Correlates of Fear of Victimization Among College Students in Spain: Gender Differences and Similarities

2020 ◽  
pp. 088626052091456
Author(s):  
Carmen M. León ◽  
Leah Fikre Butler ◽  
Eva Aizpurua
Keyword(s):  
Fear Of Crime ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Political Orientation ◽  
Crime Victimization ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Fear Of Victimization ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Gender Differences And Similarities ◽  
Separate Regression ◽  
Do So

Past studies that have analyzed fear of victimization using samples composed of men and women have most frequently controlled for the effect of gender. This study not only controls for the effect of gender, but also examines how the predictors of fear of victimization may vary across gender. To do so, separate regression models for men and women were estimated and the corresponding z tests were calculated for the purpose of analyzing whether the differences between genders were significant. The results showed that women scored higher on the general fear of crime victimization scale, as well as for fear of becoming victims of each of the specific crimes under study. Religiosity had an equally significant effect on men and women’s fear of victimization. Also, younger participants were more likely to fear being victims in the cases of both men and women, although this effect was even more pronounced among women. In addition, respondents’ fear of victimization differed across gender based on sexual orientation. Finally, the results showed a few variables (political orientation and sexual victimization) that were only significant in the case of women, but not of men. The findings of this study confirm that fear of victimization and its predictors vary between women and men.

scholarly journals EXPERIENCING STREET HARASSMENT AND FEAR OF VICTIMIZATION

2016 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-51
Author(s):  
Saima Masoom Ali Ali ◽  
Neelam Naz
Keyword(s):  
Fear Of Crime ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Negative Reaction ◽  
Street Harassment ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Fear Of Victimization ◽  
Public Setting ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
The Relationship

The debate in acknowledging street harassment as an existing social problem renders research necessary on the topic. Street harassment is said to occur when it takes place in a public setting and is initiated by a stranger. Through this correlation research, we aimed to establish the relationship between experiencing street harassment and fear of victimization. A positive correlation between the experience of street harassment and fear of victimization was hypothesized and a positive correlation between street harassment and negative reaction to harassment was also hypothesized. Additionally, the most recurring type of public harassing behaviors was identified as well. Two self report questionnaires were administered; A gender based harassment scale assessing the frequency of 8 harassing behaviors which ranged on a likert scale from 0 (never) to 4 (almost always) and a modified version of The Fear of Crime survey measuring fear of victimization. These questionnaires were administered to a sample of 250 females recruited via convenient sampling technique that had experienced street harassment previously. Percentages, mode and Pearson’s Product correlation were used to statistically analyze data. Results showed a significant, weak positive correlation between street harassment and fear of victimization (r=.216, p<0.01) and a moderate positive correlation between experiencing street harassment and negative reaction towards harassment (r=.404, p<0.01). The most frequent harassing behavior was being stared in a manner that made the victims uncomfortable with 98% of participants experiencing it, followed by 83.5% of the participants experiencing non-verbal sounds. Through this research, we were able to conclude street harassment does have negative implications for women.

scholarly journals A Test of Structural Model for Fear of Crime in Social Networking Sites

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-22
Author(s):  
Seong-Sik Lee ◽  
Kyung-shick Choi ◽  
Sinyong Choi ◽  
Elizabeth Englander
Keyword(s):  
Social Networking ◽  
Collective Efficacy ◽  
Social Networking Sites ◽  
Fear Of Crime ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Personal Information ◽  
Crime Victimization ◽  
Fear Of Victimization ◽  
Victimization Risk ◽  
Using Data

This study constructed a structural model which consists of social demographic factors, experience of victimization, opportunity factors, and social context factors to explain the public’s fear of crime on social networking sites (SNS). The model is based on the risk interpretation model, which predicts that these factors influence users’ fear of crime victimization. Using data from 486 university students in South Korea, an empirically-tested model suggests that sex and age have direct and significant effects on fear of victimization, supporting the vulnerability hypothesis. Among opportunity factors, the level of personal information and the number of offending peers have significant effects on fear of victimization through the medium of the perceived victimization risk, although the effect of SNS usage time is not significant. In addition, it was revealed that experience of victimization has a direct effect on fear of victimization. Furthermore, findings indicate that bridging social network has a direct and indirect positive effect on fear of victimization, and collective efficacy has an indirect effect on fear of victimization. Results show that incidents in SNS have the strongest effect on fear of victimization among various factors in this model without being mediated by the perceived victimization risk. Overall, this study supports a structural model for the fear of victimization.

scholarly journals Gender Differences In The Fear Of Crime Victimization And Precautionary Behaviours

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-178
Author(s):  
Taskeen Mansoor ◽  
Rukhsana Hasan
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Fear Of Crime ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
Crime Victimization ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Risk Takers ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender

This quantitative study was conducted to explore the gender differences in the fear of crime victimization and associated precautionary behaviours. A questionnaire was designed and administered on 180 students of public and private universities in Islamabad and Rawalpindi. Data analyzed in SPSS showed a significant difference in the responses of males and females where females were more worried and felt more unsafe about being a victim of a crime than males. More females observed precautionary behaviours to avoid being a victim of a crime in relation to the males. The females were fearful of crime related to use of public transport, sexual and gender based attack whereas males feared verbal abuse by strangers or acquaintances. It was discussed that females, being members of a marginalized and vulnerable group, may consider themselves as potential victims to crimes, and therefore exhibit a high fear of crime along with higher incidence of precautionary behaviour. Furthermore, in the patriarchal structure of the Pakistani society, the socio-cultural norms and traditional gender role socialization teach the boys to be dominant, risk-takers and fearless and the girls to be submissive, risk avoiding and fearful which tends to restrict the mobility and freedom of females.

Measuring the Tangible Fear of Heterosexist Violence

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 980-1007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Fox ◽  
Nicole L. Asquith
Keyword(s):  
Gender Identity ◽  
Fear Of Crime ◽  
Social Connectedness ◽  
Psychometric Testing ◽  
The Political ◽  
Crime Policy ◽  
Crime Victimization ◽  
Fear Of Victimization ◽  
Political Landscape ◽  
The Impact

Fear of crime (FoC) has dominated the political landscape over the last 20 years, with many crime policy developments during this period linked not to actual experiences of violence but to the fear of victimization. Fear of crime studies, in most cases, are conducted with populations that have only a passing, mediated knowledge of crime victimization. The research discussed in this article, in contrast, considers the impact of FoC with a highly victimized community, and establishes psychometric testing to validate an instrument to measure the impact of that fear ( Fear of Heterosexism Scale [ FoHS]). If FoC is related to experiences of crime as the existing research suggests, then victims of heterosexist prejudice, discrimination, and/or violence would be more likely to fear such incidents in the future. It was also predicted that participants who concealed their sexual and/or gender identity and had lower levels of social connectedness would experience higher levels of fear. The findings highlight the importance of contextual factors in FoH, and identify the critical roles that disclosure and social connectedness play in ameliorating the damaging effects of heterosexist victimization.

scholarly journals Are there sex differences among colorectal cancer patients in treatment and survival? A Swiss cohort study

2021 ◽  
Vol 147 (5) ◽  
pp. 1407-1419
Author(s):  
Manuela Limam ◽  
Katarina Luise Matthes ◽  
Giulia Pestoni ◽  
Eleftheria Michalopoulou ◽  
Leonhard Held ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Treatment Decision ◽  
Tumor Stage ◽  
Primary Treatment ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Comorbidity Index

Abstract Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the three most common incident cancers and causes of cancer death in Switzerland for both men and women. To promote aspects of gender medicine, we examined differences in treatment decision and survival by sex in CRC patients diagnosed 2000 and 2001 in the canton of Zurich, Switzerland. Methods Characteristics assessed of 1076 CRC patients were sex, tumor subsite, age at diagnosis, tumor stage, primary treatment option and comorbidity rated by the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI). Missing data for stage and comorbidities were completed using multivariate imputation by chained equations. We estimated the probability of receiving surgery versus another primary treatment using multivariable binomial logistic regression models. Univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models were used for survival analysis. Results Females were older at diagnosis and had less comorbidities than men. There was no difference with respect to treatment decisions between men and women. The probability of receiving a primary treatment other than surgery was nearly twice as high in patients with the highest comorbidity index, CCI 2+, compared with patients without comorbidities. This effect was significantly stronger in women than in men (p-interaction = 0.010). Survival decreased with higher CCI, tumor stage and age in all CRC patients. Sex had no impact on survival. Conclusion The probability of receiving any primary treatment and survival were independent of sex. However, female CRC patients with the highest CCI appeared more likely to receive other therapy than surgery compared to their male counterparts.

Hate Crimes and Race-Based Trauma on Latinx Populations: A Critical Review of the Current Research

2020 ◽  
pp. 152483802097968
Author(s):  
Sarah Lockwood ◽  
Carlos A. Cuevas
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Violence ◽  
Hate Crime ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hate Crimes ◽  
Crime Victimization ◽  
Physical Health Outcomes ◽  
Trauma Responses ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Mental And Physical Health ◽  
Do So

Traditionally, the literature has sought to understand the impact of racial minority status and trauma as it relates to interpersonal violence, domestic violence, and sexual assault. What has not been as extensively reviewed and summarized is how racially or ethnically motivated hate crimes impact the mental health of minorities—particularly Latinx/Hispanic groups. This review aims to summarize the current body of literature on the intersection of race-motivated hate crime and trauma responses within Latinx community. To do so, the theoretical foundation for this inquiry will build from a race-based trauma perspective. Specifically, this review connects existing frameworks for race and trauma and integrates literature that examines Latinx or Hispanic populations that have experienced discrimination, bias, or hate crime as a result of their identity or perceived identity. The importance of situating bias or hate events within the trauma literature stems from a lack of overall formal evaluation of these events, and how these occurrences are historically overlooked as a traumatic stressor. The findings of this review suggest that (1) experiencing racially motivated victimization can cause adverse mental and physical health outcomes in Latinxs and (2) currently, there is only one study that has examined the impact of hate crime on Latinxs in the United States. This leaves the field with unanswered questions about the impact of hate crime victimization among Latinxs, which is an ever-growing area in need of attention.

Predictors of Child Abuse Charges Within the Context of Domestic Violence Arrests

2016 ◽  
Vol 63 (13) ◽  
pp. 1777-1803 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Roark ◽  
Kelly E. Knight ◽  
Heather Olson ◽  
Heidi DeSandre
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Domestic Violence ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Child Abuse ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Police Response ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Underdeveloped Area

This article investigates how different factors of a domestic violence incident impact the likelihood of a child abuse charge within the context of domestic violence arrests. Data from 5,148 domestic violence arrests were used to test whether domestic violence-, incident-, and child-based predictors increased the likelihood of a child abuse charge. Logistic regression models of gender-stratified samples were employed to test for gender differences among domestic violence arrestees. The results demonstrated predictors affected men’s odds of a child abuse charge when compared with women. For men and women, children witnessing the domestic violence incident had the largest impact on a child abuse charge. These results contribute to the underdeveloped area of police response to child abuse in domestic violence cases.

Hidden Fissures and Epidemics in Plain Sight: The Common Paths of Syphilis and HIV in Russia

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-142
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Contemporary Culture ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Women Living With Hiv ◽  
The Social ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Closed Door ◽  
Social And Cultural Factors

The paper examines and compares two epidemics in Russia: syphilis in the first quarter of 20th century and HIV in the early 21st century. The author considers both epidemics from the standpoint of the social sciences by applying the concept of vulnerability to underline the social and cultural factors that cause one social group to be more susceptible to a disease than another. The article focuses on gender-based vulnerability and maintains that both epidemics follow a single, structurally similar scenario. The author shows that the vulnerability of women during both the syphilis and HIV epidemics depends upon the clear continuity in the way gender roles and expectations and the relationships between men and women were structured during the early days of the USSR and in present-day Russia. The article analyzes how stigma arises and how in both eras inequality of power and expectations for men and women formed the main channel for transmission of disease. The paths along which modern epidemics spread have been mostly inherited from the epidemics of past centuries, and in particular the HIV epidemic is following a pattern derived from the syphilis epidemic. More precisely, the current epidemics exploit the same vulnerability of certain groups, vulnerability rooted in the past and still manifest in the norms and relations in contemporary culture and society where one group is much more exposed than the other. The article relies on historical sources, in particular Lev Friedland"s book Behind a Closed Door: Observations of a Venereologist published in 1927, for its account of the syphilis epidemic in the early 20th century and on the author"s own research into the experience of women living with HIV in contemporary Russia.

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