Multi-Level Governance: Explaining the “climate-focused” behavior of Chinese exporting companies

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yitian Huang
Keyword(s):  
Multinational Enterprises ◽  
National Level ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
International Norms ◽  
Business Strategies ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Multi Level

While being increasingly aware of the importance of adopting climate-friendly business strategies, Chinese exporting companies have been active in taking “climate-related” actions but moderate in taking “climate-focused” actions. This article presents a preliminary attempt to apply Multi-Level Governance theories to explain the behavior of Chinese exporting companies toward climate change mitigation. It argues that the convergence of state-centered climate politics and market-oriented climate governance, which has a multi-level feature, has shaped the “climate-focused” behavior of Chinese exporting companies. Specifically, nation-states, multinational enterprises, and non-governmental organizations have contributed in the following ways: (1) at the global level, nation-states co-established and interpreted international norms, which generally justify the stance of the Chinese government, have been an indirect source of influence; (2) at the national level, the Chinese government has been the most influential actor, which has put emphasis on energy-saving when interpreting and operationalizing international norms; (3) at the industrial level, multinational enterprises and international non-governmental organizations have been influential contributors by playing a proactive role in launching and running low-carbon initiatives; and (4) transnational public–private partnerships launched in China and some developed countries have offered limited momentum.

scholarly journals Kepentingan Dan Peran Aktor Dalam Pengelolaan Hutan Mangrove Di Desa Pulau Pahawang Kecamatan Marga Punduh Kabupaten Pesawaran

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 113
Author(s):  
Iga Yulia Mustika ◽  
Asihing Kustanti ◽  
Rudi Hilmanto
Keyword(s):  
House Of Representatives ◽  
Mangrove Forest ◽  
National Level ◽  
Development Planning ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Key Informant ◽  
Biodiversity Education ◽  
Fire Wood

Mangrove forest has physical, biological/ecological and social-economics functions. Mangrove forest at Pulau Pahawang Village, Marga Punduh, Subdistrict Pesawaran has many functions which causes many interest of actors. This research was aimed to identify and maping the role of actors interest. This research was conducted on August until October 2015, by using key informant namely agencies village, local communities, public figure, related department and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO).             The result showed that there was six important aspect namely the existence of the green belt, kind of variety (biodiversity), education facilities, fire wood, non-timber forest product, and tourist facilities. Pulau Pahawang Village has three quadrant matrix interest, quadrant subject has State Ministry of The Environment. Quadrant keyplayers has Department of Forestry and Estate Crops, Mangrove Protected Area Management Agency (BPDPM), and Mitra Bentala as NGOs. Quadrant crowd has Development Planning Agency in Sub-National Level, Land Agency, Department of Maritime and Fisheries Affairs, Regional House of Representatives, and local. Keyword : actor interest, mangrove forest, Pulau Pahawang, role of actor

The Legitimacy of Direct Corporate Humanitarian Investment

2000 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas W. Dunfee ◽  
David Hess
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Advantage ◽  
Developing World ◽  
Private Firms ◽  
River Blindness ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations

Abstract:Private firms are uniquely positioned to provide significant relief to the misery that pervades the developing world. Global misery has persisted due to a variety of failures in the provision of relief by nation-states and non-governmental organizations, including corruption and the absence of strong background institutions in the countries in need of aid. In many situations, private firms have a comparative advantage over these entities in the provision of aid. Examples such as Merck and the cure for river blindness show how firms can use their specific competencies and knowledge to relieve misery through Direct Corporate Humanitarian Investment (DCHI). DCHI is legitimized by marketplace morality and is consistent with the role of business within society, including legal dimensions. Shareholders may formally approve a corporation’s DCHI strategy and all stakeholders may act in support of their moral desires with respect to the firm and its DCHI strategy.

Watching, Blaming, Silencing, Intervening: Exploring the Role of the Community in Preventing Domestic Violence in India

2011 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 22-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sreeparna Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
National Level ◽  
State Level ◽  
Family Welfare ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
The United Nations

On a warm October day in 2005, I attended a state level conference on preventing violence against women in Mumbai. The speakers included state (Maharashtra) and national level administrative officials, representatives of the United Nations and the United Nations Population Funds (UNFPA), social workers and members of several NGOs. One of the speakers, a high-ranking bureaucrat in the Ministry of Family Welfare, in a fiery speech condemning all forms of violence against women, urged service providers to follow a "zero tolerance policy." In other words, no form of violence against women should be tolerated. She recommended that women be urged to resist and leave their husbands if they are being subjected to physical violence. As is customary, everyone praised her commitment to women's causes. However a few of the members of non-governmental organizations were skeptical about her approach, and though careful not to voice their objections in public, privately criticized her approach for its impracticality and lack of understanding of poor women's needs.

scholarly journals Emerging environmental Multi-Level Governance in China? Environmental protests, public participation and local institution-building

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Hensengerth ◽  
Yiyi Lu
Keyword(s):  
Public Participation ◽  
Institution Building ◽  
Government Accountability ◽  
Vertical Diffusion ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Local Institution ◽  
Private Citizens ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Legal Constraints

Chinese state reforms have resulted in both horizontal and vertical diffusion of actors in policy-making and policy implementation, leading to the creation of new collaborative institutions between government and non-government actors. At the non-governmental level, this has inter alia enabled the development of non-governmental organizations and the passage of a raft of legislation for public participation and access to information. However, the political and legal constraints imposed by the authoritarian system have meant that private citizens still find it hard to make their voice heard. Public participation legislation has suffered from an implementation gap, leading to the proliferation of environmental protests across China. For private citizens, therefore, protest outside of the formal-legal channels is a key tool to influence the policy process and demand public participation and better government accountability. There are indications that protests may result in the improvement and creation of local institutions that facilitate public participation, which in turn help to foster a new model of governance that contains features of Multi-Level Governance.

The Oxford Handbook of International Organizations

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Policy Networks ◽  
Peace Operations ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Law And Politics ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
History Of

Virtually every important question of public policy today involves an international organization. From trade to intellectual property to health policy and beyond, governments interact with international organizations (IOs) in almost everything they do. Increasingly, individual citizens are directly affected by the work of IOs. This book gives an overview of the world of IOs today. It emphasizes both the practical aspects of their organization and operation, and the conceptual issues that arise at the junctures between nation-states and international authority, and between law and politics. While the focus is on inter-governmental organizations, the book also encompasses non-governmental organizations and public policy networks. The book first considers the main IOs and the kinds of problems they address. This includes chapters on the organizations that relate to trade, humanitarian aid, peace operations, and more, as well as chapters on the history of IOs. The book then looks at the constituent parts and internal functioning of IOs. The text also addresses the internal management of the organization, and includes chapters on the distribution of decision-making power within the organizations, the structure of their assemblies, the role of Secretaries-General and other heads, budgets and finance, and other elements of complex bureaucracies at the international level.

scholarly journals HIV/TB co-infection and availability of health services in relation to socio-economic status

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-36
Author(s):  
Bhim Bahadur Subba ◽  
Nirmal Rimal
Keyword(s):  
Economic Status ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Hiv Care ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Sampling Procedures ◽  
Cluster Of Differentiation

  The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pandemic disproportionate affects especially less developed countries and underprivileged communities. HIV weakens immune system of infected individuals and making them more susceptible to tuberculosis (TB) infection. Both HIV and TB disease are supposed to fuel each other socially and biologically and it is further fuelled by such as poor accessibility to services, illiteracy, stigma and discrimination all these factors have pushed Nepal into more vulnerability. This article aimed to find out the availability and accessibility to the HIV/TB services in relation to socio-economic status of respondents. A cross sectional study was conducted at four HIV care and prevention centers of different non-governmental organizations (NGOs) of Nepal. In the study, 51 samples were selected using random sampling procedures who gave consent to the interview. A pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Confidentiality was highly maintained and data were analyzed. The result showed mean age of respondents’ was 36.38 years. The pre-dominant 96.1 percent of respondents were from 18-54 years of age. Respondents from all socio-economic status almost two-third indented to use government hospital than private HIV/TB services. The majority 98.0 percent of HIV infected respondents belonged to destitute to better off economic status and they were further disadvantaged by lack of knowledge and information of HIV/TB services such cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) and viral load service.

Images and Customary International Law, or the Destruction/Construction of International Norms through Images

Pólemos ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-42
Author(s):  
Annalisa Ciampi
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
International Norms ◽  
Customary International Law ◽  
The Public ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
General Rules ◽  
Scope Of Application ◽  
Modern Technologies

Abstract This paper explores the power of images vis-à-vis the practice and theory of international law, with a focus on rules of customary international law, i. e. the unwritten general rules of international law, that apply to all states (as well as to non-state actors falling within their scope of application), irrespective of specific acceptance. As Sherwin writes: “We are awash in images.” States, international organizations (IOs), non-governmental organizations (NGOs), insurgents, terrorists and other groups of individuals of all sort, are in the news and our movies, on our TV screens, newspapers, internet and social media. Modern technologies, visual digital technologies, in particular, have a profound impact on the means and speed of communications across the globe and immensely facilitate the task of seeking information of all sort. In international law, images are a means for spreading knowledge about the practice of states and other actors. As with law in general, images are also found to be a valuable resource in explicating the rules of international law. They aid and clarify the analysis of international law and the determination of the existence and content of rules of customary international law. In contemporary international settings, however, modern technologies of visual representation are also a means for influencing the development of international law, i. e. the existence and content of international norms. Moreover, looking at implementation, at no time in history has there been more information available to governments and the public about violations of international norms (particularly, but not exclusively human rights violations): more and more these violations are documented through images. Yet, international law doctrines have failed so far to comprehensively assess the power of images, beyond that of a toolkit for thick cultural description – the power of narrative – and analysis. The present essay offers a contribution in this direction.

Crowdfunding as a Practice of Cultural Citizenship in China: A Case Study of Four NGOs

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi Zheng ◽  
Shih-Diing Liu
Keyword(s):  
Identity Formation ◽  
Cultural Citizenship ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Economic Rights ◽  
Non Profit ◽  
Cultural Rights ◽  
Youth Identity ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
Physical Spaces

Citizens in China are exploring their own identities through various online practices. Different from the increased demand for social and economic rights, the opportunities to participate in social affairs and construct distinct cultural identities are the main concerns of cultural citizenship. This article explores crowdfunding as a practice of cultural citizenship by investigating the crowdfunding activities initiated by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in China. Through investigating the cultural rights that are performed and their impacts on identity formation of citizens, this article reveals the emerging mode of public engagement and participatory culture. During the process of crowdfunding, a new environmental and youth identity is shaped, and a connection between online and offline worlds is forged. Furthermore, non-profit crowdfunding has facilitated popular civic participation in both virtual and physical spaces under the censorship of the Chinese government. In this process, creativity is performed by networked individuals and groups when practicing cultural citizenship.

scholarly journals Cities as nuclei of sustainability?

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Rybski ◽  
Dominik E Reusser ◽  
Anna-Lena Winz ◽  
Christina Fichtner ◽  
Till Sterzel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change Mitigation ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Linear Scaling ◽  
Ghg Emission ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
City Population ◽  
Urban Emissions ◽  
Change Mitigation

We have assembled CO2 emission figures from collections of urban GHG emission estimates published in peer-reviewed journals or reports from research institutes and non-governmental organizations. Analyzing the scaling with population size, we find that the exponent is development dependent with a transition from super- to sub-linear scaling. From the climate change mitigation point of view, the results suggest that urbanization is desirable in developed countries. Further, we compare this analysis with a second scaling relation, namely the fundamental allometry between city population and area, and propose that density might be a decisive quantity too. Last, we derive the theoretical country-wide urban emissions by integration and obtain a dependence on the size of the largest city.

The Development and Institutionalization of Romani Representation and Administration. Part 3b: From National Organizations to International Umbrellas (1945–1970)—the International Level

2007 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 627-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilona Klímová-Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Political Representation ◽  
National Level ◽  
Political Organizations ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
Non Governmental Organizations ◽  
National Organizations ◽  
Administrative Structures ◽  
Second World

This article is the fourth in this Nationalities Papers series, following Part 1 which covered the period from the arrival of Gypsies to Europe until the mid-nineteenth century, Part 2 describing the birth of the first modern Romani organizations from the nineteenth century up until the Second World War (WWII) and Part 3a covering the first wave of expansion of Romani activism countrywide after 1945. As mentioned in Part 3a, the period between WWII and 1970 can be distinguished from the previously covered periods by the emergence of the following phenomena: (1) modern Romani political organizations at the national level, (2) their unification through international Romani umbrella organizations, (3) some limited Romani participation in non-Romani mainstream political or administrative structures, (4) an international Romani evangelical movement, (5) reconciliation between Romani political representation and the Catholic Church, (6) national institutions created by various governments to aid the administration of policies on Roma, (7) rapid growth of non-governmental organizations addressing Romani issues, and (8) some limited cooperation between Romani organizations and intergovernmental organizations.

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