scholarly journals Women’s Disempowerment and Preferences for Skin Lightening Products That Reinforce Colorism: Experimental Evidence From India

2021 ◽  
pp. 036168432199379
Author(s):  
Arzi Adbi ◽  
Chirantan Chatterjee ◽  
Clarissa Cortland ◽  
Zoe Kinias ◽  
Jasjit Singh
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Women Of Color ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Skin Tone ◽  
Behavioral Risk ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Teaching Faculty ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Skin Lightening

Global racism and colorism, the preference for fairer skin even within ethnic and racial groups, leads millions of women of African, Asian, and Latin descent to use products with chemical ingredients intended to lighten skin color. Drawing from literatures on the impact of chronic and situational disempowerment on behavioral risk-taking to enhance status, we hypothesized that activating feelings of disempowerment would increase women of color’s interest in stronger and riskier products meant to lighten skin tone quickly and effectively. In two experiments (Experiment 1: N = 253 women and 264 men; Experiment 2: replication study, N = 318 women) with distinct samples of Indian participants, we found that being in a state of psychological disempowerment (vs. empowerment) increased Indian women’s preference for stronger and riskier skin lightening products but not for milder products. Indian men’s interest in both types of products was unaffected by the same psychological disempowerment prime. Based on these findings, we recommend increased consideration among teaching faculty, research scholars, and clinicians on how feeling disempowered can lead women of color to take risks to lighten their skin as well as other issues of intersectionality and with respect to colorism. We also encourage the adoption of policies aimed at empowering women of color and minimizing access to harmful skin lightening products.

scholarly journals Family Member Acceptance of Black-White Marriages: The Impact of Age, Gender, Race, and Socioeconomic Status

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 649
Author(s):  
Richard Lewis, Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Family Member ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
Interracial Marriage ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
White Family ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Impact

<p><em>This research effort examined support levels associated with Black/White interracial marriage. Differences in support for Black/White marriages between Black and White family members along with other variables that influence support attitudes was explored. Age, gender, family income, marital status, and residence were used as control variables. Information from the General Social Survey conducted in 2014 was used to focus the analytical process. The theoretical hypothesis posited that assimilation is differential and more problematic for those racial groups whose members are perceived to have darker skin color. Colorism was used to reinforce the hypothetical assertion. The study results showed that potential support with respect to a family member choosing to marry someone outside of his or her racial group was influenced by race and gender. Black respondents were more likely to support a family member who chose to marry a White spouse. Women were more likely to support a family member marrying someone of a different race in comparison to men. Differential assimilation and colorism were identified as factors influencing the variation in interracial marriage acceptance. </em><em></em></p>

scholarly journals Reduction in Standard Cancer Screening in 2020 throughout the U.S.

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 5918
Author(s):  
Leslie K. Dennis ◽  
Chiu-Hsieh Hsu ◽  
Amanda K. Arrington
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Screening ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Pap Test ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cancer Disparities ◽  
Behavioral Risk ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Alaskan Natives ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The U.S

Cancer screening is an important way to reduce the burden of cancer. The COVID-19 pandemic created delays in screening with the potential to increase cancer disparities in the United States (U.S.). Data from the 2014–2020 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) survey were analyzed to estimate the percentages of adults who reported cancer screening in the last 12 months consistent with the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommendation for cervical (ages 21–65), breast (ages 50–74), and colorectal cancer (ages 50–75) prior to the pandemic. Cancer screening percentages for 2020 (April–December excluding January–March) were compared to screening percentages for 2014–2019 to begin to look at the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Screening percentages for 2020 were decreased from those for 2014–2019 including several underserved racial groups. Decreases in mammography and colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy were higher among American Indian/Alaskan Natives, Hispanics, and multiracial participants, but decreases in pap test were also highest among Hispanics, Whites, Asians, and African-Americans/Blacks. Decreases in mammograms among women ages 40–49 were also seen. As the 2020 comparison is conservative, the 2021 decreases in cancer screening are expected to be much greater and are likely to increase cancer disparities substantially.

The color continuum: Skin tone and online dating preferences among Asian Americans

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 4027-4047
Author(s):  
Glenn T. Tsunokai ◽  
Augustine J. Kposowa ◽  
Ellen Carroll ◽  
Miriam Karamoko
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Orientation ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Online Dating ◽  
Skin Tone ◽  
Color Variation ◽  
Gay Males ◽  
Color Differences ◽  
The Impact

Despite the increasing body of literature surrounding online dating preferences, there remains a paucity of research that analyzes whether skin color influences the dating selection process. To fill this empirical gap, the present study uses data collected from 2,024 Asian dating profiles, including the skin tone of the daters, to assess the impact that skin color variation may have on the inter- and intraracial dating preferences of heterosexual males and females as well as gay males and lesbians. This research also examines whether skin tone has a pronounced effect on the relationship between sexual orientation and the willingness to date Asians, African Americans, and Latino/Latinas. The current findings suggest that darker skinned Asians are more likely to state a preference to date African Americans and Latino/Latinas compared to their lighter skinned counterparts; however, they are less willing to date another Asian. The results also document significant interaction effects between sexual orientation and skin color differences. Our findings are discussed in relation to the racial hierarchy of preference and privilege that are inherently linked to the longstanding concept of colorism.

The Ripple Effect: The Political Consequences of Proximal Contact with Immigration Enforcement

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 537-572
Author(s):  
Hannah Walker ◽  
Marcel Roman ◽  
Matt Barreto
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Ripple Effect ◽  
Immigration Enforcement ◽  
Political Consequences ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
The Impact

AbstractA growing body of research suggests that proximal exposure to immigration enforcement can have important social and health-related consequences. However, there is little research identifying the impact of proximal contact with immigration policy on political attitudes and behaviors, and still less investigating the underlying mechanisms that might connect contact and political dispositions. Drawing on insights from criminal justice, we argue that proximal immigration contact influences political behavior via a sense of injustice with respect to the discriminatory application of immigration enforcement. The impact of a sense of injustice should primarily hold among Latinos, who are targeted on the basis of race, ethnicity, accent, and skin color. Nevertheless, it may also hold among Blacks, whose communities are targeted more generally, and Asians, to whom issues related to immigration are likewise important. In order to assess this theory, we leverage a survey with nationally representative samples of four different racial groups. We find that proximal contact motivates participation in protests, and does so indirectly via a sense of injustice for white and Asian respondents. Latino and Black respondents are primarily motivated by injustice irrespective of contact. In sum, the results suggest that immigration enforcement and non-immigration-related criminal justice policies may have similar political effects on those who are proximately affected.

Revisiting the Cost of Skin Color: Discrimination, Mastery, and Mental Health among Black Adolescents

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia Louie
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
Black Adolescents ◽  
Color Discrimination ◽  
Skin Tone ◽  
Linear Gradient ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Tone Discrimination ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

This article investigates the association between skin tone and mental health in a nationally representative sample of black adolescents. The mediating influences of discrimination and mastery in the skin tone–mental health relationship also are considered. Findings indicate that black adolescents with the darkest skin tone have higher levels of depressive symptoms than their lighter skin tone peers. This is not the case for mental disorder. For disorder, a skin tone difference appeared only between black adolescents with very dark skin tone and black adolescents with medium brown skin tone. Discrimination partially mediates the association between skin tone and depression, while mastery fully mediates this association, indicating that the impact of skin tone on depression operates primarily through lower mastery. Similar patterns were observed for disorder. By extending the discussion of skin tone and health to black adolescents and treating skin tone as a set of categories rather than a linear gradient, I provide new insights into the patterning of skin tone and depression/disorder.

The Effects of System Justifying Beliefs on Skin-Tone Surveillance, Skin-Color Dissatisfaction, and Skin-Bleaching Behavior

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 162-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Becky L. Choma ◽  
Elvira Prusaczyk
Keyword(s):  
African American Women ◽  
Women Of Color ◽  
Skin Color ◽  
The United States ◽  
Skin Tone ◽  
Positive Relation ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
System Justification Theory ◽  
Skin Bleaching ◽  
Self Objectification

In two studies with women living in India (Study 1, n = 177) and African American women in the United States (Study 2, n = 120), we investigated whether skin-tone surveillance, which theoretically is a manifestation of self-objectification, predicted greater skin-color dissatisfaction and greater skin-bleaching behavior. Given the existence of colorism in Indian and American societies, we expected that ideologies that rationalize and perpetuate the status quo would moderate the proposed relations. Results were consistent with objectification theory and system justification theory. The positive relation between skin-tone surveillance and skin-color dissatisfaction was weaker among women of color who more strongly (vs. weakly) endorsed system justifying ideologies, and the positive relation between skin-tone surveillance and skin-bleaching behavior was stronger among women of color who more strongly (vs. weakly) endorsed system justifying ideologies. Our results suggest that self-objectification theorists and researchers should consider culturally specific manifestations of self-objectification as well as protective and legitimating effects of system justifying ideologies. We encourage clinicians and policy makers to use public campaigns and individual-level interventions to target the norms and motivations underlying skin-bleaching. Online slides for instructors who want to use this article for teaching are available on PWQ's website at http://journals.sagepub.com/page/pwq/suppl/index

Do Incentives Contracts Lead to Higher Risk-taking? The Impact of Executives' Characteristics

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
François Desmoulins-Lebeault ◽  
Jean-Francois Gajewski ◽  
Luc Meunier
Keyword(s):  
Risk Taking ◽  
The Impact

The impact of index‐insured loans on credit market participation and risk‐taking

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-156
Author(s):  
Richard A. Gallenstein ◽  
Jon Einar Flatnes ◽  
John P. Dougherty ◽  
Abdoul G. Sam ◽  
Khushbu Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Risk Taking ◽  
Credit Market ◽  
Market Participation ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Psychological and Behavioral Predictors of Vaccine Efficacy: Considerations for COVID-19

2021 ◽  
pp. 174569162198924
Author(s):  
Annelise A. Madison ◽  
M. Rosie Shrout ◽  
Megan E. Renna ◽  
Janice K. Kiecolt-Glaser
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Vaccine Efficacy ◽  
Psychological Factors ◽  
Behavioral Interventions ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Behavioral Risk Factors ◽  
Behavioral Risk ◽  
Vaccine Response ◽  
The Impact

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine candidates are being evaluated, with the goal of conferring immunity on the highest percentage of people who receive the vaccine as possible. It is noteworthy that vaccine efficacy depends not only on the vaccine but also on characteristics of the vaccinated. Over the past 30 years, a series of studies has documented the impact of psychological factors on the immune system’s vaccine response. Robust evidence has demonstrated that stress, depression, loneliness, and poor health behaviors can impair the immune system’s response to vaccines, and this effect may be greatest in vulnerable groups such as the elderly. Psychological factors are also implicated in the prevalence and severity of vaccine-related side effects. These findings have generalized across many vaccine types and therefore may be relevant to the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. In this review, we discuss these psychological and behavioral risk factors for poor vaccine responses, their relevance to the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as targeted psychological and behavioral interventions to boost vaccine efficacy and reduce side effects. Recent data suggest these psychological and behavioral risk factors are highly prevalent during the COVID-19 pandemic, but intervention research suggests that psychological and behavioral interventions can increase vaccine efficacy.

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