Salivary Histatin 5 and its Similarities to the Other Antimicrobial Proteins in Human Saliva

2000 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Edgerton ◽  
S.E. Koshlukova
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Human Saliva ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Defense System ◽  
Antimicrobial Proteins ◽  
Cationic Proteins ◽  
Histatin 5 ◽  
Host Defense System ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

Non-immune salivary proteins-including lactoperoxidase, lysozyme, lactoferrin, and histatins-are key components of the innate host defense system in the oral cavity. Many antimicrobial proteins contain multiple functional domains, with the result that one protein may have more than one mechanism of antimicrobial activity. These domains may be separated by proteolytic cleavage, creating smaller proteins with functional antimicrobial activity in saliva as described for lysozyme, lactoferrin, and histatins. These small cationic proteins then exert cytotoxic activity to oral bacteria and fungi. Salivary histatin 5 initiates killing of C. albicans through binding to yeast membrane proteins and non-lytic release of cellular ATP. Extracellular ATP may then activate fungal ATP receptors to induce ultimate cell death. This mechanism for fungal cytotoxicity may be shared by other antimicrobial cationic proteins. Microbicidal domains of salivary and host innate proteins should be considered as potential therapeutic agents in the oral cavity.

scholarly journals Staphylococcus aureus SasA Is Responsible for Binding to the Salivary Agglutinin gp340, Derived from Human Saliva

2013 ◽  
Vol 81 (6) ◽  
pp. 1870-1879 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenji Kukita ◽  
Miki Kawada-Matsuo ◽  
Takahiko Oho ◽  
Mami Nagatomo ◽  
Yuichi Oogai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Surface Protein ◽  
Human Saliva ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Surface Plasmon Resonance Analysis ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Acetylneuraminic Acid ◽  
Resonance Analysis ◽  
Content Factor

ABSTRACTStaphylococcus aureusis a major human pathogen that can colonize the nasal cavity, skin, intestine, and oral cavity as a commensal bacterium. gp340, also known as DMBT1 (deleted in malignant brain tumors 1), is associated with epithelial differentiation and innate immunity. In the oral cavity, gp340 induces salivary aggregation with several oral bacteria and promotes bacterial adhesion to tissues such as the teeth and mucosa.S. aureusis often isolated from the oral cavity, but the mechanism underlying its persistence in the oral cavity remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the interaction betweenS. aureusand gp340 and found thatS. aureusinteracts with saliva- and gp340-coated resin. We then identified theS. aureusfactor(s) responsible for binding to gp340. The cell surface protein SasA, which is rich in basic amino acids (BR domain) at the N terminus, was responsible for binding to gp340. Inactivation of thesasAgene resulted in a significant decrease inS. aureusbinding to gp340-coated resin. Also, recombinant SasA protein (rSasA) showed binding affinity to gp340, which was inhibited by the addition ofN-acetylneuraminic acid. Surface plasmon resonance analysis showed that rSasA significantly bound to the NeuAcα(2-3)Galβ(1-4)GlcNAc structure. These results indicate that SasA is responsible for binding to gp340 via theN-acetylneuraminic acid moiety.

scholarly journals Effects of Preservatives Added in Cookies on Intestinal Bacteria

2021 ◽  
pp. 278-284
Author(s):  
G. S. Sutharshan ◽  
N. P. Muralidharan
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Intestinal Bacteria ◽  
The Body ◽  
Food Spoilage ◽  
Sterile Saline ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Growth Of Fungi ◽  
Colony Counter ◽  
Growth Of Bacteria

Introduction: An essential thing for human survival is food which provides nutritional support for the body or for pleasure. All the food used today has some preservatives, except our own garden plants. Preservatives prevent food spoilage from microorganisms but it will inhibit the growth of bacteria and fungi. Antimicrobial preservatives are the preservatives which inhibit the growth of fungi and bacteria. Methods of preserving foods have been used for centuries and include natural techniques such as smoking fish and meat as well as adding salts. Aim: The main aim of the study is to find the effects of preservatives added in cookies on intestinal bacteria. Materials and Method: Take a sample of 10 biscuits. Crush and mix 10 gms in 10 ml of sterile saline. soak for 30 mins and centrifuge and take the supernatant. Transfer 1 ml to each tube and add the selected organisms (lactobacilli). Add 10 microlitre of the selected organism (lactobacilli) to the supernatant. Hold for 30 mins and transfer 10 microlitre to BHI and count the CFU after incubation for 12 hours. Results and Discussion:  After 12 hrs of incubation, colonies are formed. Using colony counter app colonies are counted. Biscuits 4 showed the highest growth of colonies of 797. The control of the bacteria shows confluence growth where the unlimited colonies are formed. This indicates the presence of antimicrobial activity on preservatives added in biscuits. This antimicrobial activity affects the health of the oral cavity and intestine. Conclusion: From the above study, it is evident that the antimicrobial activity of preservatives that are added in biscuits could affect the health of oral cavity and intestine.

scholarly journals Does human saliva decrease the antimicrobial activity of chlorhexidine against oral bacteria?

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thaer Abouassi ◽  
Christian Hannig ◽  
Katja Mahncke ◽  
Lamprini Karygianni ◽  
Martin Wolkewitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Human Saliva ◽  
Oral Bacteria

scholarly journals Lantibiotics Produced by Oral Inhabitants as a Trigger for Dysbiosis of Human Intestinal Microbiota

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 3343
Author(s):  
Hideo Yonezawa ◽  
Mizuho Motegi ◽  
Atsushi Oishi ◽  
Fuhito Hojo ◽  
Seiya Higashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Oral Bacteria ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Cariogenic Bacterium

Lantibiotics are a type of bacteriocin produced by Gram-positive bacteria and have a wide spectrum of Gram-positive antimicrobial activity. In this study, we determined that Mutacin I/III and Smb (a dipeptide lantibiotic), which are mainly produced by the widespread cariogenic bacterium Streptococcus mutans, have strong antimicrobial activities against many of the Gram-positive bacteria which constitute the intestinal microbiota. These lantibiotics also demonstrate resistance to acid and temperature. Based on these features, we predicted that lantibiotics may be able to persist into the intestinal tract maintaining a strong antimicrobial activity, affecting the intestinal microbiota. Saliva and fecal samples from 69 subjects were collected to test this hypothesis and the presence of lantibiotics and the composition of the intestinal microbiota were examined. We demonstrate that subjects possessing lantibiotic-producing bacteria in their oral cavity exhibited a tendency of decreased species richness and have significantly reduced abundance of the phylum Firmicutes in their intestinal microbiota. Similar results were obtained in the fecal microbiota of mice fed with S. mutans culture supernatant containing the lantibiotic bacteriocin Mutacin I. These results showed that lantibiotic bacteriocins produced in the oral cavity perturb the intestinal microbiota and suggest that oral bacteria may be one of the causative factors of intestinal microbiota dysbiosis.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial metabolite profiling of Nigrospora sphaerica from Adiantum philippense L.

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kolathuru Puttamadaiah Ramesha ◽  
Nagabhushana Chandra Mohana ◽  
Bettadapura Rameshgowda Nuthan ◽  
Devaraju Rakshith ◽  
Sreedharamurthy Satish
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Leaf Segment ◽  
Spectroscopic Techniques ◽  
Biological Potential ◽  
Bioassay Guided Fractionation ◽  
Antimicrobial Metabolite ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

Abstract Background Endophyte bestows beneficial aspects to its inhabiting host, along with a contribution to diverse structural attributes with biological potential. In this regard, antimicrobial profiling of fungal endophytes from medicinal plant Adiantum philippense revealed bioactive Nigrospora sphaerica from the leaf segment. Chemical and biological profiling through TLC–bioautography and hyphenated spectroscopic techniques confirmed the presence of phomalactone as an antimicrobial metabolite. Results The chemical investigation of the broth extract by bioassay-guided fractionation confirmed phomalactone as a bioactive antimicrobial secondary metabolite. The antimicrobial activity of phomalactone was found to be highest against Escherichia coli by disc diffusion assay. The MIC was found to be significant against both Escherichia coli and Xanthomonas campestris in the case of bacteria and dermatophyte Candida albicans at 150 μg/ml, respectively. Conclusions Overall, the results highlighted the antimicrobial potential of phomalactone from the endophyte Nigrospora sphaerica exhibiting a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity against human and phytopathogenic bacteria and fungi. This work is the first report regarding the antibacterial activity of phomalactone.

scholarly journals Human Saliva-Mediated Hydrolysis of Eugenyl-β-D-Glucoside and Fluorescein-di-β-D-Glucoside in In Vivo and In Vitro Models

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 172
Author(s):  
Mariusz Dziadas ◽  
Adam Junka ◽  
Henryk Jeleń
Keyword(s):  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Human Saliva ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
Microbial Hydrolysis ◽  
Amoxicillin Trihydrate ◽  
Potassium Clavulanate

Eugenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside, also referred to as Citrusin C, is a natural glucoside found among others in cloves, basil and cinnamon plants. Eugenol in a form of free aglycone is used in perfumeries, flavourings, essential oils and in medicinal products. Synthetic Citrusin C was incubated with human saliva in several in vitro models together with substrate-specific enzyme and antibiotics (clindamycin, ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin trihydrate and potassium clavulanate). Citrusin C was detected using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Citrusin C was completely degraded only when incubated with substrate-specific A. niger glucosidase E.C 3.2.1.21 (control sample) and when incubated with human saliva (tested sample). The addition of antibiotics to the above-described experimental setting, stopped Citrusin C degradation, indicating microbiologic origin of hydrolysis observed. Our results demonstrate that Citrusin C is subjected to complete degradation by salivary/oral cavity microorganisms. Extrapolation of our results allows to state that in the human oral cavity, virtually all β-D-glucosides would follow this type of hydrolysis. Additionally, a new method was developed for an in vivo rapid test of glucosidase activity in the human mouth on the tongue using fluorescein-di-β-D-glucoside as substrate. The results presented in this study serve as a proof of concept for the hypothesis that microbial hydrolysis path of β-D-glucosides begins immediately in the human mouth and releases the aglycone directly into the gastrointestinal tract.

scholarly journals Plant antimicrobial peptides: structures, functions, and applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Junpeng Li ◽  
Shuping Hu ◽  
Wei Jian ◽  
Chengjian Xie ◽  
Xingyong Yang
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Antimicrobial Peptides ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Potential Applicability ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Positively Charged

AbstractAntimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a class of short, usually positively charged polypeptides that exist in humans, animals, and plants. Considering the increasing number of drug-resistant pathogens, the antimicrobial activity of AMPs has attracted much attention. AMPs with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against many gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, and fungi are an important defensive barrier against pathogens for many organisms. With continuing research, many other physiological functions of plant AMPs have been found in addition to their antimicrobial roles, such as regulating plant growth and development and treating many diseases with high efficacy. The potential applicability of plant AMPs in agricultural production, as food additives and disease treatments, has garnered much interest. This review focuses on the types of plant AMPs, their mechanisms of action, the parameters affecting the antimicrobial activities of AMPs, and their potential applications in agricultural production, the food industry, breeding industry, and medical field.

scholarly journals Impact of Altitudinal Variation on the Phytochemical Profile, Anthelmintic and Antimicrobial Activity of Two Pinus Species

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 3170
Author(s):  
Wafaa M. Elkady ◽  
Mariam H. Gonaid ◽  
Miriam F. Yousif ◽  
Mahmoud El-Sayed ◽  
Hind A. N. Omar
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Pinus Halepensis ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Anthelmintic Activity ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Pinus Pinea ◽  
Active Components ◽  
Pinus Species ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

Active components from natural sources are the current focus in most pharmacological research to provide new therapeutic agents for clinical use. Essential oils from the Pinus species have been traditionally used in medicine. This study aimed to investigate the chemical profile of two Pinus species, Pinus halepensis L. and Pinus pinea Mill, from different altitudes in Libya and study the effect of environmental conditions on the biological activities of essential oils. A clevenger apparatus was used to prepare the essential oils by hydrodistillation. Analyses were done using GC/MS. Anthelmintic and antimicrobial activities were tested against the earthworm Allolobophora caliginosa, gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, and fungi. Different chemical profiles were observed among all tested essential oils, and terpenes were the most dominant class. All studied essential oils from the Pinus species exhibited a remarkable anthelmintic activity compared to the standard piperazine citrate drug. Pinus halepensis from both altitudes showed broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against all tested microorganisms, while Pinus pinea was effective against only Escherichia coli. From these findings, one can conclude that there are variations between studied species. The essential oil compositions are affected by environmental factors, which consequently affect the anthelmintic and antimicrobial activity.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Activity of Cationic Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Nanoparticles Coupled with Dual Fluorescent and Electrochemical Sensing: Theragnostic Prospect

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 1715
Author(s):  
Nada Elgiddawy ◽  
Shiwei Ren ◽  
Wadih Ghattas ◽  
Waleed M. A. El Rouby ◽  
Ahmed O. El-Gendy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Fluorescence Spectroscopy ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Electrochemical Impedance ◽  
Spectroscopic Properties ◽  
Electrochemical Sensing ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Dual Detection ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

Designing therapeutic and sensor materials to diagnose and eliminate bacterial infections remains a significant challenge for active theragnostic nanoprobes. In the present work, fluorescent/electroactive poly(3-hexylthiophene) P3HT nanoparticles (NPs) stabilized with quaternary ammonium salts using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), (CTAB-P3HT NPs) were prepared using a simple mini-emulsion method. The morphology, spectroscopic properties and electronic properties of CTAB-P3HT NPs were characterized by DLS, zeta potential, SEM, TEM, UV-vis spectrophotometry, fluorescence spectroscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). In an aqueous solution, CTAB-P3HT NPs were revealed to be uniformly sized, highly fluorescent and present a highly positively charged NP surface with good electroactivity. Dual detection was demonstrated as the binding of the bacteria to NPs could be observed by fluorescence quenching as well as by the changes in EIS. Binding of E. coli to CTAB-P3HT NPs was demonstrated and LODs of 5 CFU/mL and 250 CFU/mL were obtained by relying on the fluorescence spectroscopy and EIS, respectively. The antimicrobial activity of CTAB-P3HT NPs on bacteria and fungi was also studied under dark and nutritive conditions. An MIC and an MBC of 2.5 µg/mL were obtained with E. coli and with S. aureus, and of 0.312 µg/mL with C. albicans. Additionally a good biocompatibility toward normal human cells (WI38) was observed, which opens the way to their possible use as a therapeutic agent.

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