Beyond Representation: Gender, Authority, and City Managers

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 300-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamad G. Alkadry ◽  
Sebawit G. Bishu ◽  
Susannah Bruns Ali
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
City Manager ◽  
City Managers ◽  
Pay Gap ◽  
Annual Budget ◽  
Annual Salary ◽  
Organizational Hierarchies ◽  
Workplace Authority ◽  
The Relationship

For the last 50 years, the U.S. government has worked to address the sex pay gap in the workforce. Nevertheless, the pay gap remains persistent across sectors and organizational hierarchies. This study investigates the direct and indirect effects of sex and authority profile on the pay gap of city managers in the United States. The study uses ordinary least squares (OLS) regression analysis to predict the relationship between a city manager’s sex and authority profile variables as well as the relationship between authority profile variables and a city manager’s annual salary. Our OLS analysis shows that sex (being a male city manager) along with workplace authority variables are all positive and significant predictors of pay. The study also finds that, on average, female city managers earn 73% of what male city managers earn. They also manage 60% of the number of employees and oversee 62% of the annual budget compared with male city managers.

The Professional Mind-Set of City Managers: Implications for Public Administration

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-232
Author(s):  
Christopher G. Reddick ◽  
Tansu Demir ◽  
Greg Streib
Keyword(s):  
Public Service ◽  
Ethical Behavior ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Professional Associations ◽  
The United States ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
City Manager ◽  
City Managers ◽  
Manager Perceptions ◽  
Mind Set

We develop a theoretical model of city manager professionalism addressing professional guidance and commitment, and four public service values: ethical solutions, neutral competence, political responsiveness, and political solutions. We tested these professionalism values on a national survey sample of city managers in the United States. Using structural equation modeling, we found evidence that professionalism acted directly on reported ethical behavior, and ethical behavior indirectly explained political responsiveness positively and political solutions negatively through neutral competence. Our analysis supports arguments that public service professionalization is possible and clarifies the pathways toward this important goal. Our study focuses on understanding how involvement in professional associations and activities relates to city manager perceptions of their own values and competence.

Much Adieu about Freddy: Freddy Adu and Attendance in Major League Soccer

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 438-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy D. DeSchriver
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
First Year ◽  
Demand Model ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Financial Perspective ◽  
Annual Salary ◽  
Major League Soccer ◽  
Major League ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between game-specific attendance in Major League Soccer (MLS) and the presence of Freddy Adu in matches during the 2004 season. A demand model for attendance during Adu’s first year in MLS was estimated using ordinary least squares and fixed-effects multiple-regression analysis. The regression equation explained 67% of the variation in game-specific attendance and 9 of the 22 explanatory variables were statistically significant at the .05 level. It was found that an additional 10,958 spectators attended games in which Freddy Adu was playing, holding all else constant. Furthermore, it was estimated that these additional spectators generated about $3.25 million in revenue from ticket, concession, and merchandise sales in the 2004 season. This amount is far greater than the $500,000 annual salary paid to Adu, and the findings support the claim that from a financial perspective the signing of the 14-year old Adu was highly beneficial to MLS.

scholarly journals Gender Differences in Time in Child Care During Unemployment

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Gough
Keyword(s):  
Child Care ◽  
Time Use ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Seemingly Unrelated Regression ◽  
Unpaid Labor ◽  
Unrelated Regression ◽  
Parental Unemployment ◽  
Employed Parents ◽  
The Relationship

ObjectivesThere is great interest in the relationship between paid and unpaid labor time. Yet, in the United States most studies have focused on the housework component of unpaid labor. Limited research has examined how parental employment status relates to child care time. This study examines how unemployment is related to time in multiple types of child care and how this relationship varies by gender.MethodsI use data from the 2003-2013 American Time Use Surveys to study cohabiting and married parents ages 18-65 (N=44,198). I predict time spent in total child care, routine child care, and educational/recreational child care by parental unemployment status using ordinary least squares and seemingly unrelated regression models, and examine differences between weekday and weekend time use. ResultsConsistent with time-based theories, I find unemployed parents spend more time in child care than employed parents, but patterns vary by gender: unemployed mothers and fathers spend more time in child care on weekdays, but unemployed fathers spent less time in child care on weekends. ConclusionsResults suggest similarities and differences between the unemployment-child care time relationship and the relationship of unemployment with other types of unpaid labor such as housework.

scholarly journals UMA ANÁLISE COMPARATIVA INTERNACIONAL DA RELAÇÃO ENTRE DESIGUALDADE DE RENDA E SERVIÇO DOMÉSTICO AN INTERNATIONAL COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INCOME INEQUALITY AND DOMESTIC SERVICE

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
Alexandre Barbosa Fraga ◽  
Elisa Alonso Monçores Viana
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Gini Index ◽  
Domestic Workers ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Domestic Service ◽  
The World ◽  
International Comparative ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Different Parts

Na bibliografia sobre o trabalho doméstico remunerado, uma pergunta continua de alguma forma em aberto: o que explica a variação na proporção de mão de obra ocupada no serviço doméstico de cada país? Entre as cinco hipóteses apresentadas pela Sociologia e pela Economia para responder a essa questão, a explicação pela desigualdade de renda já foi testada, apenas para os Estados Unidos, pelas sociólogas americanas Milkman, Reese e Roth (1998). De acordo com elas, um fator determinante do tamanho do emprego doméstico em certo lugar é o grau de desigualdade econômica ali existente. Este artigo objetiva verificar essa mesma hipótese, mas para um conjunto de 95 países de diversas partes do mundo. Por meio de um modelo de regressão, utilizando o método de Mínimos Quadrados Ordinários (MQO), é avaliada a relação entre o índice de Gini dos países e a proporção de mulheres ocupadas como trabalhadoras domésticas.ABSTRACT In the bibliography on paid domestic work, one question remains open: what explains variation in the proportion of the labor force employed in domestic service in each country? Among the five hypotheses presented by Sociology and Economics to answer this question, the explanation focused on income inequality has already been tested, only for the United States, by the American sociologists Milkman, Reese and Roth (1998). According to them, a crucial determinant of the extent of employment in paid domestic labor in a given location is the degree of economic inequality there. This article aims to verify the same hypothesis, but for a group of 95 countries from different parts of the world. Through a regression model, using the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method, the relationship between the Gini index of the countries and the proportion of women employed as domestic workers is evaluated.

scholarly journals Can market structure explain cross-country differences in health?

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-43
Author(s):  
Kate Rybczynski ◽  
Lori Curtis
Keyword(s):  
Market Structure ◽  
National Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Work Environments ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Insufficient Physical Activity ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
The Relationship

There is a well documented health disparity between several European countries and the United States. This health gap remains even after controlling for socioeconomic status and risk factors. At the same time, we note that the U.S. market structure is characterized by significantly more large corporations and "super-sized" retail outlets than Europe. Because big business is hierarchical in nature and has been reported to engender urban sprawl, inferior work environments, and loss of social capital, all identified as correlates of poor health, we suggest that differences in market structure may help account for some of the unexplained differences in health across Europe and North America. Using national level data, this study explores the relationship between market structure and health. We investigate whether individuals who live in countries with proportionately more small business are healthier than those who do not. We use two measures of national health: life expectancy at birth, and age-standardized estimates of diabetes rates. Results from ordinary least squares regressions suggest that, there is a large and statistically significant association between market structure (the ratio of small to total businesses) and health, even after controlling income, public percent of health expenditure, and obesity rates. This association is robust to additional controls such as insufficient physical activity, smoking, alcohol disease, and air pollution.

Does Changing a Light Bulb Lead to Changing the World? Political Action and the Conscious Consumer

2012 ◽  
Vol 644 (1) ◽  
pp. 160-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret M. Willis ◽  
Juliet B. Schor
Keyword(s):  
Political Action ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Political Engagement ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
The Past ◽  
Political Consumption ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Political Actions

As the prevalence of “conscious” consumption has grown, questions have arisen about its relationship to political action. An influential argument holds that political consumption individualizes responsibility for environmental degradation and “crowds out” genuine forms of activism. While European and Canadian empirical research contradicts this perspective, finding that conscious consumption and political engagement are positively connected, no studies of this relationship have been conducted for the United States. This article presents ordinary least squares (OLS) regression models for two datasets, the 2004 General Social Survey and a detailed survey of approximately 2,200 conscious consumers conducted by the authors, to assess the nature of the relationship between conscious consumption and political activism. The authors find that measures of conscious consumption are significantly and positively related to political action, even when controlling for political involvement in the past. The results suggest that greater levels of political consumption are positively related to a range of political actions.

scholarly journals Custodial Grandparent’s Job Loss During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Its Relationship With Parenting Stress and Mental Health

2021 ◽  
pp. 073346482110062
Author(s):  
Qi Wu ◽  
Yanfeng Xu ◽  
Merav Jedwab
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Parenting Stress ◽  
Job Loss ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Custodial Grandparents ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Relationship

Involuntary job loss during the COVID-19 pandemic adds challenges, especially for custodial grandparents that are taking care of grandchildren. Grandparents are relatively vulnerable, and they need more attention and support when facing the negative impacts of COVID-19. This study analyzed cross-sectional survey data collected from 234 custodial grandparents via Qualtrics Panels in June 2020 in the United States. After using the propensity score weighting adjustment, results from logistic and ordinary least squares regression showed that compared with grandparents that did not lose their job during the pandemic, grandparents that did had more parenting stress and worse mental health. Moderation analysis also showed that social support was a significant moderator of the relationship between job loss and mental health, but not the relationship between job loss and parenting stress. The findings and implications are discussed.

scholarly journals Predicting Soybean Yield with NDVI Using a Flexible Fourier Transform Model

2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 402-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang Xu ◽  
Ani L. Katchova
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Vegetation Index ◽  
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽  
Time Series Prediction ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Out Of Sample ◽  
Prediction And Forecasting ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractWe use models incorporating the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) derived from remote sensing satellites to improve soybean yield predictions in 10 major producing states in the United States. Unlike traditional methods that assume an ordinary least squares model applies to all observations, we allow for global flexibility in the relationship between NDVI and soybean yield by using the flexible Fourier transform (FFT) model. FFT results confirm that there is a nonlinear response of soybean yield to NDVI over the growing season. Out-of-sample predictions indicate that allowing for global flexibility with the FFT improves the predictions in time-series prediction and forecasting.

Abusive Men's Use of Children to Control Their Partners and Ex-Partners

2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marisa L. Beeble ◽  
Deborah Bybee ◽  
Cris M. Sullivan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Emotional Abuse ◽  
The United States ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Anecdotal Evidence ◽  
Multiple Variables ◽  
The Relationship

While research has found that millions of children in the United States are exposed to their mothers being battered, and that many are themselves abused as well, little is known about the ways in which children are used by abusers to manipulate or harm their mothers. Anecdotal evidence suggests that perpetrators use children in a variety of ways to control and harm women; however, no studies to date have empirically examined the extent of this occurring. Therefore, the current study examined the extent to which survivors of abuse experienced this, as well as the conditions under which it occurred. Interviews were conducted with 156 women who had experienced recent intimate partner violence. Each of these women had at least one child between the ages of 5 and 12. Most women (88%) reported that their assailants had used their children against them in varying ways. Multiple variables were found to be related to this occurring, including the relationship between the assailant and the children, the extent of physical and emotional abuse used by the abuser against the woman, and the assailant's court-ordered visitation status. Findings point toward the complex situational conditions by which assailants use the children of their partners or ex-partners to continue the abuse, and the need for a great deal more research in this area.

The United States and the Iranian Nuclear Programme

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Hurst
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Domestic Politics ◽  
The United States ◽  
Nixon Administration ◽  
Comprehensive Plan ◽  
The Us ◽  
Nuclear Issue ◽  
The Relationship

The United States, Iran and the Bomb provides the first comprehensive analysis of the US-Iranian nuclear relationship from its origins through to the signing of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) in 2015. Starting with the Nixon administration in the 1970s, it analyses the policies of successive US administrations toward the Iranian nuclear programme. Emphasizing the centrality of domestic politics to decision-making on both sides, it offers both an explanation of the evolution of the relationship and a critique of successive US administrations' efforts to halt the Iranian nuclear programme, with neither coercive measures nor inducements effectively applied. The book further argues that factional politics inside Iran played a crucial role in Iranian nuclear decision-making and that American policy tended to reinforce the position of Iranian hardliners and undermine that of those who were prepared to compromise on the nuclear issue. In the final chapter it demonstrates how President Obama's alterations to American strategy, accompanied by shifts in Iranian domestic politics, finally brought about the signing of the JCPOA in 2015.

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