Self-Employed Women in Europe: Lack of Opportunity or Forced by Necessity?

2021 ◽  
pp. 095001702110353
Author(s):  
Mónica Ferrín
Keyword(s):  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Gender Regime ◽  
Dual Earner ◽  
Business Women ◽  
Labour Participation ◽  
Employed Women ◽  
Gender Regimes

The gender gap in self-employment is one of the most resilient in labour participation. While for some, this gap is the result of women’s lack of opportunities to become self-employed, for others, it reflects women’s preference to stay in paid employment. This article investigates the motivations behind women’s decision (either from opportunity or necessity) to start a business in 17 European countries. Results from the analysis suggest that individual resources are fundamental in explaining women’s motivations to become entrepreneurs. The type of gender regime and the economic situation in their country also play a role in women’s decisions to start a business. Women are more likely to be driven due to opportunity in dual-earner gender regimes than elsewhere, and high levels of unemployment produced by the economic crisis have boosted women’s self-employment from necessity. These findings are discussed in relation to the gender gap in self-employment.

Situating Self-Employed Urban Women Conducting Business through Contemporary Social Media

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shruti Kalyanaraman
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Women Workers ◽  
Informal Economy ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Technological Advancement ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Home Based ◽  
Business Women ◽  
Employed Women

Informal economy includes varied set of economic activities, enterprises, jobs, and workers. The economy typically consists of enterprises and/or people that are not regulated or protected by the state. The concept originally applied to self-employment in small unregistered enterprises. It has been expanded to include wage employment in unprotected jobs. A home-based self-employed women worker can be involved as a fashion designer, a tiffin service provider, a home tutor, a person working with vendors, selling and reselling apparel, accessories to name a few. Informal self-employment is very large and heterogeneous as a category itself. There are different people working within in an informally self-employed category. The review tries to understand home based business women within the ambit of informal employment. The focus of research turns to technological advancement, social media and its impact on womens economic and business efforts. The review, using a feminist lens, understands academic researches on womens economic efforts. The reviews focus will largely be owners and own account (individually run enterprises) women workers of informal enterprises in urban areas which for ease of reference, I have termed as home-based self-employed urban woman.

scholarly journals Economic activity of middle-aged women in Serbia as relevant gender equality issue

2014 ◽  
pp. 499-510 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ankica Sobot
Keyword(s):  
Gender Difference ◽  
Gender Roles ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Gender Regime ◽  
Employed Women ◽  
Gender Based

Economic characteristics of the female population are important dimensions of contemporary gender regime. Thus, this paper focuses on disadvantageous characteristics of economic activity pointing to the range and the intensity of economic dependence of women as one of the obstacles to the improvement of their social position and reducing of gender gap. Statistical data show economic inactivity and unemployment of middle-aged women in Serbia. Also, regarding the employed women the economic disadvantages could be discussed. The indicator of this is a gender difference in earnings as a result of a smaller number of women having well-paying jobs. In the base of gender economic differences are characteristics of gender roles, and for this reason a specific ?women?s work? is seen as an important segment in the improvement of the economic position of women and reducing of gender-based economic gap.

scholarly journals Experiencing Gender Regimes: Accounts of Women Professors in Mexico, the UK and Sweden

2021 ◽  
pp. 095001702110412
Author(s):  
Laurie Cohen ◽  
Joanne Duberley ◽  
Beatriz Adriana Bustos Torres
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Lived Experiences ◽  
Ideal Type ◽  
Career Experiences ◽  
Gender Regime ◽  
Gender Regimes ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The University ◽  
Women Professors ◽  
The Ideal

This article investigates differences between statistics on gender equality in Mexico, the UK and Sweden, and similarities in women professors’ career experiences in these countries. We use Acker’s inequality regime framework, focusing on gender, to explore our data, and argue that similarities in women professors’ lived experiences are related to an image of the ideal academic. This ideal type is produced in the interplay of the university gender regime and other gender regimes, and reproduced through the process of structuration: signification, domination and legitimation. We suggest that the struggle over legitimation can also be a trigger for change.

scholarly journals Corruption and the agricultural production efficiency of the European countries during the recent economic crisis

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 427-437
Author(s):  
Mohammad Monirul Hasan ◽  
József Tóth
Keyword(s):  
Technical Efficiency ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
National Level ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Economic Downturn ◽  
Member States ◽  
Control Of Corruption

This paper examines the association between controls of corruption and the agricultural production efficiency of 23 European Union Member States during the recent economic crisis. Production efficiency, measured in terms of technical efficiency, is the effectiveness of a given set of inputs that is used to produce an output. Owing to climate and geographical location agriculture in European countries is diverse. The economic downturn led by the financial crisis which started in mid-2007, is still prevailing across European countries. Control of corruption along with the existing economic crisis of the member states are affecting agriculture production efficiency. This study used the national level production data for the period of 2003-2009. It shows that the technical efficiency of most Member States have declined over the years and that it was significantly lower in austere economic crisis time 2007-09 than 2003-06 for all countries. It is also found that the declining trend of technical efficiency is significantly lower for central and eastern European countries than for the western European countries. Study finds that the control of corruption in the presence of high government effectiveness, decreases the technical efficiency of agricultural production in the Member States.Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.2(3): 427-437, December 2015

scholarly journals The Centrality of Participant Voice in Illuminating the Gender Regime in Education Research Using a Human Capabilities Analysis

2015 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Vanner
Keyword(s):  
Education Research ◽  
Research Synthesis ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Capabilities Approach ◽  
Educational Values ◽  
Human Capabilities ◽  
Gender Regime ◽  
Gender And Education ◽  
Gender Regimes ◽  
Equality In Education

The human capabilities approach distinguishes between capabilities (a person’s ability to choose what she wants to do/be) and functionings (actually doing/being what she wants). When used to analyze gender equality in education, it draws attention to the nature of education and the extent to which it is equally empowering for girls and boys. This research synthesis examines the use of the human capabilities approach as an analytical framework for gender and education research. The approach’s emphasis on participant voice as a means of articulating what is valued in education highlights contradictions and similarities within a given community and attends to the way that the gender regime of the school characterizes the educational experience. This is particularly meaningful in relation to the views of student participants including children, whose descriptions of their educational values, goals and experiences are critical in understanding the daily operations and experiences of gender regimes in schools.

North to South Migration

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asaf Augusto
Keyword(s):  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Global South ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Colonial Power ◽  
Family Networks ◽  
Global North ◽  
Migration Theories ◽  
Southern European Countries

The economic crisis set in motion new migration trends in southern European countries. In Portugal, post-crisis migration has occurred in two main directions: northwards to more prosperous European countries and southwards to former Portuguese colonies in Africa—notably oil-producing Angola. Migration from the Global North to the Global South has received little attention in migration theories. In this study, the author argues that Portuguese migration to Angola should be understood not only as a result of the economic crisis, but also as a complex web of intersections in the context of Portuguese culture, Portugal’s linguistic heritage in Angola, family networks, discourses, myths and colonial power.

Gender and Peace Intermarriage Between Four Communes in the March of Ancona in 1306

2012 ◽  
Vol 67 (03) ◽  
pp. 453-479
Author(s):  
Didier Lett
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Peace Treaty ◽  
Pragmatic Approach ◽  
Relational Context ◽  
Gender Regime ◽  
Gender Regimes ◽  
March Of Ancona ◽  
The City

On February 18, 1306, the city of Camerino signed a peace treaty with three neighboring communes (Matelica, San Severino, and Fabriano). Among its provisions was a plan for a series of marriages between the inhabitants of the four communes, which would have made a group of 140 men brothers-in-law through the exchange of 140 women. Analyzing this document and its extraordinary clause—which was never enforced and did not bring hostilities to an end—, this article examines the genesis of a gender regime in a specific historical, documentary, and relational context. Adopting a pragmatic approach to gender as a means for understanding social interactions, the article analyzes the roles elite men assigned to women of their communities in reconciliation rituals, matrimonial alliances as miniature figures of peace, and the systems established to ensure the transfer of dowries and the granting of citizenship. Under such gender regimes, women served as mediators, promoting peace in their households so that it would spread throughout the entire community. They also provided dowries and citizenship to men, allowing them to maintain their dominant role in society.

scholarly journals The Ability of Selected European Countries to Face the Impending Economic Crisis Caused by COVID-19 in the Context of the Global Economic Crisis of 2008

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 179
Author(s):  
Róbert Oravský ◽  
Peter Tóth ◽  
Anna Bánociová
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rate ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Consumer Confidence ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Confidence Index ◽  
The Interest Rate ◽  
The Impact

This paper is devoted to the ability of selected European countries to face the potential economic crisis caused by COVID-19. Just as other pandemics in the past (e.g., SARS, Spanish influenza, etc.) have had negative economic effects on countries, the current COVID-19 pandemic is causing the beginning of another economic crisis where countries need to take measures to mitigate the economic effects. In our analysis, we focus on the impact of selected indicators on the GDP of European countries using a linear panel regression to identify significant indicators to set appropriate policies to eliminate potential negative consequences on economic growth due to the current recession. The European countries are divided into four groups according to the measures they took in the fiscal consolidation of the last economic crisis of 2008. In the analysis, we observed how the economic crisis influences GDP, country indebtedness, deficit, tax collection, interest rates, and the consumer confidence index. Our findings include that corporate income tax recorded the biggest decline among other tax collections. The interest rate grew in the group of countries most at risk from the economic crisis, while the interest rate fell in the group of countries that seemed to be safe for investors. The consumer confidence index can be considered interesting, as it fell sharply in the group of countries affected only minimally by the crisis (Switzerland, Finland).

scholarly journals (Re)assembling the ‘normal’ in neoliberal policy discourses: tracing gender regimes in the age of risk

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarina Giritli Nygren ◽  
Siv Fahlgren ◽  
Anders Johansson
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Social Policy ◽  
Feminist Theory ◽  
The State ◽  
Policy Document ◽  
Gender Regime ◽  
Gender Neutral ◽  
Gender Regimes ◽  
Modes Of Governance ◽  
The Way

The purpose of this article is to explore through a reading of an official Swedish policy document what questions and challenges such a document poses for feminist theory by the way the ‘normal’ is (re)assembled in accordance with what others have called the risk politics of advanced liberalism.  The intensified focus on risk in neoliberalism has seen responsibility move from the state to individuals, and old divisions between society and market as well as between civil society and state are being refigured. The argument put forward here is that current modes of governance tend to neglect the complexities of present-day life courses when using a gender-‘neutral’ approach to social policy that is in fact the work of a gender regime.

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