Fire Behavior of Pur and Pir Foams With a Halogenated Polyetherpolyol Acting as a Permanent Active Fire Retardant

In this paper, the fire behavior of unsaturated polyester resin (UP) modified with L-histidinium dihydrogen phosphate-phosphoric acid (LHP), being a novel intumescent fire retardant (IFR), was investigated. Thermal and thermomechanical properties of the UP with different amounts of LHP (from 10 to 30 wt. %) were determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TG) as well as dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). Reaction to small flames was studied by horizontal burning (HB) test, while fire behavior and smoke emission were investigated with the cone calorimeter (CC) and smoke density chamber. Further, the analysis of volatile products was conducted (TGA/FT-IR). It was observed that the addition of LHP resulted in the formation of carbonaceous char inhibiting the thermal decomposition, burning rate and smoke emission. The most promising results were obtained for the UP containing 30 wt. % of LHP, for which the highest reduction in maximum values of heat release rate (200 kW/m2) and total smoke release (3535 m2/m2) compared to unmodified polymer (792 kW/m2 and 6895 m2/m2) were recorded. However, some important disadvantage with respect to water resistance was observed.

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Valorization of Industrial Lignin as Biobased Carbon Source in Fire Retardant System for Polyamide 11 Blends

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym11010180 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 180 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Neeraj Mandlekar ◽

Aurélie Cayla ◽

François Rault ◽

Stéphane Giraud ◽

Fabien Salaün ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thermal Stability ◽

Condensed Phase ◽

Flame Retardants ◽

Fire Behavior ◽

Fire Retardant ◽

Ternary Blends ◽

Cone Calorimetry ◽

Polyamide 11 ◽

Twin Screw ◽

Flame Retarded

In this study, two different types of industrial lignin (i.e., lignosulphonate lignin (LL) and kraft lignin (DL)) were exploited as charring agents with phosphorus-based flame retardants for polyamide 11 (PA11). The effect of lignins on the thermal stability and fire behavior of PA11 combined with phosphinate additives (namely, aluminum phosphinate (AlP) and zinc phosphinate (ZnP)) has been studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), UL 94 vertical flame spread, and cone calorimetry tests. Various blends of flame retarded PA11 were prepared by melt process using a twin-screw extruder. Thermogravimetric analyses showed that the LL containing ternary blends are able to provide higher thermal stability, as well as a developed char residue. The decomposition of the phosphinates led to the formation of phosphate compounds in the condensed phase, which promotes the formation of a stable char. Flammability tests showed that LL/ZnP ternary blends were able to achieve self-extinction and V-1 classification; the other formulations showed a strong melt dripping and higher burning. In addition to this, cone calorimetry results showed that the most enhanced behavior was found when 10 wt % of LL and AlP were combined, which strongly reduced PHRR (−74%) and THR (−22%), due to the interaction between LL and AlP, which not only promotes char formation but also confers the stability to char in the condensed phase.

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Remote sensing techniques to assess active fire characteristics and post-fire effects

International Journal of Wildland Fire ◽

10.1071/wf05097 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 319 ◽

Cited By ~ 491

Author(s):

Leigh B. Lentile ◽

Zachary A. Holden ◽

Alistair M. S. Smith ◽

Michael J. Falkowski ◽

Andrew T. Hudak ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Remote Sensing ◽

Fire Severity ◽

Fire Behavior ◽

Fire Effects ◽

Ecological Effects ◽

Fire Intensity ◽

Active Fire ◽

Post Fire Effects ◽

Remote Sensing Techniques ◽

Fire Characteristics

Space and airborne sensors have been used to map area burned, assess characteristics of active fires, and characterize post-fire ecological effects. Confusion about fire intensity, fire severity, burn severity, and related terms can result in the potential misuse of the inferred information by land managers and remote sensing practitioners who require unambiguous remote sensing products for fire management. The objective of the present paper is to provide a comprehensive review of current and potential remote sensing methods used to assess fire behavior and effects and ecological responses to fire. We clarify the terminology to facilitate development and interpretation of comprehensible and defensible remote sensing products, present the potential and limitations of a variety of approaches for remotely measuring active fires and their post-fire ecological effects, and discuss challenges and future directions of fire-related remote sensing research.

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Fire Activity and Their Relationship with the Global Fire Weather Index Database Components in Guinea

Environmental Management and Sustainable Development ◽

10.5296/emsd.v8i2.14602 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 18

Author(s):

Mamadou Baïlo Barry ◽

Daouda Badiane ◽

Saïdou Moustapha Sall ◽

Moussa Diakhaté ◽

Habib Senghor

Keyword(s):

Statistical Analysis ◽

Fire Behavior ◽

Burned Area ◽

Fire Weather ◽

Weather Index ◽

Fire Weather Index ◽

Burned Areas ◽

Active Fire ◽

Moderate Resolution ◽

Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer

The relationships between the Canadian Fire Weather Index (FWI) System components and the monthly burned area as well as the number of active fire which has taken from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Aqua/TERRA were investigated in 32 Guinean stations between 2003 and 2013. A statistical analysis based on a multi-linear regression model was used to estimate the skills of FWI components on the predictability of burned area and active fire. This statistical analysis gave performances explaining between 16 to 79% of the variance for the burned areas and between 29 and 82% of the variance for the number of fires (P<0.0001) at lag 0. Respectively 16 to 79 % and 29 to 82 % of the variance of the burned areas and variance for the number of fires (P<0.0001) at lag0 can be explained based on the same statistical analysis. All the combinations used gave significant performances to predict the burned areas and active fire on the monthly timescale in all stations excepted Fria and Yomou where the predictability of the burned areas was not obvious. We obtained a significant correlation between the average over all of the stations of burned areas, active fires and FWI composites with percentage of variance between (75 to 84% and 29 to 77%) for active fires and burned areas at lag0 respectively. While for burned area peak (January), the skill of the predictability remains significant only one month in advance, for the active fires, the model remains skilful 1 to 3 months in advance. Results also showed that active fires are more related to fire behavior indices while the burned areas are related to the fine fuel moisture codes. These outcomes have implications for seasonal forecasting of active fire events and burned areas based on FWI components, as significant predictability is found from 1 to 3 months and one month before respectively.

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EFFECTIVENESS OF WATER-RETAINING POLYMER AS FIRE RETARDANT IN INDIRECT USE

Revista Árvore ◽

10.1590/1806-908820200000029 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 44 ◽

Author(s):

Daiane Cristina de Lima ◽

Adilson Pacheco de Souza ◽

Josiane Fernandes Keffer ◽

Luana Bouvié ◽

Charles Campoe Martim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Short Duration ◽

Forest Fires ◽

Fire Behavior ◽

Fire Retardant ◽

Propagation Speed ◽

Combustible Material ◽

Fire Propagation ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Controlled Burns ◽

Spray Volume

ABSTRACT The use of fire retardants increases efficiency in fighting forest fires, however, it still presents uncertainties regarding environmental contamination, recommendations for preparation, and it lack of regulation in Brazil. In this scenario, alternative products such as water-retaining polymers, that can reduce the rapid evaporation of water, can also have positive effects in terms of reducing fire behavior. Efficiency and ways of using the water-retaining polymer as a short-duration fire retardant (indirect combat) in controlled burns in eucalyptus plantations were evaluated. Five concentrations (dilution in water), three volumes of spray solution, and two post-application times on the combustible material available in the area were evaluated. Controlled burns were conducted downwind, between 10 am and 2 pm, during dry season in the region, with micrometeorological and fire behavior assessments (fire propagation speed and length of flames). Increased spray volume and concentration of water-retaining polymer led to reductions in the spread of fire. In eucalyptus combustible material, the water-retaining polymer can be used as a fire retardant of short duration (effective up to two hours after application), considering a spray volume of 2.0 L m-2 and concentration of 0.0060% (diluted in water).

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FIRE BEHAVIOR OF TIMBER PRODUCTS WITH AND WITHOUT FIRE RETARDANT

Journal of Applied Fire Science ◽

10.2190/ld4c-t6mr-755x-bdqe ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 209-227

Author(s):

W. K. CHOW ◽

S. S. HAN ◽

C. L. CHOW

Keyword(s):

Fire Behavior ◽

Fire Retardant ◽

Timber Products

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Effect of Flame Retardants on Wood Plastic Composites-HDPE Based

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.471-472.640 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 471-472 ◽

pp. 640-645 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Mohd Rashid Yusof Hamid ◽

Ahmad Haji Sahrim

Keyword(s):

Flame Retardants ◽

Natural Fiber ◽

Thermo Gravimetric Analysis ◽

Fire Behavior ◽

Fire Retardant ◽

Cellulose Fiber ◽

High Volume ◽

Test Method ◽

Gravimetric Analysis ◽

Plastic Composite

Recently, research on natural fiber reinforced polymer composites has gained importance due to the abundant sources of fibers that can be obtained at very low cost. In this study, wood plastic composite (WPC) materials is made by mixing (compounding) high density polyethylene (HDPE) and (ligno) cellulose fiber, i.e. rice husk reinforced with sawdust have been manufactured using a high volume process using counter rotating twin screw extruder. Different fire retardant agents have been employed in order to improve fire behavior in this study. The flammability and thermal stability of WPC-HDPE based in different compositions have been carried out by fire test method according to ASTM D635-06 and evaluated by thermo gravimetric analysis respectively. The properties of flexural strength and impact strength were also included.

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Influence of Sepiolite and Lignin as Potential Synergists on Flame Retardant Systems in Polylactide (PLA) and Polyurethane Elastomer (PUE)

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma13112450 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (11) ◽

pp. 2450 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Valentin Carretier ◽

Julien Delcroix ◽

Monica Francesca Pucci ◽

Pierre Rublon ◽

José-Marie Lopez-Cuesta

Keyword(s):

Thermal Stability ◽

Synergistic Effects ◽

Fire Behavior ◽

Fire Retardant ◽

Protective Layer ◽

Phosphorus Compounds ◽

Polyurethane Elastomer ◽

Fire Performance ◽

Flow Calorimeter ◽

Combustion Flow

A comparison of the influence of sepiolite and lignin as potential synergists for fire retardant (FR) systems based on ammonium polyphosphate (APP) has been carried out in polyurethane elastomer and polylactide. Different ratios of kraft lignin and sepiolite were tested in combination with APP in both polymers. The thermal stability and the fire behavior of the corresponding composites were evaluated using Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), a Pyrolysis Combustion Flow Calorimeter (PCFC) and Cone Calorimeter (CC). The mechanisms of flame retardancy imparted by APP and other components were investigated. Synergistic effects were highlighted but only for specific ratios between APP and sepiolite in polyurethane elastomer (PUE) and polylactide (PLA) on one hand, and between APP and lignin in PLA on the other hand. Sepiolite acts as char reinforcement but through the formation of new phosphorus compounds it is also able to form a protective layer. Conversely, only complementary effects on fire performance were noted for lignin in PUE due to a dramatic influence on thermal stability despite its action on char formation.

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