
Transportation Capacity ◽  
Epidemic Dynamic ◽  
Dynamic Relations ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Communicability Function

We consider the problem of modifying a network topology in such a way as to delay the propagation of a disease with minimal disruption of the network capacity to reroute goods/items/passengers. We find an approximate solution to the Susceptible-Infected-Susceptible (SIS) model, which constitutes an upper bound to its exact solution. This upper bound allows direct structure-epidemic dynamic relations via the total communicability function. Using this approach we propose a strategy to remove edges in a network that significantly delays the propagation of a disease across the network with minimal disruption of its capacity to deliver goods/items/passengers. We apply this strategy to the analysis of the UK airport transportation network weighted by the number of passengers transported in 2003. We find that the removal of all flights connecting four origin-destination pairs in the UK delays the propagation of a disease by more than 300%, with a minimal deterioration of the transportation capacity of this network. These time delays in the propagation of a disease represent an important non-pharmaceutical intervention to confront an epidemic, allowing for better preparations of the health systems, while keeping the economy moving with minimal disruptions.

scholarly journals Building Trust When Truth Fractures

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brewster Kahle
Keyword(s):  
The Internet ◽  
Fake News ◽  
Internet Archive ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
Building Trust ◽  
Print Books ◽  
The Common ◽  
Ready Access ◽  
Democratic Systems ◽  
Made In

In our current era of disinformation, ready access to trustworthy sources is critical. “Fake news,” sophisticated disinformation campaigns, and propaganda distort the common reality, polarize communities, and threaten open democratic systems. What citizens, journalists, and policymakers need is a canonical source of trusted information. For millions, that trusted source resides in the books and journals housed in libraries, curated and vetted by librarians. Yet today, as we turn inevitably to our screens for information, if a book isn’t digital, it is as if it doesn’t exist. To address this gap, the Internet Archive is actively working with the world’s great libraries to digitize their collections and to make them available to users via controlled digital lending, a process whereby libraries can loan digital copies of the print books on their shelves. By bringing millions of missing books and academic literature online, libraries can empower journalists, researchers, and Wikipedia editors to cite the best sources directly in their work, grounding readers in the vetted, published record, and extending the investment that libraries have made in their print collections.

scholarly journals Intimin, Tir, and Shiga Toxin 1 Do Not Influence Enteropathogenic Responses to Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli in Bovine Ligated Intestinal Loops

2002 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 945-952 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark P. Stevens ◽  
Olivier Marchès ◽  
June Campbell ◽  
Veronika Huter ◽  
Gad Frankel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Bacterial Attachment ◽  
Subclinical Infection ◽  
Fluid Accumulation ◽  
Lesion Formation ◽  
Escherchia Coli ◽  
Acute Enteritis ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Made In

ABSTRACT Shiga toxin-producing Escherchia coli (STEC) comprises a group of attaching and effacing (A/E) enteric pathogens of animals and humans. Natural and experimental infection of calves with STEC may result in acute enteritis or subclinical infection, depending on serotype- and host-specific factors. To quantify intestinal secretory and inflammatory responses to STEC in the bovine intestine, serotypes that are associated with human disease (O103:H2 and O157:H7) were introduced into ligated mid-ileal loops in gnotobiotic and conventional calves, and fluid accumulation and recruitment of radiolabeled neutrophils were measured after 12 h. STEC serotype O103:H2, but not serotype O157:H7, elicited strong enteropathogenic responses. To determine if the inflammatory response to STEC O103:H2 in calves requires Shiga toxin 1 or intimate bacterial attachment to the intestinal epithelium, defined mutations were made in the stx1, eae, and tir genes. Our data indicate that some STEC induce intestinal inflammatory responses in calves by a mechanism that is independent of A/E-lesion formation, intimin, or Shiga toxin 1. This may have implications for strategies to reduce STEC carriage in cattle.

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