Continuing education in China

1988 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
X.H. Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Continuing Education ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Long Period ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Political Turmoil ◽  
Education In China

Continuing education for engineers and technicians (CEE) witnessed some growth during the rapid industrial progress of the 1950s but then remained static in the long period of political turmoil. In recent years, the Chinese government has implemented a new approach to foreign policy and has concentrated its attention on economic development. CEE has developed vigorously and has become more popular than ever before. Eight CEE systems have been formed since 1980, training about one million engineers and technicians every year, and contributing a great deal to the modernization of China.

THE CONCEPT OF THE BALTIC-BLACK SEA ARC AND UKRAINIAN FOREIGN POLICY (1990 - EARLY 2000)

2020 ◽  
pp. 89-108
Author(s):  
Alexandr S. Levchenkov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Caspian Region ◽  
Soviet Space ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Eastern Baltic ◽  
Post Soviet Space

The article analyzes the influence of the concepts of the Intermarium and the Baltic-Black Sea Arc on the formation of Ukraine’s foreign policy in 1990 – early 2000. The use of these concepts in American, European and Ukrainian geopolitical thought, which historically included the idea of opposing Russian influence in the region, contributed to the increase in tension and was aimed at further disintegration of the Western flank of the post-Soviet space. The article proves that the design of the Euro-Atlantic vector of Ukraine’s foreign policy was already active under the first two Ukrainian presidents – Leonid Kravchuk (1991–1994) and Leonid Kuchma (1994–2005). One of the concrete attempts to implement the idea of forming a common political, economic, transport and logistics space of the Black Sea-Caspian region with a promising expansion of the cooperation zone to the whole of Eastern Europe and the Eastern Baltic during the presidency of Leonid Kuchma was the foundation and launch of a new regional organization, Organization for Democracy and Economic Development, better known as GUAM (composed by the initial letters of names of member states – Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan, Moldova; when Uzbekistan was also a member of Organization for Democracy and Economic Development, the name of the organization was GUUAM), which is an alternative to Eurasian projects with the participation of Russia.

Analysis of Induced End-of-Life Failures in SRAM Through Nanoprobing

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oberon Dixon-Luinenburg ◽  
Jordan Fine
Keyword(s):  
End Of Life ◽  
Soft Errors ◽  
Cause Analysis ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Performance Loss ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Stress Resultant ◽  
Voltage Stress

Abstract In this paper, we demonstrate a novel nanoprobing approach to establish cause-and-effect relationships between voltage stress and end-of-life performance loss and failure in SRAM cells. A Hyperion II Atomic Force nanoProber was used to examine degradation for five 6T cells on an Intel 14 nm processor. Ten minutes of asymmetrically applied stress at VDD=2 V was used to simulate a ‘0’ bit state held for a long period, subjecting each pullup and pulldown to either VDS or VGS stress. Resultant degradation caused read and hold margins to be reduced by 20% and 5% respectively for the ‘1’ state and 5% and 2% respectively for the ‘0’ state. ION was also reduced, for pulldown and pullup respectively, by 4.5% and 5.4% following VGS stress and 2.6% and 33.8% following VDS stress. Negative read margin failures, soft errors, and read time failures all become more prevalent with these aging symptoms whereas write stability is improved. This new approach enables highly specific root cause analysis and failure prediction for end-of-life in functional on-product SRAM.

scholarly journals Music education in China: In search of social harmony and Chinese nationalism

2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wing-Wah Law ◽  
Wai-Chung Ho
Keyword(s):  
Music Education ◽  
Historical Memory ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Social Harmony ◽  
Politics Of Memory ◽  
Chinese Nationalism ◽  
Chinese Music ◽  
School Music ◽  
Education In China

This article critically examines how interactions between social changes, social harmony, and historical memory shape school music education in China. As a historical review and documentary analysis, it traces the historical development of music education and examines the Chinese government's role in such interactions over time. The article argues that the Chinese government uses music and music education as an influential nation-building system to enrich the politics of memory. In particular, it adapts the nation's past for political ends, and passes on state-prescribed values to its citizens with a view to legitimising its power. The dynamics and dilemmas that challenge school education result from two divergent aims: (1) to combine the functional education of Confucianism and nationalism so as to encourage social harmony and maintain national myths; and (2) to encourage popular and other world music with traditional Chinese music by using multicultural teaching strategies in music lessons. The question remains how to balance ideas of social harmony, musical cultures and nationalism in school music education in the contexts of current Chinese education policies, teacher education and the globally oriented economics of China today.

scholarly journals Decoupling Analysis between Economic Growth and Air Pollution in Key Regions of Air Pollution Control in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 6600
Author(s):  
Jing Li ◽  
Lipeng Hou ◽  
Lin Wang ◽  
Lina Tang
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Pollution Control ◽  
Environmental Policies ◽  
River Delta ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Air Pollution Control ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
No2 Pollution

The Chinese government has implemented a number of environmental policies to promote the continuous improvement of air quality while considering economic development. Scientific assessment of the impact of environmental policies on the relationship between air pollution and economic growth can provide a scientific basis for promoting the coordinated development of these two factors. This paper uses the Tapio decoupling theory to analyze the relationship between regional economic growth and air pollution in key regions of air pollution control in China—namely, the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region and surrounding areas (BTHS), the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), and the Pearl River Delta (PRD)—based on data of GDP and the concentrations of SO2, PM10, and NO2 for 31 provinces in China from 2000 to 2019. The results show that the SO2, PM10, and NO2 pollution in the key regions show strong and weak decoupling. The findings additionally indicate that government policies have played a significant role in improving the decoupling between air pollution and economic development. The decoupling between economic growth and SO2 and PM10 pollution in the BTHS, YRD, and PRD is better than that in other regions, while the decoupling between economic growth and NO2 pollution has not improved significantly in these regions. To improve the relationship between economic growth and air pollution, we suggest that the governments of China and other developing countries should further optimize and adjust the structure of industry, energy, and transportation; apply more stringent targets and measures in areas of serious air pollution; and strengthen mobile vehicle pollution control.

Resilienz und Konstruktion von Sicherheit

2020 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 415-445
Author(s):  
Amerigo Caruso ◽  
Linda Hammann
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Social Resources ◽  
Old Regime ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Revolutionary Movement ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Regime Changes ◽  
Historical Processes ◽  
Political Turmoil

AbstractProspero Balbo, the head of a leading Piedmontese noble family, followed a career path similar to that of the versatile French statesman Talleyrand. In the aftermath of 1789, Balbo served under four different regimes: the Old Regime monarchy, the Russian provisional administration of Piedmont in 1799, the Napoleonic empire, and the restored Savoy monarchy. After the short-lived revolutionary movement of 1821 in Sardinia-Piedmont, Prospero lost his job as interior minister and his son, Cesare, was forced into exile. The revolutionary waves of 1820–1821 were the most recent of numerous disruptive events and regime changes that jeopardized Europe and the Atlantic world between the late 1770 s and the early 1820 s. These five decades of revolutionary upheavals, wars, and persistent insecurity forced the traditional elites to mobilize their material, cultural, and social resources to preserve their prestige and power. Based on extensive archival research, this article examines the resilience-strengthening resources and strategies implemented by members of the Balbo family during periods of political turmoil. In doing so, the article aims to develop an analytical and conceptual framework to describe historical processes in terms of resilience and vulnerability. This new approach enables us to look afresh at elite transformations and at the dynamics of political change and continuity in early nineteenth-century Europe.

scholarly journals Reform in the international food aid regime: the role of consensual knowledge

1992 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 225-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond F. Hopkins
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Epistemic Community ◽  
Food Aid ◽  
Local Production ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Food Imports

The principles and norms adopted by the regime governing food aid in the 1950s have changed substantially during the subsequent three decades. Explaining the changes necessarily includes analyzing the efforts of an international epistemic community consisting of economic development specialists, agricultural economists, and administrators of food aid. According to the initial regime principles, food aid should be provided from donors' own surplus stocks, should supplement the usual commercial food imports in recipient countries, should be given under short-term commitments sensitive to the political and economic goals of donors, and should directly feed hungry people. As a result of following these principles, the epistemic community and other critics argued, food aid often had the adverse effects of reducing local production of food in recipient countries and exacerbating rather than alleviating hunger. The epistemic community (1) developed and proposed ideas for more efficiently supplying food aid and avoiding “disincentive” effects and (2) pushed for reforms to make food aid serve as the basis for the recipients' economic development and to target it at addressing long-term food security problems. The ideas of the international epistemic community have increasingly received support from international organizations and the governments of donor and recipient nations. Most recently, they have led to revisions of the U.S. food aid program passed by Congress in October 1990 and signed into law two months later. As the analysis of food aid reform demonstrates, changes in the international regime have been incremental, rather than radical. Moreover, the locus for the change has shifted from an American-centered one in the 1950s to a more international one in recent decades.

U.S. Foreign Policy and the Belgian Congo in the 1950s

Historian ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 315-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan E. Helmreich
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Belgian Congo

Efficiency Driven Effect of Education in China: The Perspective of Global Competitiveness and Graduate Education

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-43
Author(s):  
Jia Liu ◽  
Lun Li
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Education Policies ◽  
Global Competitiveness ◽  
Higher Education Policies ◽  
Level Of Economic Development ◽  
Education In China

Capital, natural resources, technology and education are often considered to be the most important factors in improving the level of economic development. China is in the "efficiency-driven" stage of economic development. There are objective laws in the development of education level and economic growth, but they interact with each other. Economic growth provides the foundation and necessary conditions for the development of education. At the same time, the role of education in promoting economic growth is also very obvious. Based on the perspective of postgraduate training, this paper studies the role of education in economic efficiency-driven, through the study of theory, data collection and empirical analysis, combined with the development characteristics of China's higher education, and compares China's and US higher education policies to guide China's higher education. The development of education, and then promote the transformation of China into the "innovation-driven" stage, has certain theoretical and practical significance.

DEMOGRAPHY PROBLEMS OF ECONOMIC GROWTH IN CHINA

2021 ◽  
pp. 129-146
Author(s):  
Elena Pekhtereva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Demographic Situation ◽  
The World ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
Populous Country ◽  
Low Rate

The review examines the results of the December 2020 official census of the population of China, the most populous country in the world. It is noted that the Chinese government is seriously concerned about the low rate of population growth. The authorities fear that a slowdown in population growth and its aging while the size of the labour force is decreasing may seriously slow down economic growth. The opinions and statements of analysts on the prospects of the demographic situation in China in the context of its socio-economic development are presented.

scholarly journals Educator challenges in the development and delivery of constructivist active and experiential entrepreneurship classrooms in Chinese vocational higher education

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin Bell ◽  
Peng Liu
Keyword(s):  
Focus Groups ◽  
Entrepreneurship Education ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Student Reaction ◽  
Vocational Higher Education ◽  
Emerging Themes ◽  
Vocational Colleges ◽  
Education In China

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the perceived challenges that Chinese vocational college educators face in developing and delivering constructivist active and experiential entrepreneurship education.Design/methodology/approachQualitative data were collected from 24 focus groups of educators who had been tasked with embedding constructivist entrepreneurship education into their teaching and curriculum, at four different vocational colleges situated in four different provinces in China. The data were coded and analysed for emerging themes using a process of bottom-up thematic analysis.FindingsA range of concerns were identified from the focus groups and these could be divided into five main challenges, which were the role of the educator in the constructivist learning process and their ability to control the process; the educators perceived student reaction to the process and their engagement with it; the time and technology required to deliver the process; the link between the learning and industry; and the educators’ perception of the requirements to meet internal expectations.Research limitations/implicationsThis research explores the educators’ perceptions of the challenges they face in developing and delivering active and experiential constructivist entrepreneurship education. Whilst these concerns may impact how the educators’ approach the task, these concerns are only perceived, as the educators’ have not yet implemented the introduction of constructivist entrepreneurship education when other challenges may become evident.Originality/valueEncouragement by the Chinese Government to develop and deliver constructivist active and experiential entrepreneurship education has resulted in a number of tensions and challenges. Entrepreneurship education in China is still relatively young and under researched and this research contributes to the literature by exploring the challenges that educators face in developing and delivering constructivist entrepreneurship education in Chinese vocational colleges.

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