FIRE BEHAVIOR OF TIMBER PRODUCTS WITH AND WITHOUT FIRE RETARDANT

2002 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 209-227
Author(s):  
W. K. CHOW ◽  
S. S. HAN ◽  
C. L. CHOW
Keyword(s):  
Fire Behavior ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Timber Products

scholarly journals Moisture Resistance, Thermal Stability and Fire Behavior of Unsaturated Polyester Resin Modified with L-histidinium Dihydrogen Phosphate-Phosphoric Acid

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 932
Author(s):  
Kamila Sałasińska ◽  
Maciej Celiński ◽  
Kamila Mizera ◽  
Mateusz Barczewski ◽  
Paweł Kozikowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Polyester Resin ◽  
Unsaturated Polyester ◽  
Fire Behavior ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Thermomechanical Properties ◽  
Unsaturated Polyester Resin ◽  
Dihydrogen Phosphate ◽  
Smoke Emission ◽  
Volatile Products

In this paper, the fire behavior of unsaturated polyester resin (UP) modified with L-histidinium dihydrogen phosphate-phosphoric acid (LHP), being a novel intumescent fire retardant (IFR), was investigated. Thermal and thermomechanical properties of the UP with different amounts of LHP (from 10 to 30 wt. %) were determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TG) as well as dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). Reaction to small flames was studied by horizontal burning (HB) test, while fire behavior and smoke emission were investigated with the cone calorimeter (CC) and smoke density chamber. Further, the analysis of volatile products was conducted (TGA/FT-IR). It was observed that the addition of LHP resulted in the formation of carbonaceous char inhibiting the thermal decomposition, burning rate and smoke emission. The most promising results were obtained for the UP containing 30 wt. % of LHP, for which the highest reduction in maximum values of heat release rate (200 kW/m2) and total smoke release (3535 m2/m2) compared to unmodified polymer (792 kW/m2 and 6895 m2/m2) were recorded. However, some important disadvantage with respect to water resistance was observed.

scholarly journals Valorization of Industrial Lignin as Biobased Carbon Source in Fire Retardant System for Polyamide 11 Blends

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neeraj Mandlekar ◽  
Aurélie Cayla ◽  
François Rault ◽  
Stéphane Giraud ◽  
Fabien Salaün ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Condensed Phase ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Fire Behavior ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Ternary Blends ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Polyamide 11 ◽  
Twin Screw ◽  
Flame Retarded

In this study, two different types of industrial lignin (i.e., lignosulphonate lignin (LL) and kraft lignin (DL)) were exploited as charring agents with phosphorus-based flame retardants for polyamide 11 (PA11). The effect of lignins on the thermal stability and fire behavior of PA11 combined with phosphinate additives (namely, aluminum phosphinate (AlP) and zinc phosphinate (ZnP)) has been studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), UL 94 vertical flame spread, and cone calorimetry tests. Various blends of flame retarded PA11 were prepared by melt process using a twin-screw extruder. Thermogravimetric analyses showed that the LL containing ternary blends are able to provide higher thermal stability, as well as a developed char residue. The decomposition of the phosphinates led to the formation of phosphate compounds in the condensed phase, which promotes the formation of a stable char. Flammability tests showed that LL/ZnP ternary blends were able to achieve self-extinction and V-1 classification; the other formulations showed a strong melt dripping and higher burning. In addition to this, cone calorimetry results showed that the most enhanced behavior was found when 10 wt % of LL and AlP were combined, which strongly reduced PHRR (−74%) and THR (−22%), due to the interaction between LL and AlP, which not only promotes char formation but also confers the stability to char in the condensed phase.

scholarly journals EFFECTIVENESS OF WATER-RETAINING POLYMER AS FIRE RETARDANT IN INDIRECT USE

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daiane Cristina de Lima ◽  
Adilson Pacheco de Souza ◽  
Josiane Fernandes Keffer ◽  
Luana Bouvié ◽  
Charles Campoe Martim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Short Duration ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Fire Behavior ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Propagation Speed ◽  
Combustible Material ◽  
Fire Propagation ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Controlled Burns ◽  
Spray Volume

ABSTRACT The use of fire retardants increases efficiency in fighting forest fires, however, it still presents uncertainties regarding environmental contamination, recommendations for preparation, and it lack of regulation in Brazil. In this scenario, alternative products such as water-retaining polymers, that can reduce the rapid evaporation of water, can also have positive effects in terms of reducing fire behavior. Efficiency and ways of using the water-retaining polymer as a short-duration fire retardant (indirect combat) in controlled burns in eucalyptus plantations were evaluated. Five concentrations (dilution in water), three volumes of spray solution, and two post-application times on the combustible material available in the area were evaluated. Controlled burns were conducted downwind, between 10 am and 2 pm, during dry season in the region, with micrometeorological and fire behavior assessments (fire propagation speed and length of flames). Increased spray volume and concentration of water-retaining polymer led to reductions in the spread of fire. In eucalyptus combustible material, the water-retaining polymer can be used as a fire retardant of short duration (effective up to two hours after application), considering a spray volume of 2.0 L m-2 and concentration of 0.0060% (diluted in water).

Effect of Flame Retardants on Wood Plastic Composites-HDPE Based

2011 ◽  
Vol 471-472 ◽  
pp. 640-645 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Rashid Yusof Hamid ◽  
Ahmad Haji Sahrim
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Natural Fiber ◽  
Thermo Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Fire Behavior ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Cellulose Fiber ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Plastic Composite

Recently, research on natural fiber reinforced polymer composites has gained importance due to the abundant sources of fibers that can be obtained at very low cost. In this study, wood plastic composite (WPC) materials is made by mixing (compounding) high density polyethylene (HDPE) and (ligno) cellulose fiber, i.e. rice husk reinforced with sawdust have been manufactured using a high volume process using counter rotating twin screw extruder. Different fire retardant agents have been employed in order to improve fire behavior in this study. The flammability and thermal stability of WPC-HDPE based in different compositions have been carried out by fire test method according to ASTM D635-06 and evaluated by thermo gravimetric analysis respectively. The properties of flexural strength and impact strength were also included.

scholarly journals Influence of Sepiolite and Lignin as Potential Synergists on Flame Retardant Systems in Polylactide (PLA) and Polyurethane Elastomer (PUE)

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 2450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentin Carretier ◽  
Julien Delcroix ◽  
Monica Francesca Pucci ◽  
Pierre Rublon ◽  
José-Marie Lopez-Cuesta
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Fire Behavior ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Protective Layer ◽  
Phosphorus Compounds ◽  
Polyurethane Elastomer ◽  
Fire Performance ◽  
Flow Calorimeter ◽  
Combustion Flow

A comparison of the influence of sepiolite and lignin as potential synergists for fire retardant (FR) systems based on ammonium polyphosphate (APP) has been carried out in polyurethane elastomer and polylactide. Different ratios of kraft lignin and sepiolite were tested in combination with APP in both polymers. The thermal stability and the fire behavior of the corresponding composites were evaluated using Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), a Pyrolysis Combustion Flow Calorimeter (PCFC) and Cone Calorimeter (CC). The mechanisms of flame retardancy imparted by APP and other components were investigated. Synergistic effects were highlighted but only for specific ratios between APP and sepiolite in polyurethane elastomer (PUE) and polylactide (PLA) on one hand, and between APP and lignin in PLA on the other hand. Sepiolite acts as char reinforcement but through the formation of new phosphorus compounds it is also able to form a protective layer. Conversely, only complementary effects on fire performance were noted for lignin in PUE due to a dramatic influence on thermal stability despite its action on char formation.

Fire behavior of fire-retardant-treated wooden facades: comparison of deterioration caused by accelerated weathering and natural exposure in Japan

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideki Yoshioka ◽  
Yuhei Nishio ◽  
Manabu Kanematsu ◽  
Takafumi Noguchi ◽  
Tetsuya Hayakawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fire Behavior ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Accelerated Weathering ◽  
Natural Exposure

Influence of the Developed Flame Retardant System Based on Renewable Raw Materials on Epoxy Resin Fire Behavior

2020 ◽  
Vol 995 ◽  
pp. 37-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamila Salasinska ◽  
Maciej Celiński ◽  
Paweł Kozikowski ◽  
Michał K. Leszczyński ◽  
Monika Borucka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Fire Behavior ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Protective Layer ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Smoke Emission ◽  
Burning Process ◽  
Structural Evaluation

A novel intumescent flame retardant system based on shell (S) and histidine diphosphate (HF) was developed and introduced into the epoxy resin in order to verify its effectiveness in the inhibition of the burning process. To confirm the structure of HF, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used. The influence of the flame retardant system on the burning and smoke emission of the resin was assessed based on cone calorimeter (CC) measurements. Moreover, structural evaluation of polymeric materials was carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was found that the incorporation of the developed flame retardant system caused the formation of a protective layer in the form of char, which reduced burning process and smoke emission of the epoxy resin. The obtained results were better than those generated by commercial intumescent fire retardant.

scholarly journals Fire Properties of Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Enhanced with Organic Montmorillonite and Exolit Fire Retardant

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (24) ◽  
pp. 5433
Author(s):  
Tudor Mihai Simionescu ◽  
Alina Adriana Minea ◽  
Paulo Nobre Balbis dos Reis
Keyword(s):  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Fire Behavior ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽  
Polymer Nanocomposite ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Organic Montmorillonite ◽  
Ul 94 ◽  
Butadiene Styrene

In this paper an experimental investigation on fire retardancy of a new polymer nanocomposite derived from organic montmorillonite and exolit fire retardant in an acrylonitrile- butadiene-styrene copolymer by analyzing the flammability and fire behavior is described. The samples were prepared by melting and mixing nanocomposites and fire retardant in different concentrations in an acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene base polymer. It was found that using only one component (organic montmorillonite or fire retardant) the burning stops in 10 s on the sample. Confirmation of synergy in flammability by combining both montmorillonite and flame retardants was noticed and is discussed regarding the flame-retardant mechanisms assessed by means of the Limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL 94, and cone-calorimeter methods. The acrylonitrile- butadiene-styrene preparation with 15–20 wt% fire retardant and 1–2 wt% organic montmorillonite reached a UL-94 V-0 classification, contrasting with the pure acrylonitrile- butadiene-styrene and the acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene with 15 wt% fire retardant and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene with 1–2 wt% organic montmorillonite formulations, which completely burned. Finally, the samples showed a very good synergy going to a higher reduction of the peak heat release rate and to a minimum mass reduction, as obtained from cone calorimeter tests.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document