Impact of the Time of Diagnosis on the Perceived Competence of Adolescents With Dyslexia

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 170-178
Author(s):  
Layla Battistutta ◽  
Eva Commissaire ◽  
Georges Steffgen
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Competence ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Learning Disorders ◽  
Self Report ◽  
General Level ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Academic Impairment ◽  
Intergroup Comparison ◽  
Adequate Understanding ◽  
Competency Perceptions

Intergroup comparison studies have shown that children with specific learning disorders hold lower self-perceptions regarding their abilities than their typically developing peers, especially in an academic setting. This small-scale study investigated the potential effect of diagnostic timing on competency perceptions within a sample of adolescents with dyslexia, either diagnosed in primary or secondary school, but paired on duration of intervention and academic impairment. Perceived competence was assessed via self-report on an academic, social, and more general level. These measures were complemented by open-ended questions investigating pupils’ understanding and tolerance of their dyslexia. Early-diagnosed adolescents were found to hold higher academic and general competency perceptions. Moreover, pupils’ personal statements to the open-ended questions revealed a statistically significant association between time of diagnosis and understanding as well as tolerance of dyslexia, indicating that early-diagnosed adolescents, compared with their late-diagnosed peers, have more adequate representations of their reading disorder as specific and non-stigmatizing and are more open to announcing their dyslexia to others. These preliminary findings suggest that diagnostic timing might lead early-diagnosed adolescents to a more adequate understanding of their dyslexia, which might also be related to higher competency perceptions.

Indirect Assessment of Attitudes with Response-Time-Based Measures

2006 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliane Degner ◽  
Dirk Wentura ◽  
Klaus Rothermund
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Incremental Validity ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Scale Theory ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
Predicting Behavior ◽  
Social Cognitive Theories

Abstract: We review research on response-latency based (“implicit”) measures of attitudes by examining what hopes and intentions researchers have associated with their usage. We identified the hopes of (1) gaining better measures of interindividual differences in attitudes as compared to self-report measures (quality hope); (2) better predicting behavior, or predicting other behaviors, as compared to self-reports (incremental validity hope); (3) linking social-cognitive theories more adequately to empirical research (theory-link hope). We argue that the third hope should be the starting point for using these measures. Any attempt to improve these measures should include the search for a small-scale theory that adequately explains the basic effects found with such a measure. To date, small-scale theories for different measures are not equally well developed.

scholarly journals Measuring Knowledge, Attitudes, and Barriers to Medication Adherence in Potential Bariatric Surgery Patients

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuela Bianciardi ◽  
Claudio Imperatori ◽  
Marco Innamorati ◽  
Mariantonietta Fabbricatore ◽  
Angelica Maria Monacelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bariatric Surgery ◽  
Binge Eating ◽  
Treatment Effectiveness ◽  
Self Report ◽  
General Level ◽  
Psychiatric Interview ◽  
Obesity Epidemic ◽  
Post Surgery ◽  
Final Sample ◽  
The Status

Abstract Background Bariatric surgery is an effective treatment for the obesity epidemic, but the poor attendance and adherence rates of post-surgery recommendations threaten treatment effectiveness and health outcomes. Preoperatively, we investigated the unique contributions of clinical (e.g., medical and psychiatric comorbidities), sociodemographic (e.g., sex, age, and educational level), and psychopathological variables (e.g., binge eating severity, the general level of psychopathological distress, and alexithymia traits) on differing dimensions of adherence in a group of patients seeking bariatric surgery. Methods The final sample consisted of 501 patients (346 women). All participants underwent a full psychiatric interview. Self-report questionnaires were used to assess psychopathology, binge eating severity, alexithymia, and three aspects of adherence: knowledge, attitude, and barriers to medical recommendations. Results Attitude to adherence was associated with alexithymia (β = ˗2.228; p < 0.001) and binge eating disorder (β = 0.103; p = 0.047). The knowledge subscale was related to medical comorbidity (β = 0.113; p = 0.012) and alexithymia (β = −2.256; p < 0.001); with age (β = 0.161; p = 0.002) and psychiatric comorbidity (β =0.107; p = 0.021) manifesting in the barrier subscale. Conclusion We demonstrated that alexithymia and psychiatric and eating disorders impaired adherence reducing attitude and knowledge of treatment and increasing the barriers. Both patient and doctor can benefit from measuring adherence prior to surgery, with a qualitative approach shedding light on the status of adherence prior to the postsurgical phase when the damage regarding adherence is, already, done.

scholarly journals Finnish Pre-Service Teachers’ Perceptions of Perceived Competence in Early Childhood Physical Education

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 6454
Author(s):  
Anne Soini ◽  
Anthony Watt ◽  
Arja Sääkslahti
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Teacher Training ◽  
Early Childhood Education ◽  
Motor Skills ◽  
Perceived Competence ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Teachers Perceptions ◽  
Childhood Education

Early childhood education and care (ECEC) teachers have a central role in supporting young children’s physical activity (PA) and overall development in the early years. However, the value of early childhood education teacher training (ECETT) programmes is not widely understood. This study aimed to investigate pre-service teachers’ perceptions of perceived competence when (1) supporting a child’s PA, (2) teaching PE, and (3) observing and assessing a child’s motor skills and PA. These self-evaluations were compared with a range of individual, educational, and behavioural characteristics. Final-year Bachelor degree pre-service teachers (n = 274; 54%) from seven universities in Finland participated in the self-report questionnaire. The results of the linear regression models showed that the relevant PE studies and previous experiences of pre-service teachers predicted higher perceived competence of supporting a child’s PA, teaching PE, and observing and assessing a child’s motor skills and PA. Thus, the study findings demonstrated how teacher training could positively influence perceptions and attitudes to increase a person’s perceived competence when implementing PE in the early years. Overall, results reinforce the importance of PE in ECETT, and the time devoted to this syllabus area should be maintained or increased.

Evaluation of the Interplay Between Homework Motivation and Sluggish Cognitive Tempo in Youth With ADHD: Associations With Homework Performance

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (11) ◽  
pp. 1262-1273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoe R. Smith ◽  
Rosanna P. Breaux ◽  
Cathrin D. Green ◽  
Joshua M. Langberg
Keyword(s):  
Academic Failure ◽  
Parent Report ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Sluggish Cognitive Tempo ◽  
School Students ◽  
Academic Impairment ◽  
Oppositional Defiant ◽  
Youth With Adhd ◽  
Low Motivation ◽  
Cognitive Tempo

Objective: This study evaluated which Sluggish Cognitive Tempo (SCT) factors (i.e., Slow, Sleepy, Daydreamer) are most strongly associated with homework motivation, and whether homework motivation mediates the path between SCT and academic impairment. Method: Participants were 285 middle school students (boys 209) in Grades 6 to 8 (ages 10-15 years) who were comprehensively diagnosed with ADHD. Results: Parent- and self-report of SCT Slow behaviors predicted homework motivation above and beyond symptoms of ADHD, oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), anxiety, depression, and intelligence. The mediation models tested were multi-informant and cross-rater (parent-report of SCT to self-report of motivation to teacher-report of homework problems), and suggest that low motivation may help explain the associations between SCT and functional impairment. Conclusion: SCT and motivation are significantly associated constructs. Clinically, youth with ADHD and comorbid SCT may be more likely to present with low motivation, placing them at risk for academic failure. The manuscript discusses potential clinical implications of these findings.

scholarly journals Rapid evolution by spontaneous mutation increases genetic diversity facilitating plant population survival

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henning Nottebrock ◽  
Mao-Lun Weng ◽  
Matthew T Rutter ◽  
Charles B. Fenster
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Community Dynamics ◽  
Spontaneous Mutation ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Population Survival ◽  
Population And Community Dynamics ◽  
The Impact

Using a mechanistic eco-evolutionary trait-based neighborhood-model, we quantify the impact of mutations on spatial interactions to better understand the potential effect of niche evolution through mutations on the population dynamics of Arabidopsis thaliana. We use 100 twenty-fifth generation mutation accumulation (MA) lines (genotypes) derived from one founder genotype to study mutational effects on neighbor responses in a field experiment. We created individual-based maps (15,000 individuals), including phenotypic variation, to quantify mutational effects within genotypes versus between genotypes on reproduction and survival. At small-scale, survival is enhanced but reproduction is decreased when a genotype is surrounded by different genotypes. At large-scale, seed set is facilitated by different genotypes while the same genotype has either no effect or negative effects. Mutations may provide a mechanism for plants to quickly evolve niches and may drive competition, facilitation and selection with profound consequences for future population and community dynamics.

scholarly journals Community- Based Projects in Nigeria

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Zayyanu Muhammad
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Publishing House ◽  
General Level ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
Social Service Delivery ◽  
Explanatory Factors ◽  
Adequate Understanding ◽  
International Publishing

Experiences in the application of the community-based model for improving the quality of life of poor communities have reported improvement regarding project performance. However, most studies placed emphasis on the overall performance determined at the general level. For this reason, the findings do not allow for an adequate understanding of the explanatory factors for the success or failure of the projects. This article investigates the explanatory factors that account for the success and failure of a community-based development initiative in kebbi-state, Nigeria, using a case study approach.2398-4279 © 2016. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK.. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia.Keywords: Community-based projects; Social service delivery; Quality of life; Nigeria

scholarly journals Modal Sosial, Mitigasi Bencana dan Tingkat Kesiapan Warga dalam Menghadapinya

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Bagus Haryono
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Research Output ◽  
Disaster Mitigation ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Low Level ◽  
The Social ◽  
Adequate Understanding ◽  
Level Of Understanding

AbstractThis aims of this research is to explore the Social Capital, the level of understanding of citizens about Disaster Mitigation in their area and readiness in dealing with it. This research is designed to apply qualitative strategies which are explorative, descriptive and explanative. Data collected by observation, literature study, interview or experiment. It is interesting to note that residents have often watched coverage of various disasters that occur in Indonesia through television, even understanding the great potential of disasters in their region. But based on their low level of Social Capital, it turns out they still lack adequate understanding of Disaster Mitigation in their region. Based on this data, it can be assumed that they only have a low level of preparedness in dealing with it, if a disaster does occur, they will become victims of such a large impact. Even in the event of a small-scale catastrophic event, it turns out that their understanding of Disaster Mitigation is still lacking, starting from the level of disasters, causes, anticipations, or even the consequences that will result. Therefore, a literature study is needed, strengthening a comprehensive understanding of Disaster Mitigation, raising critical awareness, and needing actions that directly involve citizens are urgently needed. The research output is designed in the form of national or international proceedings; national or international speaker certificate; with scale achievements following the stages: literature study, discovery of basic principles that have been formulated, experiments, towards a scientifically feasible model.   Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi Modal Sosial, tingkat pemahaman warga tentang Mitigasi Bencana di wilayahnya dan kesiapan dalam menghadapinya. Penelitian ini dirancang menerapkan strategi kualitatif yang berjenis eksploratif, deskriptif, dan eksplanatif. Data dikumpulkan dengan observasi, studi pustaka, wawancara atau eksperimen. Menarik untuk diteliti bahwa warga telah sering menonton liputan tentang berbagai bencana yang terjadi di Indonesia melalui tayangan televisi, bahkan memahami potensi besar bencana di wilayahnya. Namun dengan Modal Sosial yang dimilikinya, ternyata mereka masih kurang memiliki pemahaman yang memadai tentang Mitigasi Bencana di wilayahnya. Berdasarkan gambaran tersebut dapat diduga mereka hanya memiliki tingkat kesiapan yang rendah dalam menghadapinya, apabila bencana benar-benar terjadi, mereka akan menjadi korban terdampak yang begitu besar. Bahkan pada saat terjadi kejadian bencana yang berskala kecil sekalipun, ternyata masih kurang pemahaman mereka mengenai Mitigasi Bencana yang jelas mulai dari tataran perihal bencana, faktor penyebab, antisipasi, atau bahkan akibat yang akan ditimbulkannya. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan studi pustaka, penguatan pemahaman Mitigasi Bencana yang komprehensif, peningkatan kesadaran kritis, serta perlu langkah aksi yang langsung melibatkan warga sangat diperlukan. Luaran penelitian ini dirancangkan berupa publikasi prosiding nasional atau internasional; sertifikat pemakalah nasional atau internasional; dengan capaian skala mengikuti tahapan: studi pustaka, penemuan prinsip dasar yang telah diformulasikan, eksperimen, menuju model yang layak secara ilmiah.

scholarly journals Engaging Students in Science through a Nature Hike: A Case of Two Students with ADHD

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashleigh Moore ◽  
Kristy Lynn Daniel ◽  
Aimée Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Science Education ◽  
Environmental Science ◽  
Informal Science Education ◽  
Learning Disorders ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Informal Science ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
Fifth Grade Students ◽  
Students With Adhd

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is becoming prevalent amongst elementary school aged students and can lead to learning disorders. Additionally, informal science education is a field of study that is becoming increasingly popular and important in the world of science, especially with elementary students. Thus, it is important to understand how students with ADHD react to informal learning experiences. We measured learning gains and changes in environmental awareness among 84 fifth grade students that participated in an informal nature hike associated with the Over, Under, and Through: Students’ Informal Discover the Environment program. We also used a case study approach to reveal the hike experiences of two students with ADHD. Both students demonstrated increased attention and interest in science during and after their participation in the nature hike. While this is a small scale, case study, findings from this work and related literature suggest that more informal experiential learning opportunities should be integrated into science classes as they help improve student attention, content recall, and attitude toward science. KEYWORDS: ADHD; Engagement; Environmental Science Education; Informal Science Education; Mobile Technology; Nature Hike

scholarly journals Analysing change in music therapy interactions of children with communication difficulties

2016 ◽  
Vol 371 (1693) ◽  
pp. 20150374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neta Spiro ◽  
Tommi Himberg
Keyword(s):  
Music Therapy ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Rhythmic Activity ◽  
General Level ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Musical Structure ◽  
Video Recordings ◽  
Musical Structures ◽  
Behavioural Characteristics ◽  
Therapy Sessions

Music therapy has been found to improve communicative behaviours and joint attention in children with autism, but it is unclear what in the music therapy sessions drives those changes. We developed an annotation protocol and tools to accumulate large datasets of music therapy, for analysis of interaction dynamics. Analysis of video recordings of improvisational music therapy sessions focused on simple, unambiguous individual and shared behaviours: movement and facing behaviours, rhythmic activity and musical structures and the relationships between them. To test the feasibility of the protocol, early and late sessions of five client–therapist pairs were annotated and analysed to track changes in behaviours. To assess the reliability and validity of the protocol, inter-rater reliability of the annotation tiers was calculated, and the therapists provided feedback about the relevance of the analyses and results. This small-scale study suggests that there are both similarities and differences in the profiles of client–therapist sessions. For example, all therapists faced the clients most of the time, while the clients did not face back so often. Conversely, only two pairs had an increase in regular pulse from early to late sessions. More broadly, similarity across pairs at a general level is complemented by variation in the details. This perhaps goes some way to reconciling client- and context-specificity on one hand and generalizability on the other. Behavioural characteristics seem to influence each other. For instance, shared rhythmic pulse alternated with mutual facing and the occurrence of shared pulse was found to relate to the musical structure. These observations point towards a framework for looking at change in music therapy that focuses on networks of variables or broader categories. The results suggest that even when starting with simple behaviours, we can trace aspects of interaction and change in music therapy, which are seen as relevant by therapists.

Determinants of Children’s Self-Esteem: An Examination of Perceived Competence and Affect in Sport

1998 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vicki Ebbeck ◽  
Maureen R. Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation Modeling ◽  
Positive Affect ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Structural Models ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Perceived Competence ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Sample Data ◽  
Modeling Techniques

The present study examined perceived sport competence and affect experienced in sport as possible determinants of children’s levels of self-esteem. The sample consisted of 183 summer sport program participants ranging in age from 8 to 13 years. The children completed self-report questionnaires that assessed the constructs of interest. Hypothesized relationships among the constructs were then examined using structural equation modeling techniques. The results revealed that both structural models tested provided an adequate fit with the sample data. For the affect mediator model, perceived competence significantly influenced positive affect and to a lesser degree negative affect, while only positive affect influenced self-esteem. For the perceived competence mediator model, only positive affect significantly influenced perceived competence, which in turn significantly influenced self-esteem. Thus, higher scores on perceived competence and positive affect were associated with higher scores in children’s self-esteem.

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