Effects of Mixture and Aggregate Type on Over-Compaction in Hot Mix Asphalt in Tennessee

2021 ◽  
pp. 036119812110615
Author(s):  
Pawel Polaczyk ◽  
Yuetan Ma ◽  
Wei Hu ◽  
Rui Xiao ◽  
Xi Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Service Life ◽  
Hot Mix Asphalt ◽  
Asphalt Mixture ◽  
Aggregate Structure ◽  
Mixture Density ◽  
Coarse Aggregates ◽  
Mastic Asphalt ◽  
Stone Mastic Asphalt ◽  
Compaction Energy ◽  
The Moment

Correct compaction is vital for asphalt mixture service life. An adequately compacted mixture with inferior properties can achieve better performance than a mixture with excellent properties but poorly compacted. This study investigated resistance to damage caused by over-compaction by utilizing the locking point concept. Over-compaction might cause damage to the aggregate structure and decrease service life. The locking point is defined as the moment during mixture compaction at which an aggregate skeleton is developed and becomes stable. Beyond the locking point, more compaction energy does not significantly increase mixture density and can damage aggregate particles. A total of 15 mixtures was utilized and evaluated using the gyratory compactor. Among them, five dense-graded plant mixtures contained different aggregates and binders, and 10 laboratory mixtures (three types: the surface, the base, and stone mastic asphalt [SMA]) were designed with the most popular coarse aggregates in Tennessee: hard limestone, soft limestone, gravel, and granite. The results of this study show that the highest locking point was reached by the mixtures containing gravel. The SMA mixtures have, on average, lower locking points than the dense-graded mixtures. Most of the dense-graded mixtures made with crushed stones failed in the range of +20 to +30 gyrations, whereas the samples made with gravels failed in the range of +30 to +40 gyrations, indicating that gravel seems to be the most resistant to damage.

scholarly journals Rheological properties of the bituminous binder extracted from SMA pavement with hydrated lime

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Iwański ◽  
Grzegorz Mazurek
Keyword(s):  
Service Life ◽  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Surface Condition ◽  
Asphalt Mixture ◽  
Hydrated Lime ◽  
Material Structure ◽  
Mastic Asphalt ◽  
Trade Name ◽  
Stone Mastic Asphalt ◽  
Filler Mass

The durability of pavement layers depends on the type of bitumen and changes in its material structure during service life. In 1999, while rebuilding and modernizing road infrastructure in Kielce (Poland), a stone mastic asphalt wearing coarse layer with hydrated lime was placed on one of the town’s main streets. Stone mastic asphalt mixture contained 6.2% of D70 bitumen (currently 50/70) and 4% SBS polymer under the trade name Kraton 1101 CM. The hydrated lime was dosed into the stone mastic asphalt mixture to replace 30% of the filler mass. Pavement surface condition after 12 years of service life was very good. In 2011, bitumen samples were extracted from stone mastic asphalt and tested. The tests were performed on the samples that contained fatty amine and hydrated lime as adhesive agents, obtained from stone mastic asphalt wearing course layer in the rut paths and from between the area limited by rut paths. The hydrated lime additive was found to have a positive effect on rheological properties of the recovered bitumen providing resistance to the water and frost.

scholarly journals Laboratory Investigation of Compaction Characteristics of Plant Recycled Hot-Mix Asphalt Mixture

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 3005
Author(s):  
Jiangang Yang ◽  
Chen Sun ◽  
Wenjie Tao ◽  
Jie Gao ◽  
Bocheng Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regression Model ◽  
Hot Mix Asphalt ◽  
Orthogonal Experiment ◽  
Asphalt Mixture ◽  
Material Design ◽  
Void Content ◽  
Range Analysis ◽  
Aggregate Gradation ◽  
Compaction Characteristics ◽  
Compaction Energy

In this study, the compaction characteristics of recycled hot-mix asphalt (RHMA) were evaluated using the void content (VV), compaction energy index (CEI), slope of accumulated compaction energy (K), and lock point (LP). Then, the effects of the compaction parameters, including the gradation of the RHMA, reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) content, temperature of gyrations, and number of gyrations, on the compaction characteristics of RHMA were investigated. An orthogonal experiment was designed and the data collected were analyzed via range analysis; then, a regression model was generated relying on a quadratic polynomial. Furthermore, the regression model was used for the comparison and prediction of the mixture’s compactability during the material design. Finally, the compaction mechanism of RHMA was discussed from the perspective of the void content of RAP particles. The results showed that a finer aggregate gradation, a higher gyration temperature, a greater number of gyrations, and a higher RAP content were effective for increasing the compactability of RHMA. The range analysis results suggest that the gradation of RHMA has the greatest influence on compactability, followed by the RAP content. The RAP aggregate cannot diffuse to a new mixture completely, so the remained RAP particle reduces the void content of RHMA. Therefore, a higher RAP content up to 50% can help RHMA to achieve the designed void content with higher efficiency.

Performance Characterization of Stone Mastic Asphalt using Steel Fiber

2021 ◽  
Vol 02 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekarizan Shaffie ◽  
◽  
H.A. Rashid ◽  
Fiona Shiong ◽  
Ahmad Kamil Arshad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Steel Fiber ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Permanent Deformation ◽  
Asphalt Mixture ◽  
Moisture Susceptibility ◽  
Mastic Asphalt ◽  
Bitumen Content ◽  
Stone Mastic Asphalt ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Marshall Stability

Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA) is a gap-graded hot mixture designed to provide higher resistance towards permanent deformation and rutting potential by 30% to 40% more than dense-graded asphalt, due to its stable aggregate skeleton structure. However, compared to other types of hot mix asphalt, SMA unfortunately has some shortcomings in term of its susceptibility towards moisture-induced damage due to its structure and excessive bitumen content in the composition. This research aims to assess the performance of a SMA mixture with steel fiber by enhancing overall stability, abrasion resistance, and, most importantly, moisture susceptibility. This study involved the incorporation of various steel fiber proportions of 0%, 0.3%, 0.5% and 0.7% by the total weight of mixture. The steel fiber modified SMA was made up of 6.0% PEN 60/70 bitumen content. The performance of SMA were evaluated through Marshall stability and flow test, Cantabro loss test and indirect tensile strength test. The results obtained from the testing showed that the incorporation of steel fiber is significantly effective to enhance the resistance towards moisture damage, while increasing the stability and reducing the abrasion loss of SMA mixture, compared to conventional mixture. Overall, it can be concluded that the addition of steel fiber in asphalt mixture specifically SMA, has improved the mechanical performance in the application of asphalt pavement with the optimum steel fiber proportion of 0.3% by the weight of mixture. The developed models between the independent variables and responses demonstrated high levels of correlation. The study found that Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is an effective statistical method for providing an appropriate empirical model for relating parameters and predicting the optimum performance of an asphaltic mixture to reduce flexible pavement failure.

Laboratory evaluation of electromagnetic density gauges for hot-mix asphalt mixture density measurement

2018 ◽  
Vol 158 ◽  
pp. 1055-1064 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhen Leng ◽  
Zeyu Zhang ◽  
Yuan Zhang ◽  
Yangyang Wang ◽  
Huayang Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hot Mix Asphalt ◽  
Asphalt Mixture ◽  
Density Measurement ◽  
Laboratory Evaluation ◽  
Mixture Density

Low Energy Compaction of Aggregate Packing Mechanism

2014 ◽  
Vol 567 ◽  
pp. 422-427
Author(s):  
Yasreen G. Suliman ◽  
Napiah Madzlan ◽  
Ibrahim Kamaruddin ◽  
Johnson A. Olufemi
Keyword(s):  
Hot Mix Asphalt ◽  
Heavy Traffic ◽  
Engineering Properties ◽  
Bituminous Mixture ◽  
Rutting Resistance ◽  
Mixture Density ◽  
Aggregate Interlocking ◽  
Aggregate Packing ◽  
Compaction Energy ◽  
Energy Compaction

Aggregate packing mechanism and its properties are always significant in the compaction, density and consequential strength and resistance of the bituminous mixture. Realizing that aggregate interlocking contributes to the strength, the packing of aggregate would increase the force of intact between aggregates. This work is focused on improving the compaction energy, engineering properties and rutting resistance of bituminous mixture by using the aggregate packing concept. After obtaining the optimum proportions for developed mixture via packing test, hot-mix asphalt samples are prepared and compacted with 50 and 75 blows, while well graded hot-mix asphalt samples are compacted with 75 blows. The Marshall Test result showed that developed mixture at lower compaction energy meets all the requirements of asphaltic concrete for heavy traffic and also exhibit higher density, stability, and lower air voids and voids in mineral aggregate compared to the well graded mixture. Developed mixture also demonstrated higher mixture stiffness and lower rut depth compared to the well graded one. This is due to the optimal distribution of the various aggregates sizes of developed mixture, which gives the interlocking necessary and stone to stone contact to improve the mixture density, stiffness and rutting resistance.

scholarly journals Reutilization of Recycled Cellulose Diacetate From Discarded Cigarette Filters in Production of Stone Mastic Asphalt Mixtures

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huachen Liu ◽  
Yikun Chen ◽  
Yongjie Xue
Keyword(s):  
Asphalt Binder ◽  
Asphalt Mixture ◽  
Temperature Stability ◽  
Asphalt Mixtures ◽  
Polyacrylonitrile Fiber ◽  
Cellulose Diacetate ◽  
Mastic Asphalt ◽  
Stone Mastic Asphalt ◽  
Infrared Spectrometer ◽  
Corrugated Structure

In this paper, recycled cellulose diacetate (rCDA) derived from cigarette butts was used as a fiber stabilizer to develop stone mastic asphalt (SMA) mixtures. The characterizations of rCDA were investigated by scanning electron microcopy (SEM), a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), and a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). Volumetric stability, temperature stability, moisture stability, and fatigue performance of SMA mixtures with rCDA were tested to obtain the pavement performance. Results showed that rCDA appeared to have a tough surface texture with a curly and corrugated structure, which facilitated the enhancement of the cohesion bond with the asphalt binder. TG-DTG indicated that the maximum weight loss (62.48%) obtained at temperatures ranging from 294.1°C to 376.0°C was due to decomposition and degradation of organic matters. When 0.4% rCDA was used in the asphalt mixture, the dynamic stability was 4,105 cycles/mm. The ultimate flexural strength and flexural stiffness modulus were 3,722 MPa and 9.7 MPa. It indicated that the temperature stability of 0.4% rCDA was superior to 0.3% polyacrylonitrile fiber (PAN), while inferior to 0.3% polyester (PET). The value of tensile strength ratio and residual Marshall stability were 80.2 and 75.3%, respectively. The fatigue life of 0.4% rCDA was technically like that of 0.3% PAN and 0.3% PET at lower stress levels. All results concluded that the optimum content of rCDA in asphalt mixtures was 0.4% by mass of the binder.

scholarly journals Performance Evaluation of Stone Mastic Asphalt and Hot Mix Asphalt Mixtures Containing Recycled Concrete Aggregate

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Saeed Pourtahmasb ◽  
Mohamed Rehan Karim
Keyword(s):  
Hot Mix Asphalt ◽  
Asphalt Mixtures ◽  
Recycled Concrete ◽  
Concrete Aggregate ◽  
Recycled Concrete Aggregate ◽  
Concrete Aggregates ◽  
Recycled Concrete Aggregates ◽  
Mastic Asphalt ◽  
Stone Mastic Asphalt ◽  
Economic Considerations

Environmental and economic considerations have encouraged civil engineers to find ways to reuse recycled materials in new constructions. The current paper presents an experimental research on the possibility of utilizing recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) in stone mastic asphalt (SMA) and hot mix asphalt (HMA) mixtures. Three categories of RCA in various percentages were mixed with virgin granite aggregates to produce SMA and HMA specimens. The obtained results indicated that, regardless of the RCA particular sizes, the use of RCA to replace virgin aggregates increased the needed binder content in the asphalt mixtures. Moreover, it was found that even though the volumetric and mechanical properties of the asphalt mixtures are highly affected by the sizes and percentages of the RCA but, based on the demands of the project and traffic volume, utilizing specific amounts of RCA in both types of mixtures could easily satisfy the standard requirements.

scholarly journals Effect of Addition of Rubber Granulate and Type of Modified Binder on the Viscoelastic Properties of Stone Mastic Asphalt Reducing Tire/Road Noise (SMA LA)

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 3446
Author(s):  
Wladyslaw Gardziejczyk ◽  
Andrzej Plewa ◽  
Raman Pakholak
Keyword(s):  
Viscoelastic Properties ◽  
Asphalt Mixture ◽  
Crumb Rubber ◽  
Low Noise ◽  
Asphalt Mixtures ◽  
Compression Tests ◽  
Road Noise ◽  
Stiffness Modulus ◽  
Mastic Asphalt ◽  
Stone Mastic Asphalt

The use of rubber granulate in the composition of asphalt mixtures, as well as the use of poroelastic layers, is indicated by many research centers as a factor with a positive effect on tire/road noise reduction. Attention is however paid to their lower structural durability compared to asphalt concrete (AC) or stone mastic asphalt (SMA). Stone mastic asphalt reducing tire/road noise (SMA LA) layers have also been recently used as low-noise road surfaces. The article presents the test results of viscoelastic properties of asphalt mixtures SMA8 LA, SMA8 LA containing 10%, 20%, and 30% of rubber granulate, with bitumen 50/70, bitumen 50/70 modified with styrene butadiene styrene (SBS) copolymer, crumb rubber, and mixtures with bitumen modified simultaneously with crumb rubber and SBS copolymer. The reference asphalt mixture was the porous asphalt (PA8). The presented results of water damage resistance, degradation resistance in the Cantabro abrasion loss test, stiffness modulus as a function of temperature and hysteresis loop proved that the amount of rubber granulate and the type of binder significantly affect the values of these parameters. Attention was paid to the possibility of using the results of uniaxial cyclic compression tests when determining the proportion of rubber granulate in SMA8 LA mixtures. Tests of hysteresis loops and stiffness modulus confirm much higher elasticity of SMA8 LA mixtures with rubber granulate as compared to mixtures without the addition of granulate.

scholarly journals The Influence of SBS, Viatop Premium and FRP on the Improvement of Stone Mastic Asphalt Performance

Fibers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sepehr Saedi ◽  
Seref Oruc
Keyword(s):  
Asphalt Mixture ◽  
Fiber Reinforced Polymers ◽  
Modified Bitumen ◽  
Reinforced Polymers ◽  
Mastic Asphalt ◽  
Stone Mastic Asphalt ◽  
Asphalt Performance ◽  
Styrene Butadiene ◽  
High Temperature Sensitivity ◽  
Fiber Reinforce

The current study investigates the effects of Fiber Reinforce Polymer (FRP) additive on the performance of Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA) mixtures with SBS and Viatop Premium additives. The asphalt mixture used in the current study included SBS (Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene) additive modified at the rate of 5% according to the necessary preliminary studies, and some SMA mixture modified by adding FRP (Fiber Reinforced Polymers) additive prepared in dimensions of 5 cm in different proportions (0.3%, 0.5%, 0.7% and 0.9%). The mechanical properties of the mixtures were investigated, and the findings revealed that the SMA mixture; prepared by adding FRP additive, SBS modified bitumen, and Viatop Premium additive; increased the rutting, aging resistance and elasticity of SMAs. Moreover, load spread ability and fatigue life revealed an increase, whereas high temperature sensitivity and tendency to crack at low temperatures decreased throughout the study. The FRP contribution rate that improves the performance characteristics of the SMA mixture to the highest level was found to be 0.7%.

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